Supplemental files. Supplemental file 1. sources: 1 (Jian et al., 2009b), 2 (Zhong, 1998), 3 (Wang et al., 2000a), 4 (Fan et al.,

GSA Data Repository item 2018043 Supplemental files Supplemental file 1 Temporal distribution of magmatic activity relationship with the opening subduction of the Paleo-tethys ocean. Numbers on data points refer to the following sources: 1 (Jian et al., 2009b), 2 (Zhong, 1998), 3 (Wang et al., 2000a), 4 (Fan et al., 2010), 5 (Zi et al., 2012b), 6 (Liu et al., 2012), 7 (Liu et al., 2011), 8 (Zi et al., 2012a), 9 (Liu et al., 2015), 10 (Coauthor s unpublished data), 11 (Lai et al., 2014b).

Supplemental file 2 (A) Field photograph of the Xiaguan granodiorite (YN-28). (B) Microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan granodiorite (YN-28A). (C) Field photograph of the Goutoupo leucogranite (ML-23). (D) Microscope photograph of the the Goutoupo leucogranite (ML-23A). (E-F) Field photographs of the Qingshuihe granitic gneiss (HH-118). Hb-Hornblende.

Supplemental file 3 (A-B) Field photograph and microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan gneissic granite (YN-26A). (C-D) Field photograph and microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan augen granitic gneiss (YN-27B). (E) Field photograph of the Xiaguan granitic gneiss (YN-31A). (F) Field photograph of the Xiaguan leucosome (YN-32A).

Supplemental file 4 Analytical methods Zircon mineral separates were prepared by conventional heavy liquid and magnetic techniques. Grains were mounted in epoxy, polished and coated with gold and then photographed in transmitted and reflected light. Their internal texture was examined using cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing. Zircon U-Pb ages and trace elements were analyzed using a Laser ICP-MS at the IGG CAS. The zircon standards CN92-2, 91500 and GJ were used to calibrate the U-Th-Pb ratios. The standard silicate glass NIST 610 was used to optimize the machine. The spot size for data collection was 30 µm. The errors for individual U-Pb analyses are presented with 1σ error and uncertainties in grouped ages are quoted at 95 % level (2σ). The age calculations and plots were made using Isoplot (version 3.0) (Ludwig, 2001). Further detailed descriptions of the instrumentation and analytical procedure for the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and trace element technique are similar to those described by Yuan et al. (2004). Zircon Hf isotopic analysis was carried out using a Geolas-193 laser-ablation microprobe, attached to a Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS at the IGG CAS. All of the settings yielded a signal intensity of ~10 Vat 180 Hf for the standard zircon 91500 with a recommended 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ratio of 0.282293 ± 28 (Wu et al., 2006). Data were normalized to 176 Hf/ 177 Hf=0.7325, using exponential correction for mass bias. The mean βyb value was applied for the isobaric interference correction of 176 Yb on 176 Hf in the same spot. The ratio of 176 Yb/ 172 Yb (0.5887) was also applied for the Yb correction. Whole rock samples for geochemistry were crushed to 200-mesh using an agate mill for elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses. The major oxides were analyzed by a

wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry at the State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Trace element analyses were performed at the GIG CAS by a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 6000 ICP-MS. Detailed sample preparation and analytical procedure followed Li et al. (2002). Sr, Nd isotopic analyses were carried out at the GIG CAS on a Neptune Plus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) multi-collection mass spectrometry equipped with nine Faraday cup collectors and eight ion counters. Details analytical methods are presented by Yang et al. (2006). Normalizing factors used to correct the mass fractionation of Sr and Nd during the measurements were 86 Sr/ 88 Sr = 0.1194 and 146 Nd/ 144 Nd = 0.7219 (Yang et al., 2005, 2007). Reference Li, X.H., Li, Z.X., Zhou, H.W., Liu, Y., Kinny, P.D., 2002. U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry and Nd isotopic study of Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Kangdian Rift of South China: implications for the initial rifting of Rodinia. Precambrian Research 113, 135-154. Ludwig, K.R., 2001. Sqiud 1.02:A User Manual. Berkeley:Berkeley Geochronological Center Special publication, 1-219. Wu, F. Y, Yang, Y. H, Xie, L. W., 2006. Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology, 234: 105 126 Yang, J.H., Wu, F.Y., Shao, J.A., Wilde, S.A., Xie, L.W., Liu, X.M., 2006. Constraints on the timing of uplift of the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt, North China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 246, 336-352. Yuan, H.L., Gao, S., Liu, X.M., Li, H.M., Gunther, D., Wu, F.Y., 2004. Accurate U-Pb age and trace element determinations of zircon by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28, 353-370. Yang, Y.H., Zhang, H.F., Wu, F.Y., Xie, L.W., Zhang, Y.B., 2005. Accurate Measurement of Strontium Isotopic Composition by Neptune Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society 26, 215-221 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, Y.H., Zhang, H.F., Xie, L.W., Wu, F.Y., 2007. AccurateMeasurement ofneodym ium Isotopic Composition Using Neptune Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled P lasmamass Spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1, 71-74 ( in Chinese with English abstract).

Supplemental file 5 SIMS Zircon U-Pb dating results for the latest Permian Xiaguan granodiorites (YN-28A and YN-28C) Sample/ Pb ±s 206 Pb ±s Pb ±s Pb ±s 206 Pb ±s -corr ±s spot # Th/U 235 U % 238 U % 206 Pb 235 U 238 U age (Ma) YN-28A 1 0.97 0.27925 2.46 0.04000 1.51 226.6 44.3 250.1 5.5 252.6 3.7 252.7 3.8 2 1.00 0.27083 4.68 0.03890 1.62 216.0 98.7 243.4 10.2 246.2 3.9 246.4 4.0 3 0.74 0.27208 2.89 0.03940 1.50 200.7 56.3 244.4 6.3 248.9 3.7 249.3 3.7 4 0.49 0.29398 3.22 0.04020 1.50 328.8 63.4 261.7 7.5 254.2 3.7 253.7 3.8 5 0.82 0.27850 2.48 0.03980 1.51 231.1 44.9 249.5 5.5 251.4 3.7 251.6 3.8 6 0.69 0.27705 4.25 0.03880 1.52 277.7 88.3 248.3 9.4 245.2 3.7 245.0 3.7 7 0.78 0.28423 2.81 0.03930 1.54 306.2 52.7 254.0 6.3 248.4 3.8 248.0 3.8 8 1.48 0.27558 1.81 0.03930 1.54 232.0 21.9 247.1 4.0 248.7 3.8 248.9 3.8 9 0.84 0.27472 2.7 0.03940 1.65 223.8 48.7 246.5 5.9 248.8 4.0 249.0 4.1 10 0.40 0.29766 5.01 0.03940 1.78 402.1 101.6 264.6 11.7 249.3 4.4 248.2 4.5 11 0.80 0.28658 2.74 0.04000 1.50 285.5 51.7 255.9 6.2 252.6 3.7 252.4 3.8 12 1.08 0.28552 2.15 0.04020 1.51 266.3 34.8 255.0 4.9 253.8 3.8 253.7 3.8 13 0.77 0.29558 2.61 0.04040 1.53 332.6 47.3 262.9 6.1 255.2 3.8 254.6 3.9 14 0.88 0.26268 6.15 0.04100 1.52 23.2 137.1 236.8 13.1 258.9 3.9 260.5 3.9 15 0.65 0.27340 6.35 0.04110 1.69 109.5 138.6 245.4 13.9 259.8 4.3 260.9 4.5

YN-28C 1 0.34 0.28080 2.39 0.03890 1.55 298.0 40.9 251.3 5.3 246.3 3.8 245.9 3.8 2 0.89 0.28361 2.12 0.03980 1.5 271.1 34.0 253.5 4.8 251.6 3.7 251.5 3.7 3 0.91 0.28428 2.26 0.04030 1.5 248.1 38.5 254.0 5.1 254.7 3.7 254.7 3.8 4 0.98 0.28003 4.31 0.03960 1.56 256.3 89.7 250.7 9.6 250.1 3.8 250.0 3.9 5 1.03 0.27221 3.08 0.03930 1.6.3 60.0 244.5 6.7 248.3 3.9 248.6 4.0 6 1.05 0.28943 2.35 0.03990 1.5 311.6 40.5 258.1 5.4 252.3 3.7 251.8 3.7 7 0.90 0.27601 2.34 0.04010 1.5 191.7 41.2 247.5 5.2 253.4 3.7 253.8 3.8 8 0.98 0.28186 2.36 0.04020 1.51 234.2 41.2 252.1 5.3 254.1 3.8 254.2 3.8 9 0.82 0.29023 1.83 0.04050 1.5 285.6 23.9 258.7 4.2 255.8 3.8 255.6 3.8 10 0.63 0.27331 3.27 0.03990 1.73 179.7 63.5 245.3 7.1 252.3 4.3 252.8 4.3 11 0.90 0.28695 2.19 0.04020 1.51 276.8 35.9 256.2 5.0 253.9 3.8 253.7 3.8 12 1.14 0.28357 1.98 0.04010 1.5 255.0 29.3 253.5 4.4 253.3 3.7 253.3 3.8 13 1.25 0.28256 1.93 0.04070 1.5 210.8 28.0 252.7 4.3 257.2 3.8 257.5 3.8 14 1.08 0.27668 2.41 0.04010 1.5 197.2 43.2 248.0 5.3 253.4 3.7 253.8 3.8 15 0.92 0.27760 2.34 0.03920 1.53 258.2 40.2 248.8 5.2 247.7 3.7 247.7 3.8 16 0.77 0.27721 2.22 0.03960 1.5 230.7 37.2 248.4 4.9 250.3 3.7 250.5 3.7

Supplemental file 6 spot LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating results for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Th/U Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ HH-118 1 0.61 0.050920 0.003410 0.285110 0.018280 0.040620 0.000930 237.0 147.4 256.7 5.8 254.7 14.4 2 0.50 0.064570 0.004870 0.361970 0.025870 0.040670 0.001120 760.2 151.5 257.0 7.0 313.7 19.3 3 0.56 0.052820 0.002790 0.295330 0.015000 0.040560 0.000760 321.0 115.6 256.3 4.7 262.7 11.8 4 0.75 0.055520 0.004570 0.309010 0.024620 0.040380 0.000970 432.8 173.9 255.2 6.0 273.4 19.1 5 0.47 0.059330 0.004120 0.331440 0.021850 0.040520 0.001020 579.4 144.1 256.0 6.3 290.7 16.7 6 0.54 0.054060 0.005360 0.301410 0.028570 0.040440 0.001320 373.4 209.2 255.6 8.2 267.5 22.3 7 0.59 0.091140 0.002020 2.343950 0.049020 0.186560 0.002640 1449.3 41.7 1102.7 14.3 1225.7 14.9 8 0.37 0.091580 0.002530 3.202160 0.084120 0.253640 0.004150 1458.5 51.8 1457.2 21.4 1457.7 20.3 9 0.54 0.060660 0.004690 0.325510 0.023960 0.038920 0.001050 627.1 158.3 246.2 6.5 286.1 18.4 10 0.56 0.055460 0.001460 0.571380 0.014410 0.074730 0.001000 430.4 57.2 464.6 6.0 458.9 9.3 11 0.17 0.088190 0.001740 2.615340 0.048880 0.215100 0.002890 1386.6 37.3 1255.9 15.3 1305.0 13.7 12 0.82 0.061520 0.006690 0.594760 0.062150 0.070120 0.002430 657.5 217.4 436.9 14.6 473.9 39.6 13 0.39 0.053700 0.014400 0.301130 0.079340 0.040670 0.002170 358.5 513.1 257.0 13.4 267.3 61.9 14 0.38 0.051240 0.005790 0.284590 0.031060 0.040280 0.001300 251.8 240.3 254.6 8.1 254.3 24.6 15 0.84 0.064330 0.009830 0.455880 0.068020 0.051400 0.001890 752.4 293.4 323.1 11.6 381.4 47.4 16 0.40 0.061360 0.005210 0.343590 0.028160 0.040610 0.001040 652.0 172.4 256.6 6.4 299.9 21.3 17 0.56 0.058440 0.004980 0.329350 0.027090 0.040870 0.001050 546.3 176.1 258.2 6.5 289.1 20.7 18 1.47 0.058670 0.006910 0.331710 0.037330 0.041000 0.001580 555.0 238.3 259.0 9.8 290.9 28.5

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 19 0.75 0.049100 0.006850 0.280560 0.038160 0.041440 0.001430 152.7 297.5 261.8 8.9 251.1 30.3 20 0.69 0.061640 0.009020 0.343100 0.048970 0.040370 0.001430 661.7 285.8 255.1 8.9 299.5 37.0 21 0.48 0.07124 0.00264 1.31664 0.0464 0.13404 0.00234 964.3 74.01 810.9 13.33 853 20.34 ML-23A 1 0.56 0.072050 0.001194 1.432763 0.065761 0.143948 0.001135 987.0 33.0 903.0 27.0 867.0 6.0 2 0.85 0.070043 0.004500 1.283969 0.090702 0.133165 0.002819 929.0 133.0 839.0 40.0 806.0 16.0 3 0.54 0.053224 0.003092 0.290287 0.018635 0.039581 0.000656 339.0 127.0 259.0 15.0 250.0 4.0 4 0.1 0.052202 0.001267 0.289621 0.009767 0.040179 0.000608 295.0 56.0 258.0 8.0 254.0 4.0 5 0.15 0.051046 0.002069 0.282262 0.011821 0.040056 0.000407 243.0 99.0 252.0 9.0 253.0 3.0 6 0.99 0.067788 0.004559 1.474989 0.101490 0.157216 0.002648 861.0 140.0 920.0 42.0 941.0 15.0 7 0.22 0.050455 0.003588 0.278777 0.019221 0.040049 0.000700 217.0 165.0 250.0 15.0 253.0 4.0 8 0.09 0.054 0.001920 0.290402 0.011399 0.040300 0.000742 287.0 81.0 259.0 9.0 255.0 5.0 9 0.1 0.052169 0.001486 0.291974 0.009033 0.040435 0.000729 300.0 67.0 260.0 7.0 256.0 5.0 10 0.21 0.050811 0.003099 0.281695 0.016957 0.040106 0.000643 232.0 143.0 252.0 13.0 253.0 4.0 11 0.15 0.049791 0.002577 0.277305 0.014389 0.040291 0.000620 183.0 120.0 249.0 11.0 255.0 4.0 12 0.75 0.071108 0.002456 1.546649 0.061891 0.156744 0.003757 961.0 70.0 949.0 25.0 939.0 21.0 13 0.29 0.070018 0.002120 1.520408 0.050092 0.156373 0.002700 929.0 63.0 939.0 20.0 937.0 15.0 14 0.11 0.063149 0.001976 0.817133 0.026741 0.093216 0.001283 722.0 67.0 606.0 15.0 575.0 8.0 15 0.46 0.062427 0.001884 0.805981 0.027822 0.092980 0.001750 689.0 60.0 600.0 16.0 573.0 10.0 16 0.24 0.061321 0.002777 0.791402 0.035547 0.093122 0.001324 650.0 98.0 592.0 20.0 574.0 8.0 17 0.19 0.050406 0.002144 0.279185 0.011721 0.040056 0.000596 213.0 94.0 250.0 9.0 253.0 4.0 18 0.35 0.064253 0.003199 0.734615 0.036702 0.082611 0.001408 750.0 104.0 559.0 21.0 512.0 8.0 19 0.76 0.052982 0.003035 0.287292 0.015990 0.039319 0.000539 328.0 131.0 256.0 13.0 249.0 3.0 20 0.21 0.052421 0.002570 0.287916 0.013188 0.040225 0.001104 306.0 113.0 257.0 10.0 254.0 7.0

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 21 0.17 0.053098 0.002950 0.295038 0.016469 0.040211 0.000514 332.0 121.0 263.0 13.0 254.0 3.0 22 0.18 0.049399 0.002550 0.274831 0.014001 0.040290 0.000559 169.0 120.0 247.0 11.0 255.0 3.0 23 0.11 0.050628 0.001749 0.281728 0.009936 0.040258 0.000566 233 80 252 8 254 4 YN-26A 01 0.19 0.059652 0.001842 0.290522 0.009023 0.0357 0.001097 590.8 66.7 226.1 6.8 259.0 7.1 02 0.04 0.087023 0.002625 1.030525 0.040217 0.086868 0.00338 1361.1 58.2 537.0 20.0 719.2 20.1 03 0.22 0.059985 0.001827 0.263225 0.008041 0.032215 0.000974 611.1 66.7 204.4 6.1 237.3 6.5 04 0.16 0.05846 0.001762 0.284201 0.008628 0.03569 0.001081 546.3 66.7 226.1 6.7 254.0 6.8 05 0.59 0.080593 0.002452 1.106716 0.050411 0.099555 0.004205 1213.0 60.0 611.8 24.7 756.6 24.3 06 0.15 0.055481 0.001744 0.257131 0.008467 0.033865 0.001095 431.5 70.4 214.7 6.8 232.4 6.8 07 1.21 0.073637 0.002464 0.709938 0.026093 0.069803 0.002169 1031.5 67.8 435.0 13.1 544.7 15.5 08 0.27 0.052858 0.001595 0.266825 0.008735 0.036558 0.001174 324.1 68.5 231.5 7.3 240.2 7.0 09 0.13 0.056557 0.00173 0.281531 0.009438 0.036119 0.001145 476.0 66.7 228.7 7.1 251.9 7.5 10 1.23 0.061745 0.001928 0.657061 0.020549 0.077232 0.002394 664.8 66.7 479.6 14.3 512.8 12.6 11 0.5 0.057767 0.001741 0.527127 0.016048 0.066147 0.002008 520.4 66.7 412.9 12.1 429.9 10.7 12 0.23 0.04912 0.001485 0.24942 0.007574 0.036819 0.001112 153.8 76.8 233.1 6.9 226.1 6.2 13 0.23 0.051308 0.001546 0.258673 0.007985 0.036539 0.001118 253.8 70.4 231.3 7.0 233.6 6.4 14 0.94 0.071517 0.002204 0.830002 0.026971 0.084269 0.002619 972.2 63.0 521.6 15.6 613.6 15.0 15 0.34 0.060124 0.001946 0.2981 0.012372 0.03585 0.001276 609.3 38.0 227.1 7.9 264.9 9.7 16 0.19 0.054352 0.00164 0.269886 0.008276 0.035937 0.001095 387.1 68.5 227.6 6.8 242.6 6.6 17 0.61 0.076573 0.002306 1.602357 0.049543 0.151302 0.004622 1110.2 59.3 908.3 25.9 971.1 19.3 18 0.15 0.060605 0.001903 0.306958 0.010366 0.036563 0.001141 633.4 66.7 231.5 7.1 271.8 8.1 19 0.18 0.055885 0.001694 0.283478 0.008853 0.036684 0.001128 455.6 66.7 232.2 7.0 253.4 7.0 20 0.38 0.05532 0.001684 0.282176 0.008796 0.036915 0.001143 433.4 66.7 233.7 7.1 252.4 7.0

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 21 0.51 0.055604 0.001919 0.287095 0.011016 0.037304 0.001156 435.2 77.8 236.1 7.2 256.3 8.7 22 0.18 0.057807 0.001755 0.288694 0.009167 0.036129 0.001123 524.1 66.7 228.8 7.0 257.5 7.2 23 0.18 0.05507 0.001681 0.27526 0.008635 0.036194 0.001112 416.7 68.5 229.2 6.9 246.9 6.9 YN-27B 01 0.15 0.05031 0.001522 0.26988 0.008497 0.038866 0.001213 209.3 39.8 245.8 7.5 242.6 6.8 02 0.25 0.051446 0.001589 0.278832 0.008794 0.039286 0.001216 261.2 72.2 248.4 7.5 249.7 7.0 03 0.41 0.052951 0.002011 0.287799 0.011459 0.039392 0.001278 327.8 85.2 249.1 7.9 256.8 9.0 04 0.18 0.051134 0.001557 0.275255 0.008624 0.039007 0.001 255.6 70.4 246.7 7.5 246.9 6.9 05 0.28 0.053171 0.001633 0.286433 0.008847 0.039066 0.001188 344.5 70.4 247.0 7.4 255.7 7.0 06 0.18 0.051497 0.00156 0.278637 0.008528 0.039211 0.00119 264.9 70.4 247.9 7.4 249.6 6.8 07 0.08 0.062029 0.001872 0.659449 0.020815 0.076951 0.00239 675.9 64.8 477.9 14.3 514.3 12.7 08 0.29 0.072703 0.002197 1.074112 0.03561 0.107132 0.003505 1005.6 61.6 656.1 20.4 740.8 17.4 09 0.14 0.083956 0.002525 1.792308 0.054617 0.154828 0.004702 1291.7 59.3 928.0 26.2 1042.7 19.9 10 0.27 0.055495 0.001723 0.283634 0.008811 0.037059 0.001118 431.5 68.5 234.6 7.0 253.5 7.0 11 0.29 0.054012 0.001627 0.29036 0.008819 0.039 0.001179 372.3 68.5 246.6 7.3 258.8 6.9 12 0.14 0.053635 0.00163 0.285998 0.009602 0.038565 0.001252 366.7 73.1 243.9 7.8 255.4 7.6 13 0.21 0.053491 0.001615 0.286522 0.008804 0.038896 0.001185 350.1 68.5 246.0 7.4 255.8 6.9 14 0.38 0.054911 0.001682 0.284054 0.008737 0.037495 0.001133 409.3 68.5 237.3 7.0 253.9 6.9 15 0.21 0.056498 0.00171 0.294469 0.008968 0.037784 0.001146 472.3 36.1 239.1 7.1 262.1 7.0 16 0.15 0.057154 0.001758 0.296739 0.010178 0.037466 0.001194 498.2 68.5 237.1 7.4 263.8 8.0 17 0.2 0.055509 0.001695 0.29422 0.00913 0.038438 0.00117 431.5 66.7 243.1 7.3 261.9 7.2 18 0.07 0.080515 0.002427 1.358938 0.042676 0.122135 0.003764 1209.3 63.9 742.8 21.6 871.4 18.4 19 0.13 0.059643 0.001825 0.299622 0.012395 0.036361 0.001384 590.8 66.7 230.2 8.6 266.1 9.7 20 0.33 0.057619 0.001766 0.3026 0.009266 0.038082 0.001154 516.7 66.7 240.9 7.2 268.4 7.2

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 21 1.02 0.060707 0.001837 0.734535 0.022384 0.08766 0.002657 627.8 66.7 541.7 15.7 559.2 13.1 DX-31 01 0.39 0.06631 0.001994 0.746553 0.022562 0.081645 0.002462 816.7 63.0 505.9 14.7 566.2 13.1 02 0.17 0.056812 0.001725 0.289267 0.010001 0.036901 0.001228 483.4 66.7 233.6 7.6 258.0 7.9 03 0.32 0.056494 0.001703 0.283136 0.008843 0.036332 0.001136 472.3 36.1 230.1 7.1 253.1 7.0 04 1.04 0.085776 0.00258 2.137593 0.065506 0.180679 0.005511 1333.0 58.5 1070.7 30.1 1161.0 21.2 05 0.16 0.05687 0.001813 0.286251 0.008836 0.036514 0.00112 487.1 70.4 231.2 7.0 255.6 7.0 06 0.19 0.079588 0.002394 1.240443 0.038083 0.112956 0.003443 1187.0 63.9 689.9 19.9 819.1 17.3 07 0.14 0.053844 0.001636 0.272959 0.008539 0.036822 0.001152 364.9 68.5 233.1 7.2 245.1 6.8 08 0.06 0.053314 0.00165 0.288366 0.010471 0.039202 0.001392 342.7 38.0 247.9 8.6 257.3 8.3 09 2.28 0.061086 0.001887 0.475087 0.014699 0.056374 0.001762 642.6 65.6 353.5 10.8 394.7 10.1 10 0.14 0.056558 0.001843 0.28685 0.010683 0.036754 0.001306 476.0 39.8 232.7 8.1 256.1 8.4 11 0.23 0.075989 0.002358 0.694092 0.031492 0.065656 0.002684 1094.4 67.6 409.9 16.2 535.3 18.9 12 0.15 0.059993 0.001845 0.297967 0.009476 0.035979 0.001095 611.1 66.7 227.9 6.8 264.8 7.4 13 2.09 0.077873 0.002345 1.465479 0.044843 0.136379 0.004158 1143.5 91.7 824.2 23.6 916.3 18.5 14 0.26 0.075823 0.002282 0.712029 0.021599 0.068047 0.002056 1100.0 60.7 424.4 12.4 546.0 12.8 15 0.53 0.08624 0.002595 1.870274 0.057288 0.157214 0.004829 1343.5 63.4 941.3 26.9 1070.6 20.3 16 0.46 0.057355 0.001739 0.276911 0.008436 0.035259 0.001082 505.6 68.5 223.4 6.7 248.2 6.7 17 0.74 0.07669 0.00231 0.91957 0.028454 0.086895 0.002673 1122.2 60.3 537.1 15.9 662.1 15.1 18 0.18 0.055762 0.001695 0.287929 0.008895 0.037433 0.001144 442.6 68.5 236.9 7.1 256.9 7.0 19 0.32 0.053476 0.00166 0.273252 0.008906 0.037031 0.001162 350.1 70.4 234.4 7.2 245.3 7.1 20 0.33 0.052595 0.001627 0.27066 0.008434 0.037559 0.001177 322.3 75.0 237.7 7.3 243.2 6.7 21 0.44 0.073308 0.002206 0.888664 0.028362 0.087829 0.002782 1033.3 61.1 542.7 16.5 645.7 15.2 22 0.53 0.078478 0.002364 1.434183 0.044541 0.132367 0.004065 1159.0 59.7 801.4 23.1 903.3 18.6

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 23 0.17 0.082159 0.002469 1.479208 0.04479 0.130537 0.003951 1250.0 58.2 790.9 22.5 921.9 18.3 24 0.32 0.076523 0.002306 1.244561 0.038604 0.11847 0.003686 1109.3 60.6 721.7 21.2 820.9 17.5 25 0.47 0.058406 0.00176 0.404666 0.012835 0.050535 0.001602 546.3 66.7 317.8 9.8 345.0 9.3 26 0.32 0.053503 0.001627 0.276674 0.008508 0.037496 0.001141 350.1 68.5 237.3 7.1 248.0 6.8 DX-32 01 0.26 0.055738 0.001685 0.279366 0.008565 0.036493 0.001111 442.6 68.5 250.2 6.8 231.1 6.9 02 0.66 0.056044 0.001692 0.242285 0.007421 0.03151 0.000956 453.8 66.7 220.3 6.1 200.0 6.0 03 0.17 0.067004 0.002023 0.329165 0.010837 0.035793 0.001156 838.9 63.0 288.9 8.3 226.7 7.2 04 0.09 0.059137 0.001828 0.300157 0.014027 0.037026 0.001636 572.3 68.5 266.5 11.0 234.4 10.2 05 0.89 0.060064 0.001811 0.463031 0.014229 0.056266 0.001722 605.6 97.2 386.4 9.9 352.9 10.5 06 0.15 0.055381 0.001669 0.277101 0.008405 0.03651 0.001102 427.8 63.9 248.4 6.7 231.2 6.9 07 0.39 0.074318 0.002245 1.217374 0.037994 0.119444 0.00369 1050.0 61.1 808.6 17.4 727.4 21.3 08 0.12 0.056 0.001692 0.280431 0.0086 0.036334 0.001108 461.2 66.7 251.0 6.8 230.1 6.9 09 0.41 0.072311 0.002179 1.138522 0.037706 0.114441 0.003729 994.4 61.6 771.8 17.9 698.5 21.6 10 0.29 0.070126 0.002114 0.765303 0.025663 0.07922 0.002622 931.5 58.3 577.1 14.8 491.5 15.7 11 0.17 0.057486 0.001759 0.289637 0.009264 0.036697 0.001147 509.3 66.7 258.3 7.3 232.3 7.1 12 0.17 0.071038 0.002139 1.369636 0.041541 0.140028 0.004234 958.3 62.2 876.0 17.8 844.8 23.9 13 0.1 0.054441 0.001683 0.272263 0.008521 0.036322 0.001102 390.8 70.4 244.5 6.8 230.0 6.9 14 0.11 0.051445 0.001551 0.264261 0.008528 0.037388 0.001197 261.2 68.5 238.1 6.8 236.6 7.4 15 0.66 0.056858 0.001762 0.438156 0.013655 0.055988 0.001721 487.1 68.5 369.0 9.6 351.2 10.5 16 0.15 0.051322 0.001546 0.263951 0.008026 0.037414 0.001133 253.8 70.4 237.8 6.4 236.8 7.0 17 0.13 0.051771 0.001561 0.263946 0.008062 0.037026 0.001127 276.0 68.5 237.8 6.5 234.4 7.0 18 0.28 0.052496 0.001592 0.269448 0.008434 0.037248 0.00115 305.6 70.4 242.3 6.7 235.8 7.1 19 0.49 0.070071 0.002112 1.203776 0.036404 0.124669 0.00376 931.5 56.5 802.3 16.8 757.4 21.6

spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ 20 0.28 0.050279 0.001543 0.262872 0.008119 0.037912 0.001165 209.3 38.0 237.0 6.5 239.9 7.2 21 0.24 0.056293 0.001699 0.283674 0.008638 0.036548 0.001115 464.9 66.7 253.6 6.8 231.4 6.9 22 0.07 0.062771 0.001894 0.306866 0.009328 0.035436 0.001068 701.9 64.8 271.7 7.2 224.5 6.7 23 0.32 0.057989 0.001777 0.292405 0.009221 0.036509 0.001112 527.8 66.7 260.5 7.2 231.2 6.9 24 0.32 0.055784 0.001688 0.281702 0.009053 0.036593 0.001159 442.6 66.7 252.0 7.2 231.7 7.2 25 0.39 0.072891 0.002198 1.057163 0.033647 0.10505 0.003297 1010.8 61.1 732.4 16.6 643.9 19.2 26 0.14 0.055707 0.001738 0.28934 0.009458 0.037652 0.001176 438.9 70.4 258.0 7.4 238.3 7.3 27 0.48 0.054376 0.001644 0.272187 0.008396 0.036302 0.001114 387.1 68.5 244.4 6.7 229.9 6.9

Supplemental file 7 Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic compositions for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) HH-118 01 0.056644 0.001895 0.282673 0.000014 0.2826642 1.82 0.84 1.17 255.2 02 0.021783 0.000859 0.282767 0.000013 0.2827625 5.31 0.69 0.95 255.2 03 0.029497 0.001274 0.282727 0.000014 0.2827208 3.82 0.75 1.04 255.2 04 0.021720 0.000785 0.282706 0.000019 0.2827022 3.14 0.77 1.08 255.2 05 0.026800 0.001025 0.282631 0.000021 0.2826262 0.46 0.88 1.25 255.2 06 0.051355 0.001717 0.282772 0.000014 0.2827637 5.32 0.69 0.94 255.2 07 0.034495 0.001224 0.282042 0.000024 0.2820168-2.32 1.71 2.07 1102.7 08 0.020513 0.000704 0.281777 0.000013 0.2817571-3.56 2.06 2.42 1457.2 09 0.034637 0.001247 0.283019 0.000028 0.2830138 13.96 0.33 0.38 255.2 10 0.041204 0.001540 0.282596 0.000019 0.2825828 3.53 0.94 1.22 464.6 11 0.067241 0.002358 0.282953 0.000024 0.2829379 13.36 0.44 0.49 340.5 12 0.055085 0.002058 0.282665 0.000023 0.2826478 5.22 0.86 1.09 436.9 13 0.043506 0.001483 0.282964 0.000022 0.2829569 12.19 0.41 0.50 255.2 14 0.019463 0.000715 0.282616 0.000020 0.2826127-0.05 0.89 1.29 255.2 15 0.027816 0.001102 0.282858 0.000019 0.2828509 9.89 0.56 0.70 323.1 16 0.013942 0.000513 0.282669 0.000022 0.2826663 1.90 0.82 1.16 255.2 17 0.012162 0.000448 0.282628 0.000018 0.2826261 0.51 0.87 1.25 255.2 18 0.073217 0.002623 0.282464 0.000024 0.2824510-5.67 1.17 1.65 255.2 19 0.072294 0.002422 0.282965 0.000027 0.2829530 12.15 0.42 0.51 255.2

Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) 20 0.018009 0.000763 0.282958 0.000020 0.2829543 12.05 0.41 0.51 255.2 21 0.034482 0.001228 0.282246 0.000018 0.2822272-1.38 1.43 1.79 810.9 ML-23A 1 0.029182 0.001069 0.282101 0.000008 0.282084-5.21 1.63 2.08 866.9 2 0.023160 0.000888 0.282143 0.000009 0.282129-4.96 1.56 2.01 805.9 3 0.065173 0.002331 0.282254 0.000009 0.282243-13.22 1.46 2.12 247.0 4 0.075093 0.002603 0.282417 0.000011 0.282405-7.49 1.23 1.75 247.0 5 0.088917 0.003217 0.282346 0.000008 0.282330-10.12 1.36 1.92 247.0 6 0.012026 0.000428 0.282103 0.000008 0.282095-3.14 1.60 2.00 941.3 7 0.102809 0.003627 0.282392 0.000010 0.282375-8.55 1.31 1.82 247.0 8 0.059623 0.002124 0.282346 0.000012 0.282336-9.94 1.32 1.91 247.0 9 0.074901 0.002641 0.282400 0.000010 0.282387-8.11 1.26 1.79 247.0 10 0.058499 0.002128 0.282313 0.000008 0.282303-11.11 1.37 1.98 247.0 11 0.062844 0.002307 0.282406 0.000010 0.282395-7.82 1.24 1.78 247.0 12 0.013741 0.000555 0.282136 0.000009 0.282127-2.09 1.55 1.94 938.7 13 0.040245 0.001503 0.282126 0.000011 0.282100-3.09 1.61 2.00 936.6 14 0.046948 0.001757 0.282263 0.000009 0.282244-6.04 1.43 1.91 574.5 15 0.030966 0.001140 0.288 0.000009 0.282066-12.36 1.66 2.30 573.1 16 0.010828 0.000397 0.282241 0.000007 0.282237-6.30 1.41 1.92 574.0 17 0.060585 0.002187 0.282391 0.000009 0.282381-8.35 1.26 1.81 247.0 18 0.074663 0.002707 0.282410 0.000016 0.282384-2.48 1.25 1.63 511.7 19 0.049040 0.001783 0.282383 0.000009 0.282375-8.56 1.25 1.82 247.0 20 0.056229 0.005 0.282410 0.000010 0.282401-7.64 1.23 1.76 247.0 21 0.077092 0.002804 0.282394 0.000009 0.282381-8.33 1.27 1.81 247.0 22 0.072660 0.002652 0.282360 0.000008 0.282347-9.52 1.32 1.88 247.0

Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) 23 0.085278 0.003118 0.282346 0.000009 0.282331-10.09 1.36 1.92 247.0 YN-26 1 0.072738 0.001563 0.282183 0.000015 0.282177-16.10 1.53 2.28 229.1 2 0.029906 0.000856 0.281872 0.000015 0.281863-20.35 1.93 2.78 537.0 3 0.100964 0.002226 0.282300 0.000015 0.282292-12.51 1.39 2.04 229.1 4 0.094666 0.002111 0.282257 0.000015 0.282248-13.58 1.45 2.12 229.1 5 0.057641 0.001281 0.282042 0.000015 0.282027-12.88 1.72 2.37 611.8 6 0.113519 0.002483 0.282334 0.000015 0.282325-11.12 1.35 1.96 229.1 7 0.027990 0.000618 0.282144 0.000015 0.282139-12.85 1.55 2.23 435.0 8 0.155567 0.003448 0.282433 0.000015 0.282419-7.42 1.24 1.74 229.1 9 0.073745 0.001754 0.282274 0.000015 0.282266-12.87 1.41 2.08 229.1 10 0.016919 0.000437 0.282094 0.000015 0.282090-13.59 1.61 2.31 479.6 11 0.010021 0.000246 0.282365 0.000015 0.282363-5.40 1.23 1.75 412.9 12 0.070787 0.001605 0.282384 0.000015 0.282377-8.86 1.25 1.83 229.1 13 0.077307 0.001970 0.282340 0.000015 0.282331-10.52 1.32 1.93 229.1 14 0.050436 0.001143 0.282255 0.000015 0.282243-7.23 1.41 1.94 521.6 15 0.046785 0.001205 0.282241 0.000015 0.282236-13.97 1.43 2.15 229.1 16 0.087049 0.001963 0.282209 0.000015 0.282201-15.21 1.51 2.22 229.1 17 0.058462 0.001269 0.282054 0.000015 0.282033-6.10 1.70 2.16 908.3 18 0.049661 0.001060 0.282233 0.000015 0.282228-14.16 1.44 2.16 229.1 19 0.057787 0.001350 0.282283 0.000015 0.282277-12.42 1.38 2.05 229.1 20 0.007612 0.000187 0.281457 0.000015 0.281456-41.43 2.46 3.87 229.1 21 0.037722 0.000895 0.282046 0.000015 0.282042-20.65 1.69 2.57 229.1 22 0.083951 0.001882 0.282251 0.000015 0.282243-13.69 1.45 2.13 229.1

Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) 23 0.056462 0.001280 0.282284 0.000015 0.282278-12.43 1.38 2.05 229.1 YN-27B 01 0.063506 0.002483 0.282293 0.000015 0.282281-11.96 1.41 2.03 228.8 02 0.031247 0.001204 0.282246 0.000015 0.282241-13.34 1.43 2.12 228.8 03 0.026911 0.001064 0.282390 0.000015 0.282385-8.23 1.22 1.80 228.8 04 0.015738 0.000631 0.282332 0.000015 0.282329-10.27 1.29 1.93 228.8 05 0.030192 0.001168 0.282197 0.000015 0.282192-15.10 1.49 2.23 228.8 06 0.026518 0.001090 0.282069 0.000015 0.282064-19.62 1.67 2.52 228.8 07 0.003084 0.000120 0.281933 0.000015 0.281932-19.23 1.81 2.66 477.9 08 0.032007 0.001327 0.282499 0.000015 0.282482 4.22 1.08 1.32 656.1 09 0.005356 0.000203 0.281934 0.000015 0.281930-9.29 1.82 2.38 928.0 10 0.043461 0.001696 0.282230 0.000015 0.282222-14.30 1.47 2.17 228.8 11 0.049089 0.001908 0.282401 0.000015 0.282392-8.02 1.23 1.79 228.8 12 0.021352 0.000872 0.282388 0.000015 0.282384-8.38 1.22 1.81 228.8 13 0.019698 0.000781 0.282237 0.000015 0.282234-13.65 1.42 2.14 228.8 14 0.030840 0.001215 0.282250 0.000015 0.282244-13.46 1.42 2.12 228.8 15 0.031845 0.001191 0.282213 0.000015 0.282208-14.71 1.47 2.20 228.8 16 0.017163 0.000709 0.281834 0.000015 0.281831-28.08 1.98 3.04 228.8 17 0.011338 0.000452 0.281954 0.000015 0.281952-23.67 1.80 2.77 228.8 18 0.038430 0.001523 0.282145 0.000015 0.282124-6.55 1.58 2.07 742.8 19 0.015165 0.000626 0.282031 0.000015 0.282028-21.26 1.70 2.61 228.8 20 0.028364 0.001136 0.282183 0.000015 0.282178-15.74 1.51 2.27 228.8 21 0.006200 0.000247 0.282140 0.000015 0.282138-10.52 1.54 2.16 541.7 DX-31 01 0.026028 0.001043 0.282269 0.000015 0.282260-7.00 1.39 1.92 566.2

Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) 02 0.053331 0.002098 0.282223 0.000015 0.282214-14.62 1.50 2.19 233.3 03 0.053553 0.003 0.282280 0.000015 0.282272-12.65 1.41 2.07 233.3 04 0.022 0.000945 0.282099 0.000015 0.282080-0.79 1.62 1.95 1161.0 05 0.052997 0.001998 0.282245 0.000015 0.282236-13.88 1.46 2.14 233.3 06 0.026565 0.001058 0.282189 0.000015 0.282175-5.91 1.50 1.99 819.1 08 0.013676 0.000559 0.282412 0.000015 0.282410-7.37 1.17 1.75 233.3 09 0.074962 0.003097 0.282647 0.000015 0.282627 2.63 0.91 1.19 394.7 10 0.029872 0.001146 0.281986 0.000015 0.281982-22.86 1.79 2.71 233.3 11 0.024296 0.001014 0.282040 0.000015 0.282032-17.16 1.71 2.48 535.3 12 0.060933 0.002386 0.282347 0.000015 0.282337-10.38 1.33 1.92 233.3 13 0.027739 0.001119 0.282083 0.000015 0.282066-6.79 1.65 2.14 916.3 14 0.036878 0.001473 0.282104 0.000015 0.282093-14.71 1.64 2.34 546.0 15 0.029143 0.001239 0.282015 0.000015 0.281993-6.78 1.75 2.23 1070.6 16 0.043485 0.001772 0.282339 0.000015 0.282331-10.69 1.32 1.94 233.3 17 0.030826 0.001268 0.282274 0.000015 0.282261-6.24 1.39 1.89 662.1 18 0.056992 0.002225 0.282313 0.000015 0.282303-11.40 1.37 1.99 233.3 19 0.025000 0.001049 0.282224 0.000015 0.282220-14.40 1.45 2.18 233.3 20 0.037881 0.001485 0.282213 0.000015 0.282-14.79 1.49 2.21 233.3 21 0.041778 0.001655 0.282131 0.000015 0.282115-11.32 1.61 2.22 645.7 22 0.029446 0.001170 0.282097 0.000015 0.282080-6.82 1.64 2.13 903.3 23 0.050784 0.002003 0.282087 0.000015 0.282057-7.85 1.69 2.18 921.9 24 0.031238 0.001286 0.281902 0.000015 0.281885-15.49 1.91 2.61 820.9 25 0.026982 0.001145 0.282202 0.000015 0.282195-13.44 1.49 2.18 345.0 26 0.027801 0.001102 0.282156 0.000015 0.282151-16.77 1.55 2.33 233.3

Supplemental file 8 Major oxides (wt. %) and elemental (ppm) analyzed results for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C SiO 2 65.02 64.7 65.08 80.43 76.9 77.47 76.23 70.91 69.38 69.13 68.66 77.38 75.75 TiO 2 0.73 0.7 0.68 0.19 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.65 0.68 0.82 0.87 0.2 0.21 Al 2 O 3 17.12 16.98 17.54 10.07 11.72 12.21 12.2 14.43 14.2 12.74 12.65 12.48 12.45 Fe 2 O 3 T 5.56 5.41 5.3 1.39 2.04 1.36 1.23 4.18 4.26 6.58 6.78 1.46 1.36 MnO 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 MgO 1.51 1.18 1.29 0.3 0.44 0.44 0.43 1.22 1.25 2.73 2.66 0.41 0.45 CaO 3.95 3.52 3.96 0.06 0.12 0.69 0.71 1.49 1.51 0.63 0.65 0.48 0.5 Na 2 O 4.15 4.47 4.25 1.22 1.47 1.76 1.69 2.31 2.27 0.99 0.99 2.36 2.41 K 2 O 1.69 1.66 1.63 4.66 4.97 5.68 5.82 4.66 4.79 3.8 3.91 5.11 5.22 P 2 O 5 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.1 L.O.I 0.57 0.64 0.61 1.17 1.49 0.65 0.7 0.9 0.93 2.01 2.06 0.92 0.93 Total 100.57 99.54 100.61 99.54 99.58 100.51 99.28 100.48 98.97 98.93 98.72 100.78 99.25 P 864 849 827 248 344 393 310 480 406 611 541 524 450 K 14293 14109 13781 38673 41288 48157 49343 39509 40611 32217 33150 43324 44257 Sc 2.03 2.21 2.75 2.30 3.23 4.96 3.73 1.00 8.50 7.39 12.9 11.6 3.50 0.690 Ti 4356 4223 4077 1139 1872 1740 1536 3900 3610 4920 4544 1200 983

Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C V 38.2 23.1 169 39.6 13.2 19.2 23.1 15 70.7 54.4 126 83.7 18.3 10.5 Cr 9.51 4.71 130 4.82 12.3 30.6 5.97 6.98 29 20.6 74.5 59.00 4.83 0.783 Mn 643 604 606 60.7 113 77.5 121 310 294 310 301 77.5 92.6 Co 9.17 8.91 26.8 8.14 0.780 2.06 2.13 2.15 7.20 7.68 11.7 10.7 1.66 2.47 Ni 2.91 0.774 43.000 0.414 7.66 16.5 2.61 2.88 12.4 13.0 33.7 31.6 3.90 1.69 Cu 22.4 31.3 23.9 11.1 7.07 7.21 1.97 2.60 13.6 16.0 7.14 7.25 11.8 11.5 Zn 42.0 40.5 79.2 40.0 97.3 240 31.0 13.3 89.6 49.6 96.1 66.1 25.0 2.84 Ga 17.9 18.1 17.2 19.1 11.2 13.6 12.4 12.9 15.4 17.7 16.8 18.1 14.1 13.2 Ge 1.30 1.33 1.43 1.32 1.14 1.44 1.11 1.58 1.49 2.01 1.31 1.51 Rb 61.0 53.1 57.9 68.1 228 247 191 182 233 232 275 288 279 234 Sr 332 330 310 371 33.6 35.9 73.8 82.0 92.5 112 56.7 64.3 58.9 59.2 Y 39.1 44.1 28.0 40.5 13.2 33.5 20.0 17.8 26.6 27.1 30.8 30.3 34.3 29.3 Zr 187 220 93.0 217 102 145 91.8 20.5 127 147 178 235 91.3 97.4 Nb 8.92 9.65 4.01 9.08 6.53 10.4 6.55 5.93 11.9 11.9 16.8 14.6 7.56 6.30 Cs 11.5 6.50 10.7 12.4 2.74 2.68 4.91 5.23 13.3 15.6 32.3 34.8 5.54 5.28 Ba 640 719 285 715 273 273 596 621 926 1032 481 507 337 322 La 38.3 41.9 15.9 39.1 9.79 20.2 23.7 23.6 49.4 53.4 60.0 61.7 21.5 19.9 Ce 75.5 83.6 32.8 78.0 19.0 40.0 51.6 48.1 107 106 118 120 47.0 40.9 Pr 9.23 10.4 4.19 9.53 2.36 4.72 5.16 5.41 10.5 12.1 12.8 14.2 4.94 4.80 Nd 36.1 40.6 17.3 37.5 8.35 16.9 17.8 19.2 37.3 44.9 46.0 52.8 17.0 17.5 Sm 7.77 8.62 4.39 7.83 2.07 3.81 3.70 3.97 7.28 8.18 8.80 9.60 4.22 4.05 Eu 1.92 2.05 1.09 1.85 0.280 0.470 0.800 0.740 1.18 1.23 1.40 1.42 0.450 0.420

Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C Gd 7.82 8.62 4.65 7.27 1.95 3.68 3.47 3.66 6.44 7.09 8.04 8.02 4.4 4.3 Tb 1.18 1.31 0.750 1.17 0.400 0.770 0.610 0.640 1.01 1.10 1.23 1.27 0.880 0.880 Dy 6.89 7.62 4.71 6.93 2.75 5.75 3.62 3.54 5.27 5.77 6.12 6.63 5.44 5.33 Ho 1.53 1.70 1.05 1.53 0.530 1.17 0.810 0.710 1.13 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.23 1.15 Er 4.06 4.49 2.91 4.36 1.57 3.79 2.17 1.95 2.88 2.85 3.37 3.31 3.34 3.21 Tm 0.590 0.630 0.430 0.610 0.230 0.600 0.320 0.280 0.390 0.400 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.480 Yb 3.9 4.08 2.88 4.06 1.43 3.79 1.99 1.78 2.53 2.57 3.07 3.27 3.16 2.89 Lu 0.590 0.590 0.420 0.610 0.210 0.560 0.280 0.240 0.360 0.370 0.460 0.500 0.420 0.390 Hf 4.46 5.29 2.45 5.35 3.52 4.69 2.91 0.68 3.61 4.17 4.99 6.57 3.02 3.16 Ta 0.640 0.660 0.340 0.670 0.480 0.880 0.550 0.530 0.920 1.03 1.26 1.25 0.950 0.820 Pb 7.11 6.58 7.20 8.09 14.3 14.7 48.8 42.2 36.2 34.6 19.2 17.6 33.1 26.3 Th 14.5 14.7 6.1 17.5 17.7 21.7 16.2 16.2 29.7 32.9 25.3 27.5 17.5 16.8 U 3.42 3.45 1.55 3.94 2.75 4.06 2.51 2.06 3.31 3.4 3.59 3.7 3.45 3.15

Supplemental file 9 Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Sample Age (Ma) 87 Rb/ 86 Sr 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 2s ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd 2s T DM (Ga) ε Nd (t) ML-23A 247.0 18.27 0.14975 0.51210 7 2.51-9.1 YN-26A 229.1 7.52 0.74849 12 0.72389 0.12565 0.51197 6 2.04-10.9 YN-26B 229.1 6.44 0.74849 12 0.72742 0.12498 0.51196 8 2.04-11.1 YN-27B 228.6 7.31 0.74393 11 0.72000 0.11797 0.51191 14 1.97-11.8 YN-27C 228.6 5.60 0.74373 10 0.72398 0.11024 0.51192 6 1.81-11.5 DX-31A 233.3 12.97 0.10991 0.51186 6 1.9-12.7 DX-32A 232.3 11.47 0.75761 12 0.72008 0.13961 0.51200 6 2.36-10.7

Supplemental file 10 Primitive mantle normalized incompatible elemental spidergrams and chondrite normalized REE patterns for the Xiaguan latest Permian high ε Hf (t)-ε Nd (t) I-type granodiorites (a and b), early Triassic Goutoupo leucogranites (c and d) and Late Triassic Xiaguan granotoids (d and e). Normalized values for primitive mantle and chondrite are from reference (Sun and McDonough, 1989). Reference Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle

composition and process. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42:313-345.

Supplemental file 11 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of latest Permian to earliest Triassic (~255 248 Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 1 Deqin Granodiorite 255±2 LA-ICPMS -9.6-7 60.4 62.2 0.88 1.00 Zhang and others 2011b 1 Deqin Diorite 254±2 LA-ICPMS -16.6-9.4 51.9 57.7 0.64 0.89 Zhang and others 2011b 2 Mangkang Graywacke 254±2 LA-Q-ICPMS -9.4-23.2 Yang and others 2014 3 Baimaxueshan Diorite 251±2 SHRIMP -9.2 55.72 0.92 Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Tonalite 253±4 SHRIMP -6.9 61.3 0.91 Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Granodiorite 249±2 SHRIMP -5.7-19.8-6.4 63.4 1.02 Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Granodiorite 248±2 SHRIMP -6.3 64.3 0.94 Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Diorite enlave 250±2 SHRIMP -5.2-13.9-7.0 54.3 0.64 Zi and others 2012a Ailaoshan 4 Pingzhang Gabbro 258±6 LA-ICPMS 49.5 0.79 Lai and others 2014b 5 Pinghe Granite 257±2 LA-ICPMS 72.1 1.44 Lai and others 2014a 5 Pinghe Granite 255±2 LA-ICPMS 70.3 1.40 Lai and others 2014a 6 Qingshuihe Mylonite 256±4 LA-ICP-MS 0.5 12.2 This Study 6 Xiaguan Granodiorite 252±2 SHRIMP 2.14 64.7 65.0 1.08 1.10 This Study 6 Xiaguan Granodiorite 252±2 SHRIMP 2.14 64.7 65.1 1.08 1.11 This Study 7 Xin'anzhai Monzogranite 252±1 LA ICP MS -9.8-6.2 8.8 66.6 69.3 1.03 1.05 Liu and others 2015 7 Xin'anzhai Monzogranite 251±1 LA-ICP-MS -11.1-3.1-8.5 69.9 70.0 1.06 1.12 Liu and others 2015 8 Laowangzhai Granite 251±1 LA-ICP-MS -5.1 7.2 Wang and others 2014b 9 Maoheshan basalt 249±2 SHRIMP Liu and others 2011a Song Ma 10 Dai Loc Dioritic orthogneiss 257±4 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 10 Po Ko Diorite 256±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014

Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 11 Kontum Grt-Opx gneiss 255±8 Monazite EMP dating Owada and others 2006 12 Chieng Khuong Plagiogranite 254±14 Rb/Sr on whole rock Pham and others 2008 13 Ben Giang Granodiorite 252±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 13 Ben Giang Xenocryst 251±1 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014

Supplemental file 12 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of Early to Middile Triassic (247 237 Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 14 Yezhi Rhyolite 249±2 LA-ICP-MS -10.5 72 2.2 Wang and others 2014a 14 Yezhi Rhyolite 248±2 LA-ICP-MS -10.7 74.4 1.32 Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Rhyolite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS -10.3 75.5 1.53 Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Basalt 246±2 LA-ICP-MS -3.6 50.5 0.76 Wang and others 2014a 14 Luchun Rhyolite 246±2 LA-ICP-MS -9.6 74.4 1.37 Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Rhyolite 245±3 LA-ICP-MS -10.1 76.9 1.66 Wang and others 2014a 15 Jiyidu Rhyolite 247±3 SHRIMP -9.4 73.9 1.11 Zi and others 2012c 15 Gongnong Rhyolite 246±3 SHRIMP -8.7 75.6 1.45 Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyolite 245±4 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyolite 242±3 SHRIMP 77.4 1.13 Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyodacite 239±3 SHRIMP -4.9 60.4 1.85 Zi and others 2012c Ailaoshan 7 Tongtiange Leucogranite 248±3 LA-ICP-MS -11.9-3.4-11.4 76.2 77.8 1.29 1.51 Liu and others 2015 7 Tongtiange Leucogranite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS -16.6-3.2-10.8 75.5 79.5 1.32 1.87 Liu and others 2015 16 Pingmahe Rhyolite 247±2 SHRIMP 72.3 1.49 Liu and others 2011 6 Goutoupo Leucogranite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS -13.2-7.5-9.1 76.9 80.4 1.41 1.46 This Study 5 Lvchun Rhyolite 246±4 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014a 5 Lvchun Rhyolite 246±6 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014a 5 Daheishan Dolerite 246±4 LA-ICP-MS 52.4 53.9 Lai and others 2014a 4 Pingzhang Granite 244±2 LA-ICP-MS 76.7 1.24 Lai and others 2014b 4 Heping Granite 244±3 LA-ICP-MS 73.8 1.26 Lai and others 2014b 17 Diancangshan Sillimanite gneiss 243±2 LA-ICP-MS -8.0-14.3 Lin and others 2012

Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 17 Yuanjiang Augen gneiss 239 LA-ICP-MS -10.5-3.4 Lin and others 2012 Song Ma 10 Kham Duc Garnet biotite mylonitic gneiss 248±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 10 Bong Mieu Granitic gneiss 245±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 10 Hai Van Granitic pegmatite 246±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 18 Kontum Gneiss 246±3 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others 2010 18 Kontum Gneiss 247±11 TIMS Nakano and others 2008 11 Kontum Grt granite 243±2 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006

Supplemental file 13 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of Late Triassic (235-202 Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 19 Beiwu Granodiorite 234±1 SIMS -3.1 2.8-6.2-5.9 64.5 66.9 0.97 1.15 Zhu and others 2011 19 Linong Granodiorite 233±1 SIMS -4.1 0.7-6.1-6.7 65.2 71.5 0.92 1.08 Zhu and others 2011 19 Lunong Granodiorite 231±2 SIMS -8.6-2.3-5.1-5.4 66.0 69.0 0.83 1.04 Zhu and others 2011 20 Gongka Granodiorite 232±5 SHRIMP 63.1 67.7 0.89 0.98 Gao et al. 2010 20 Yangla Granodiorite 230±4 SHRIMP 62.0 65.0 0.92 0.97 Gao et al. 2010 21 Ludian Biotite granodiorite 231±3 SHRIMP 69.2 1.01 Zi and others 2013 21 Ludian Granodiorite 230±2 SHRIMP 66.7 1.04 Zi and others 2013 21 Ludian Monzogranite 228±3 SHRIMP -9.2 69.6 1.25 Zi and others 2013 21 Ludian Granodiorite 226±3 SHRIMP -8.8 65 1.04 Zi and others 2013 21 Ludian Biotite monzogranite 220±3 SHRIMP -9.7 69.6 1.05 Zi and others 2013 22 Deqin Bimodal volcanic rocks 224 Rb-Sr isochrone age Wang and others 2002 23 Ludian Biotite monzogranite 214±6 SHRIMP Jian and others 2003 24 Jianchuan Picritic porphyrite 206 Ar-Ar isochrone ages -1.3 1.7 43.9 46.1 Kou and others 2012 Ailaoshan 17 Diancangshan Garnet gneiss 235±2 LA-ICPMS 10.2 13.6 Lin and others 2012 6 Xiaguan Gneiss 233±4 LA-ICPMS -22.9-7.4-12.7 68.7 69.1 1.80 1.85 This study 6 Xiaguan Leucosome 232±4 LA-ICPMS -10.7 75.8 77.4 1.18 1.21 This study 6 Xiaguan Gneissic granite 229±4 LA-ICPMS -41.4-7.4-11.1-10.9 76.2 77.5 1.18 1.19 This study 6 Xiaguan Gneiss 229±5 LA-ICPMS -28.1-8.0-11.5-11.8 69.4 70.9 1.22 1.25 This study

Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 25 Huashiban Granodiorite 230±2 LA-ICPMS 9.8 12.6 3.3 3.6 72.7 73.7 1.01 1.05 Liu and others 2014 25 Huashiban Granodiorite 229±2 LA-ICPMS 8.4 13.1 3.3 3.5 72.9 73.6 1.01 1.06 Liu and others 2014 26 Panjiangzhai Metabasalt? 49.2 Shen and others 1998 Song Ma 11 Kontum Grt granite 233±3 Monazite EMP dating Owada and others 2006 27 Dien bien Granodiorite 232±2 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 27 Dien bien Granodiorite 226±6 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 27 Dien bien Paragneiss 228±5 Ar-Ar isochrone age Roger and others 2014 28 Truong Son Granodiorite 229±3 LA-ICPMS -8.9 69.1 1.1 Liu and others 2012a 28 Truong Son Quartz monzonite 202±4 LA-ICPMS -9.4 65.8 1.11 Liu and others 2012a 29 Nam Co Garnet hornblende rock 228±3 SIMS 48.2 0.75 Zhang and others 2014

Supplemental file 14 Radiometric ages of the Triassic metamorphic rocks in the JAS suture zone Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method Refs. Early- to Middle-Triassic Kham Duc Mylonitic gneiss 248±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Bong Mieu Granitic gneiss 245±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Hai Van Granitic pegmatite 246±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Kontum Gneiss 246±3 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others 2008 Kontum Gneiss 247±11 TIMS Nakano and others 2010 Kontum Granulite 240±16 TIMS Nakano and others 2010 Kontum Grt granite 243±2 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006 Song Ba Norite 238±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Enderbite 239±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Proxene-pl-norite 240±5 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 241±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Norite 242±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 242±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 243±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 243±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 243±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 245±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 245±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 246±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 251±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Late-Triassic Dien bien Graunilte 233±5 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others 2008 Kontum Grt granite 233±3 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006 Dien bien Eclogite 231±8 SHRIMP Zhang and others 2014 Dien bien Granodiorite 226±6 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Granodiorite 232±2 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Paragneiss 228±5 Biotite Ar-Ar Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Eclogite 231±8 SHRIMP Zhang and others 2013

Supplemental file 15 FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs. SiO 2 (a) and Rb/Sr vs. Ba (b) for the latest Permian to Triassic granitoids in the JAS suture. Data for the Cambrian gneiss of the Northern Himalaya, North Himalayan granites and Himalayan leuogranites are from (Inger and Harris, 1993) and (Zhang et al., 2004). The trends for dehydration muscovite and biotite melting and plagioclase fractional crystallization are from (Inger and Harris, 1993, Zhang et al., 2004) and (Streule et al., 2010). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 4. Reference Inger S, Harris N (1993) Geochemical Constraints on Leucogranite Magmatism in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya. J Petrol 34:345-368. Streule MJ, Searle MP, Waters DJ, Horstwood MSA (2010) Metamorphism, melting, and channel flow in the Greater Himalayan Sequence and Makalu leucogranite: Constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modeling, and U-Pb geochronology. Tectonics 29:1-28. Zhang RY, Lo CH, Li XH, Chung SL, Anh TT, Tri TT (2014) U-Pb dating and tectonic implication of Ophiolite and Metabasite from Song Ma suture zone, Northern Vietnam. Am J Sci 314:649-678.

Supplemental file 16 Viscous flow laws used in the numerical experiments. ID Flow laws E V n A D a 0 (kj mol -1 ) (J MPa -1 mol -1 ) (MPa -n s -1 ) (Pa s) A Air/water 0 0 1.0 1.0 10-12 1.0 10 12 B0 Wet quartzite 154 8 2.3 3.2 10-4 1.97 10 17 C0 Diabase 260 12 3.4 2.0 10-4 1.26 10 22 B1 Wet granite 137 8 1.9 2.0 10-2 1.26 10 13 C1 Plagioclase An 75 238 12 3.2 3.3 10-2 4.8 10 20 B2 Quartzite 156 8 2.4 6.7 10-8 3.75 10 21 C2 Mafic granulite 445 12 4.2 1.4 10 4 1.13 10 22 D Plagioclase An 75 238 0 3.2 3.3 10-4 4.8 10 22 E Dry olivine 532 8 3.5 2.5 10 4 3.98 10 16 F Wet olivine 470 8 4.0 2.0 10 3 5.01 10 20 G b Molten felsic 0 0 1.0 2.0 10-9 5.0 10 14 H b Molten mafic 0 0 1.0 1.0 10-7 1.0 10 13 a 6 0 is the reference viscosity, which is calculated:. 0 1 / A 10 n D Other parameters are illustrated in Table 1. b The molten felsic (G) are used for partial molten sediment and continental crust. The molten mafic (H) are used for partial molten oceanic crust. c References: Kirby, 1983; Kirby and Kronenberg, 1987; Ranalli and Murphy, 1987; Ji and Zhao, 1993; Ranalli, 1995. Reference Ji, S. C., and P. L. Zhao (1993), Flow Laws of Multiphase Rocks Calculated from Experimental-Data on the Constituent Phases, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117(1-2), 181-187. Kirby, S. H. (1983), Rheology of the Lithosphere, Reviews of Geophysics, 21(6), 1458-1487. Kirby, S. H., and A. K. Kronenberg (1987), Rheology of the Lithosphere - Selected Topics, Reviews of Geophysics, 25(6), 1219-1244. Ranalli, G. (1995), Rheology of the Earth, Springer. Ranalli, G., and D. C. Murphy (1987), Rheological stratification of the lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 132(4), 281-295.

Supplemental file 17 Materials properties used in 2-D numerical experiments Material State ρ 0 Cp k a b T solidus b T liquidus Q L H r Viscous c Plastic d (kg m -3 ) (J kg -1 K -1 ) (W m -1 K -1 ) (K) (K) (kj kg -1 ) (μw m -3 ) Flow Law Sin( eff ) Sticky air - 1 100 20 - - - 0 A 0 Water - 1000 3330 20 - - - 0 A 0 Sediment Solid 2700 1000 K1 TS1 TL1 300 2.0 B 0.15 Molten 2500 1500 K1 TS1 TL1 300 2.0 G 0.06 Continental Solid 2700 1000 K1 TS1 TL1 300 2.0 B0/B1/B2 0.15 upper crust Molten 2500 1500 K1 TS1 TL1 300 2.0 G 0.06 Continental Solid 3000 1000 K2 TS2 TL2 300 0.5 C0/C1/C2 0.15 lower crust Molten 2500 1500 K2 TS2 TL2 300 0.5 G 0.06 Oceanic Solid 3000 1000 K2 TS2 TL2 380 0.25 D 0.15 crust Molten 2900 1500 K2 TS2 TL2 380 0.25 H 0.06 Mantle Dry 3300 1000 K3 - - - 0.022 E 0.6 Hydrated 3200 1000 K3 - - - 0.022 F 0.06 References e - 1,2-3 5 5 1,2 1 4 - Meaning of the parameters ρ 0, Cp, k, T solidus, T liquidus, QL, Hr,, are shown in Table 1. =3 10-5 K -1, =1 10-5 MPa -1 for all rock types. a K1=[0.64+807/(T K +77)]exp(0.00004P MPa ); K2=[1.18+474/(T K +77)]exp(0.00004P MPa ); K3=[0.73+1293/(T K +77)]exp(0.00004P MPa ). b TS1=889+17900/(P+54)+20200/(P+54) 2, at P<1200 MPa; or 831+0.06P, at P>1200 MPa. TL1=1262+0.09P; TS2=973-70400/(P+354)+778 10 5 /(P+354) 2, at P<1600 MPa; or 935+0.0035P+0.0000062P 2, at P>1600 MPa. TL2=1423+0.105P. c Parameters of viscous flow laws are shown in Table 3. d The plastic cohesion is zero in all the experiments. eff is the effective internal frictional angle implemented for plastic rheology. e 1=[Turcotte and Schubert, 2002]; 2=[Bittner and Schmeling, 1995]; 3=[Clauser and Huenges, 1995]; 4=[Ranalli, 1995]; 5=[Schmidt and Poli, 1998].

Reference Bittner, D., and H. Schmeling (1995), Numerical Modeling of Melting Processes and Induced Diapirism in the Lower Crust, Geophysical Journal International, 123(1), 59-70. Clauser, C., and E. Huenges (1995), Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals, AGU reference shelf, 3, 105-126. Ranalli, G. (1995), Rheology of the Earth, Springer. Schmidt, M. W., and S. Poli (1998), Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163(1), 361-379. Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (2002), Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press.