Index. 2-(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate

Index 2-(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate see AEMA activity, antitumor 172, 195 96 adhesion 21 22, 27, 76, 137, 242, 244, 311, 316 adjuvants 11 12, 34 AEMA (2-(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate) 228 AFM (atomic force microscope) 3, 249 50, 308 age-related macular degeneration see AMD ALDR (autologous layered dermal reconstitution) 307 Alzheimer s disease 22, 126, 146 47, 211, 293 AMD (age-related macular degeneration) 45, 89, 286 amide bond 176, 179 amine groups, protonable surface 74 75 anterior chamber 47, 50, 54 55, 73 antibiotics 64, 66, 110, 284 antibodies 17, 34, 76, 84, 128, 135, 148 50, 164 65, 167, 169 70, 207, 217, 281, 284 85, 289 91 anticancer drugs 6, 153, 169 72, 179, 192, 195, 220, 227, 230, 291 antigens 12, 18, 224 antitumor effect 173, 184 antitumor mechanisms 185 antitumor strategy 172, 174 apolipoprotein 119, 155 56, 158, 162, 167 apoptosis 9 10, 14, 22, 37, 172, 184 85, 187, 195, 197 98, 242, 259, 261, 291 applications biomedical 76, 205, 216, 220, 225, 255, 271 ophthalmic 67, 91, 103 aptamer pool 277 78 aptamers 218, 275 86, 289 93 applications in diagnostics 280 81 nucleic acid 275 76, 279, 290, 293 unbound 277 78 aqueous humor 50 52, 54 55, 86, 88 architectures, protein cage 272 atomic force microscope see AFM AuNP probes 16, 18 AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) 1, 13, 15, 17 18, 38 39, 205, 212, 266 autologous layered dermal reconstitution see ALDR BAB (blood aqueous barrier) 55, 92, 95 BBB (blood brain barrier) 14, 31, 109 11, 115 17, 119, 121 33, 135 36, 144 46, 148 52, 155 57, 160 61, 165, 167, 202 4, 209 11 BBMEC (bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells) 131, 161 BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) 312 BEB (blood eye barriers) 62, 65, 77, 85, 105 bilirubin 172 73, 185 biliverdin 172 73 biocapsules 256 57 biocompatibility 31, 91, 113, 220 22, 225, 227 28, 231, 251

322 Index biodegradable polymers 35, 46, 69, 98, 115, 252, 288, 311 biological barriers 46 47 biological processes 23, 298 biomaterial surfaces 244 45, 251 bioreactors 256 58, 271, 299 300, 302, 314 16 biosensors 17 19, 24, 38, 240, 256 57, 281 82 blood 16, 28, 56, 84, 104, 110, 114 15, 126, 133, 138, 147, 154, 158 59, 197 98, 260 blood aqueous barrier see BAB blood brain barrier see BBB blood eye barriers see BEB blood retinal barriers see BRB blood vessels 52, 54, 222, 259, 266, 288 89, 310 bloodstream 5, 116, 120, 136, 138, 204, 259, 288 bone 255 56, 269, 298, 305 bone cells 301, 305, 315 16 bound aptamers 277 78 bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells see BBMEC bovine serum albumin see BSA brain 28 29, 96, 109 11, 114, 116 19, 121 27, 130 33, 137 38, 140 49, 151 56, 158 65, 167 68, 201 4, 206 10, 213 14 brain cancer 168, 202, 231 brain capillaries 116, 118, 130 brain delivery 113, 119, 122, 126 27, 136, 147, 149, 153, 156 59 brain delivery properties 124, 160 brain derived neurotrophic factor see BDNF brain diseases 109 11 brain drug delivery 149, 153 brain glial cells 145 brain parenchyma 118 19, 132, 137 38, 203 brain targeting 130 31, 133 brain tissues 125, 131, 142, 144, 224, 298 brain tumors 122, 126, 134 35, 149 50, 155, 159, 209, 224 brain uptake 127, 132, 142, 162 BRB (blood retinal barriers) 43, 56, 62, 66 breast 190 brominated polymer 250 51 BSA (bovine serum albumin) 69, 117, 175 camptothecin 170, 172, 184, 263 cancer 7, 11, 37 38, 120, 128, 149 50, 169, 190 98, 206, 220, 242, 258 59, 271 73, 286 87, 290 92 colorectal 192 93 prostate 14, 291 92 cancer cells 9 10, 13 14, 33, 36, 38, 144, 171 72, 179, 224, 227, 244, 258 59, 267, 289, 291 92 human brain 144, 168 cancer chemotherapy 169, 187, 191, 193 cancer therapy 10, 169 70, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 190 92, 194, 237, 258 59, 267 68 capillaries 6, 109, 154, 246, 252 carbon monoxide see CO carbon nanotubes see CNTs carcinogenesis 190, 198 carriers, liposomal 72 73 catheters 27 28 cationic lipids see CLs cell adhesion 23, 41, 138, 242 44 cell culture models 61 62, 96 cell growth 171 72, 174, 214, 290 cell membranes 5 6, 57, 73, 228, 253 cell source 300, 309 cell types 22 24, 203, 205, 207, 242 44, 267, 298, 300, 304, 312

Index 323 cells diseased 120 21, 128 normal 135, 179, 227, 260, 300 central nervous system see CNS chemical modification 264, 276 chemical structures 69 70, 74 chemical-vapor deposition see CVD chemotherapy 122, 148, 154, 169, 195, 220, 258, 272, 289 cholesterol 6, 74, 121 22, 126, 139, 141 choroid 53 54, 56, 88 89 ciliary body 54, 88 clathrin 53, 61, 103 CLIO (cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles) 223 24 CLs (cationic lipids) 73 74, 101, 139, 143 44 CNS (central nervous system) 8, 14, 109 10, 124, 132, 137, 156, 162, 164 65, 203 4, 206 7, 211, 291 CNS disorders 209 10 CNTs (carbon nanotubes) 1, 7, 14, 26, 28, 31, 255 57, 264 CNV (choroidal neovascularization) 76, 82 83 CO (carbon monoxide) 172 73 collagen 25, 54, 63, 76, 99, 254, 299, 305 6, 312 13, 319 colloids 247 48 Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry database 203 computed tomography see CT conjugation 37, 115, 117, 120, 128, 141, 146, 148, 174, 217, 220, 225 26, 228, 286, 289 90 conjunctiva 44, 46 48, 50, 52 54, 59, 62, 67, 69, 71 72, 83, 86, 88, 96 97, 103 contrast agents 13 15, 37, 220, 223, 266 negative MRI 221 cornea 44, 47 54, 59, 65 67, 69, 71 72, 86, 88, 94, 96, 103, 309 corneal endothelium 51, 59 corneal epithelium 46, 49 51, 53, 58 59, 101 cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles see CLIO CT (computed tomography) 14 15, 37, 290 91, 316 CVD (chemical-vapor deposition) 255 56 damaged tissues 242 43, 299 300, 306, 314 daunomycin 139, 141, 153, 162 DDS (drug delivery system) 2, 4, 45, 66 68, 87, 91, 93 94, 98, 100, 105 6, 108 9, 112 13, 123, 125, 260, 288 delivery systems, nano-drug 112 delivery vector, brain drug 123, 129 delivery vehicles 12 13, 217 dendrimers 3, 5 7, 22, 26, 41, 74 76, 94, 100, 106, 220, 228 29, 252, 261 62, 265, 272 detection, molecular 23 24, 303 devices implantable 27 29 prosthetic 25, 27 diagnosis 2 4, 9, 23, 219, 221, 226, 231, 240, 282 83, 288, 290, 292, 303 simultaneous 219 21 diagnostics 24, 33 34, 202, 205 6, 212, 276, 280 83 diffusion 47, 54, 64, 228, 259, 290, 292 dip-pen lithography see DPL diseases human 10, 23 24, 202, 206, 208, 211, 298, 303 infectious 6, 11 DNA 9 10, 12, 19, 76, 83, 140, 194, 206, 240, 252, 254, 256, 261

324 Index DOTMA (N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy) propyl]-n,n,ntrimethylammonium chloride) 73 74 doxorubicin 114, 119, 126, 152, 154, 160 61, 163, 165, 167, 170, 172, 177, 184, 196, 263 DPL (dip-pen lithography) 245, 249 50 drug brain uptake 122, 127 drug carriers 6, 126, 154 55, 221, 226 27, 252 drug delivery 5, 34 35, 94 95, 98 101, 105 6, 110 11, 114, 150 51, 158 59, 163 67, 193, 209 12, 219 20, 264 66, 287 89 drug delivery system see DDS drug molecules 64, 66, 68, 219, 227 drug release 66, 68, 73, 80, 219 drugs administered 47 48, 55 macromolecular 181, 193 micellar 177, 191 dynamic light scattering 174 75, 177 EAU (experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis) 73, 93 EBL (electron-beam lithography) 246, 248 ECM (extracellular matrix) 21 22, 242, 254, 307, 310, 313 ECM proteins 312 13 ECs (endothelial cells) 22, 48 49, 51 52, 59, 125, 128, 131, 155, 158, 288, 301, 309 11 electron-beam lithography see EBL elution of bound aptamers 277 78 embryonic stem cells see ESC endophthalmitis 64 65, 73, 77 78 endoscope 187 88, 190 endothelial cells see ECs brain capillary 125, 133, 162 endothelium 49 52, 55, 95, 125, 143, 154, 195, 199 endotoxin-induced uveitis 78 79, 90 91, 98, 101 enhanced permeability and retention see EPR enzymes 17 19, 67, 85, 91, 121, 159, 167, 170 71, 229, 281 epithelium 52 53, 66 conjunctival 53 54, 62 EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) 170 71, 174, 179 80, 184, 191, 193, 196, 222, 225, 228, 267, 289 ESC (embryonic stem cells) 301, 315 ethylene diamine 74, 174, 176 77 excretion 5, 7, 182 83, 204, 209 experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis see EAU extracellular matrix see ECM eyedrops 63, 65 FGF (fibroblast growth factor) 207, 312 fibroblast growth factor see FGF fluids, lacrimal 46, 48 fluorescein angiograms 43 44, 76 fluorescence 14, 16 17, 146, 177 78, 181 82 fluorescent dyes 16, 223, 225 folate receptors see FR FR (folate receptors) 134, 162 fullerenes 3 4, 7, 31 functional expression 53, 59 60, 85, 94, 97 functions, organ 241, 299 300 FUSI 10 FUSI protein 10 gene delivery 8 10, 23, 100, 103, 140, 201 2, 206 7, 209, 228, 271

Index 325 gene delivery system 9, 70, 73 gene expression 83, 143 44, 204, 206, 291 gene therapy 8 9, 35, 82, 89, 100, 102, 144, 201 5, 211, 228 viral 168 genes 8 10, 16, 23, 74, 92, 100, 102, 134, 140 42, 144, 160, 163, 192, 194, 202 3 β-galactosidase 140, 143 functional 207 genetic materials 201, 206, 251 52 GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) 142 45, 150, 208 GFP (green fluorescent protein) 224 glial fibrillary acidic protein see GFAP gold nanoparticles see AuNPs green fluorescent protein see GFP growth factors 21, 61, 116, 118, 243 44, 252, 258, 281, 306, 312, 319 HCAbs (heavy-chain antibodies) 84 85 health, human 1, 30 31, 34, 112 healthy cells 19, 258, 303 heavy-chain antibodies see HCAbs HEL (hot embossing lithography) 248 heme 172 73, 182, 195 heme degradation 172 73 heme oxygenase 195, 197 98 heme oxygenase-1 see HO-1 HIR (human insulin receptor) 130, 143 44, 161, 166 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 7, 11, 33, 120, 284 HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) 171 74, 179, 182, 184 85, 187, 192, 197 98 HO-1 activity 173, 184 85 hot embossing lithography see HEL human body 3, 5, 13, 31, 33, 107, 109, 112, 241, 256, 297, 314 human dermal fibroblasts 306 7, 316 human health care 2, 31 32 human immunodeficiency virus see HIV human insulin receptor see HIR IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) 285 imaging 2, 12, 15, 23, 34, 37, 134, 156, 210, 212, 215, 218, 229, 291 92, 296 fluorescent 223 25 optical 15, 212, 222 23, 225, 229 immobilization 18 19, 39, 244, 276, 278 immunoliposomes 139, 141, 146, 150, 153, 158 pegylated 139, 142, 145, 163 implants 3, 20, 25, 27 28, 31, 67 68, 90, 111, 270, 299 inflammatory bowel disease see IBD insulin 61, 103, 110, 116, 118, 123, 131 33, 136, 148, 151, 153 intraocular drug delivery 66 iris 54 55, 60, 71 iron 130, 132, 159, 164, 215 iron oxide nanoparticles 40, 150, 221, 223, 225 26 irradiation 83, 189 IV administration 119, 124, 136, 140, 143, 145 46 IV injection 119, 141, 180 81, 183 large unilamellar vesicles see LUVs lateral ventricle see LV LDL (low-density lipoprotein) 119, 151, 155

326 Index Lewis lung carcinoma see LLC ligand-based approach 117 19, 123, 125, 127, 129, 136 ligands 6 7, 17, 111, 116 19, 121, 123 24, 126 27, 135 37, 139, 141 42, 145 46, 264, 267, 275, 289 90 lipids, neutral 139 40, 144 liposomal nanomedicines see LNMs liposomes 5 6, 11, 37 38, 44, 72 73, 77, 81, 91, 147, 153, 155, 158 59, 165 68, 229, 263 65 liver 32, 114 16, 140 44, 172, 182, 184, 198, 220, 260, 283 LLC (Lewis lung carcinoma) 91 92, 100, 103, 105, 227 LNMs (liposomal nanomedicines) 72, 95 low-density lipoprotein see LDL low molecular weight anticancer drugs 181, 184 lungs 12, 31, 114 15, 139 40, 142, 190, 253 LUVs (large unilamellar vesicles) 72 73 LV (lateral ventricle) 207 macromolecules 29, 47, 50, 53, 64, 72, 74, 135, 149, 170 71, 179 80, 262, 265, 267, 289 water-insoluble 68 magnetic fields 7, 13, 116, 215 16, 218, 252 external 9, 127, 216, 218 19 magnetic materials 215 16 magnetic nanoparticles 5, 9, 13, 17, 215 16, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 292 magnetic resonance imaging see MRI magnetism 216 17 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) 133, 185 mask, etch 247 48 MCTs (monocarboxylate transporters) 58 60 MDR (multiple drug resistance) 267 medications 44, 46, 63, 65, 77 78, 82, 88 medicinal chemistry approach 111 medicine 2 9, 19, 25, 27, 32, 112, 118, 193, 198, 202, 205 6, 215, 237 40, 275, 314 15 personalized 2, 108 9 membranes biological 46 47, 96, 102 electrospun nanofibrous 306, 308 metals 18, 25 26, 251, 298, 304 methylprednisolone acetate see MPA micelles 6 7, 34, 145, 175, 177 78, 191, 252, 261, 263 hybrid 228 microparticles 11 12, 36, 87, 98 mitogen-activated protein kinase see MAPK moieties 123, 126 28, 146, 221, 226 27, 231, 289 molecular imaging 12, 36, 276, 290 91 molecules biorecognition 203, 205 6 dye 223, 226 lipophilic 50 51 therapeutic 201, 286 monocarboxylate transporters see MCTs monoclonal antibodies 83, 166, 202 3, 207, 289, 292 monuclear phagocyte system see MPS MPA (methylprednisolone acetate) 78, 80 81 MPS (monuclear phagocyte system) 116, 288 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 13 14, 24, 150, 216, 218 20, 222 31, 290 92

Index 327 MRI contrast agents 36, 218 21, 223 24, 231 MRPs (multidrug resistance proteins) 53, 59 60, 110 multidrug resistance proteins see MRPs multimodal-imaging approach 222 23, 225 multimodal-imaging probes 220, 222 24, 226 multiple drug resistance see MDR N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy) propyl]- N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride see DOTMA nanobiotechnology 237 38, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266 nanocapsules 5 6, 68, 86 nanocarriers 5, 83, 112, 116, 228, 252 53, 260, 265, 267 68, 273 nanodevices 4, 33, 113, 129, 256 57 nanofabrication 8, 245 46, 249 nanofibers 20 24, 32, 240, 253 55, 303 4, 310, 313 nanoformulations 69 70, 87 88 nanomedicine 1 6, 8, 20 22, 24 26, 28 30, 32 38, 40, 45 46, 63 64, 88, 159, 212, 240, 275 76, 296 97 nanoparticulate systems 112 13, 115, 117, 119, 121, 156 nanoplexes 206 9 nanoshells 226, 266 nanostructuration 245 46 nanosuspensions 48, 77, 79 80, 86, 90 91, 98, 102 3 nanosystems 12, 45, 78, 82 83, 88, 111, 113, 120, 123, 129, 205, 239 nanotechnological tools 3 nanotechnology 1 5, 7, 11, 13 17, 19 25, 27 34, 40, 201 2, 237 42, 257 58, 268, 298, 303 4, 310 11, 315 18 applications of 2, 4 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 17, 19, 21 23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 112, 240, 264 nanotechnology approach to nanomedicine 3 nanotechnology for regenerative medicine 297 98, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318 nanotechnology for regenerative medicine applications 303, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313 nanotechnology in cancer therapy 258 59, 261, 263, 265, 267 nanotechnology tools 299 nanotubes 3 4, 22, 24, 29, 31, 40, 256, 282 nanovehicles 6, 227 28 nanowires 23 24, 26, 30 nerve regeneration 24, 304, 312 13, 319 neural stem cells see NSCs neuronal stem/progenitor cells see NSPCs neurons 29, 144, 207, 213, 255 56, 319 NSCs (neural stem cells) 313, 319 NSPCs (neuronal stem/progenitor cells) 204, 207 8 nucleotides 16, 277 nutrient supply 257, 259 nutrients 48, 110, 253, 259, 312, 314 OAT (organic anion transporter) 110 ocular barriers 44 45, 61, 77, 96, 103 ocular bioavailability 45, 60, 62, 85 88, 93

328 Index ocular delivery 54, 61, 67, 69 controlled 80 ocular diseases 45 46, 65, 76 79, 81, 83, 88 90 ocular drug delivery 46, 53, 64, 91, 93 101, 104, 106 ocular gene therapy 76, 82, 93, 101, 103 ocular membranes 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 69 ocular nanomedicines 78, 85 bioavailability of 85 ocular pharmacotherapy 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 87 ocular therapies 87, 89 ocular tissues 58, 60 61, 66 67, 69, 76, 80, 85, 100 ODN (oligonucleotide) 76, 131 oligonucleotide see ODN ophthalmic drugs 54, 64, 81, 85, 87 88, 93 organic anion transporter see OAT organically modified silica see ORMOSIL organization, cellular 49, 56 57 organs 23 24, 31 32, 65, 77, 112, 131, 169, 182, 184, 202, 225, 243, 253, 291, 299 ORMOSIL (organically modified silica) 201, 205 6, 208 9 ORMOSIL nanoparticles 201 2, 204, 206, 208 10, 214 ORMOSIL nanoparticles for gene delivery 206 7 oxystress 184, 192, 194 P-glycoprotein 53, 58, 60, 94, 104, 106, 110 paclitaxel 34, 127, 170, 227, 261, 263 pathogens 11, 108, 110, 284, 305 PCI (photochemical internalization) 76, 82 83, PCI-mediated gene delivery 82 83 PCL (poly-e-caprolactone) 67, 69, 254, 306 7 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 277 78, 280 PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) 246 PDMS stamp 246 PDT (photodynamic therapy) 82 83, 89, 171, 187 88, 190, 192, 206 PDT, laser-based 187 PEG (poly-ethylene glycol) 15, 96, 115, 119 21, 128, 139, 152, 174, 176 77, 179, 181 82, 186, 220, 225, 260 61 PEG-gallol 221 PEG-zinc protoporphyrin 172 73, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 PEG-ZnPP for cancer therapy 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198 PEGMA (poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) 228 PEGylated liposomes 153 54 PEGylated nanoparticles 155, 196 pegylated zinc protoporphyrin see PZP peptides 30, 53 54, 71, 82 83, 118, 123 25, 148 49, 155, 166, 202, 210, 217, 224 25, 242, 264 permeability 51, 53, 56, 83, 126, 131, 211, 310, 312 permeation 53, 55 56, 66 67 PET (positron emission tomography) 222, 224, 291 92 pharmaceuticals 45, 50, 52, 63, 78, 153, 164 pharmacokinetics 38, 61, 92, 121, 152 53, 156, 158, 162, 167, 179 81, 205, 260, 271, 276, 288 photochemical internalization see PCI

Index 329 photodynamic therapy see PDT Photofrin 187 88, 230 photosensitizers 82, 187 88 physiological conditions 130, 171, 173, 220 21 piroxicam 69, 77 79 piroxicam nanosuspensions 79 80 PKC (protein kinase C) 190 PLA (poly lactic acid) 10, 69, 78, 113, 115, 135, 252, 299 plasmid 117, 140 41, 208 plasmid DNA 141, 203, 205, 209 PLGA (poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid)) 10, 21, 61, 67, 69 70, 77 78, 114 15, 124, 230, 299, 308, 311 PLLA (poly-l-lactic acid) 254, 308 poly-e-caprolactone see PCL poly-ethylene glycol see PEG poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate see PEGMA poly-l-lactic acid see PLLA poly lactic acid see PLA poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) see PLGA poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) see PPE polydimethylsiloxane see PDMS polymer blends 250 polymer demixing 245, 250 polymerase chain reaction see PCR polymeric drugs 170, 193, 267 polymeric micelles 34, 100, 261, 265 polymers 7, 9 10, 16, 68 70, 105, 108, 112 15, 217, 227, 246, 248 50, 253 54, 260 61, 265, 271 72 biodegradable/bioerodible 68 nanostructured 298, 304 natural 254, 261, 313 thermoplastic 248 positron emission tomography see PET PPE (poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)) 16, 312 prostate-specific membrane antigen see PSMA protein kinase C see PKC proteins 7 9, 19, 21, 29, 39, 48, 50, 53, 56, 76, 239 40, 248 49, 264, 281 82, 289 90 therapeutic 8 9 protons 13, 216, 218, 223, 249 protoporphyrin 174, 176 77, 187, 195 96 PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 290, 292 PZP antitumor effect of 186 87, 192 degradation of 182 83 micelle formation of 174 75, 177 molecular weight of 174 75 uptake of 181 PZP (pegylated zinc protoporphyrin) 169, 171 87, 189 90, 192, 197 PZP micelles 174, 177 78 quantum dots 3, 13, 15 18, 24, 31, 37, 223, 257, 283 radiation therapy 258 ranibizumab 45, 83 RCE cells 56, 59 reactive oxygen species see ROS receptor-mediated transcytosis 132 33, 203 receptors, noninternalizing 268 regenerative medicine 24, 237, 241 43, 251 52, 256 57, 268, 297 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314 16, 318 regenerative medicine applications 303, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313 14 retina 28, 43 44, 48, 51 54, 56 57, 59 60, 84, 88 89, 92, 95, 99 100, 102

330 Index retinal capillary endothelial cells 56 57 retinal pigment epithelium see RPE RNA aptamers 284 85, 290, 293 RNA interference see RNAi RNAi (RNA interference) 144 45, 202, 229 role of aptamers in molecular imaging 290 91 ROS (reactive oxygen species) 171 73, 184 85, 190 91, 193, 198 routes, noncorneal 46, 52 54, 91 RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) 46 47, 56, 62 63 SCs (stem cells) 22 25, 122, 211, 213, 237, 242 43, 255 58, 270, 297 304, 309 10, 312 13, 315, 319 SC transfection 23 scaffolds 19 22, 40, 76, 237, 242 43, 252 56, 258, 261, 298, 301 2, 307 8, 311 13, 315, 319 sclera 44, 46 47, 50, 52 54, 91, 96, 103 SCT (stem cell therapy) 297, 299, 303, 314 SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment) 275 80, 283 SELEX cycles 277 80 silica nanoparticles 204 5, 226 sirna 89, 105, 185, 201, 205, 209, 229, 290 small unilamellar vesicles see SUVs SMCs (smooth muscle cells) 7, 22, 310 12 smooth muscle cells see SMCs solid tumors 76 77, 158, 180, 185, 192 93, 195, 198, 219, 263, 268 spleen 32, 115 16, 122, 140 43, 154, 172, 182, 184, 220, 260 SPR (surface plasmon resonance) 15, 281 83 stem cell therapy see SCT stem cells see SCs stereotaxic injection 207 8 stress, oxidative 37, 172 73, 190, 194 stroma 49 52, 54 superparamagnetic nanoparticles 216 19, 221, 231 superparamagnetic nanoparticles for synchronized MRI 226 27, 229 surface plasmon resonance see SPR SUVs (small unilamellar vesicles) 72 73 synchronized MRI 226 27, 229 synthetic materials 255, 302, 308 9, 311 synthetic polymers 113, 261, 288 systemic circulation 43, 53, 55, 65 systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment see SELEX TE (tissue engineering) 2, 19 24, 32, 39 40, 76, 94, 242, 252 53, 256 57, 270 71, 297, 299 303, 308 9, 311 12, 314 19 neural 313 vascular 309 10 TE applications 252, 254 55, 306 TE scaffolds 20 21, 32 microfabricated 19, 22 therapeutic agents 6, 130, 202, 205, 209, 216, 252, 276, 283 85 therapeutic applications 10, 114, 166 67, 221, 226, 229, 286 therapeutic aptamers 283, 286, 296 therapeutics 5, 8, 34, 84, 130, 193, 198, 202, 206, 215, 218 19, 228, 273, 283, 297 98

Index 331 therapy oxidation 171 72, 174, 190 91, 193 regenerative 237, 298 301, 304 tissue engineering see TE tissue regeneration 21, 241, 252 53, 255, 257, 300, 314 15, 318 tissues 2 3, 8 9, 19 25, 39 40, 141 43, 166 67, 217 18, 223, 240 44, 266, 270 71, 289 91, 299 301, 303 4, 314 17 diseased 127, 221 healthy 72, 219, 259 normal 72, 135, 169 70, 182, 267 peripheral 131, 133, 142 43 titanium 28, 31, 310, 316 toxicity 5, 9 10, 70 71, 91, 101 2, 107, 112, 114, 118, 126 27, 131, 159, 171, 196, 231 transfection 74, 83, 101, 207 transferrin 98, 158 59, 163 65, 203, 264 transgenes 142, 162 tumor antigens 170 tumor cells 134 35, 171 72, 174, 179, 181, 184 85, 190, 192, 197 98, 229, 258 60, 266 67 apoptosis of 185, 192 tumor interstitium 170, 289 90 tumor metastasis 190 91, 199 tumor site 224 25, 259 tumor-targeted oxidation therapy 171 tumors 134 35, 169 72, 179 80, 182, 184 85, 193, 221 22, 224 25, 227 29, 231, 258 60, 263 64, 266 67, 272 73, 288 92 umuc-1-negative 224 umuc-1-positive 224 uveitis 65, 80 vaccine delivery 11 12 vaccines 11 12, 35 36, 264, 283 vasoactive intestinal peptide see VIP VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) 73 viruses 33, 252, 261, 264, 281, 284 water protons 13, 223 wound dressing 306 7 xenon light 188 89