Species Cards. Biodiversity: God s Wisdom - Strength in Diversity OACS. Appendix 9: Species Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 1 2 3 4 275 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 5 6 7 8 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 276

UR-8 Cards 1 2 Brook Trout Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus S. fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis Smallmouth Bass Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Micropterus M. dolomieu Micropterus dolomieu 3 4 Pumpkinseed Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis L. gibbosus Lepomis gibbosus Eastern White Pine Plantae Pinophyta Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Pinus P. strobus Pinus strobus 287 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 5 6 White Birch Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fagales Betulaceae Betula B. papyrifera Betula papyrifera Sugar Maple Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer A. saccharum Acer saccharum 7 8 Black Cherry Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Rosales Rosaceae Prunus P. serotina Prunus serotina Eastern Tent Caterpillar Animalia Arthropoda Macrolepidoptera Lasiocampoidea Lasiocampidae Malacosoma M. americanum Malacosoma americanum Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 288

UR-8 Cards 9 10 Mosquito Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Culicidae Ochlerotatus O. triseriatus Ochlerotatus triseriatus Green Darner Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Aeshnidae Anax A. junius Anax junius 11 12 Grove Snail (Striped Garden Snail) Animalia Mollusca Gastropoda Stylemmatophora Helicidae Cepaea C. nemoralis Cepaea nemoralis Crayfish Animalia Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Cambaridae Cambarus C. bartonii Cambarus bartonii 289 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 13 14 Northern Leopard Frog Animalia Chordata Amphibia Fagales Ranidae Rana R. pipiens Rana pipiens Common Snapping Turtle Animalia Chordata Reptilia Testudines Chelydridae Chelydra C. serpentina Chelydra serpentina 15 16 Black Knot Fungi Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Pleosporales Venturiaceae Prunus D. morbosum Dibotryon morbosum Artist Conk Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Polyporales Ganodermataceae Ganoderma G. applanatum Ganoderma applanatum Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 290

UR-8 Cards 17 18 Oyster Mushroom Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Tricholomataceae Pleurotus P. ostreatus Pleurotus ostreatus Euglena Excavata (Protista) Euglenozoa Euglenoidea Euglenales Euglenaceae Euglena Euglena 19 20 Amoeba Amoebozoa (Protista) Tubulinea Euamoebida Tubulinida Amoebidae Amoeba A. proteus Amoeba proteus Blue-green Algae Monera (Bacteria) Cyanophyta Cyanobacteria 291 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 21 22 Bradyrhizobium Monera (Bacteria) Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Rhizobiales Bradyrhizobiaceae Bradyrhizobium B. japonicum Bradyrhizobium japonicum Spirogyra Protista Charophyta Zygnematophyceae Zygnematales Zygnemataceae Spirogyra S. occidentalis Spirogyra occidentalis 23 24 Cattail Plantae Angiosperms Monocots Poales Typhaceae Typha T. latifolia Typha latifolia Poison Ivy Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron T. radicans Toxicodendron radicans Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 292

UR-8 Cards 25 26 Marginal Wood Fern Plantae Pteridophyta Pteridopsida Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris D. marginalis Dryopteris marginalis Pickerelweed Plantae Angiosperms Monocots Commelinales Pontederiaceae Pontederia P. cordata Pontederia cordata 27 28 Great White Trillium Plantae Angiosperms Monocots Liliales Melanthiaceae Trillium T. grandiflorum Trillium grandiflorum Fingernail Clam Animalia Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium S. corneum Sphaerium corneum 293 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 29 30 Waxpaper Lichen Fungi Ascomycota Lecanoromycetes Lecanorales Parmeliaceae Parmelia P. sulcata Parmelia sulcata Sphagnum Moss Plantae Bryophyta Sphagnopsida Sphagnales Sphagnaceae Sphagnum S. girgensohnii Sphagnum girgensohnii 31 32 White Pine Blister Rust Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniomycetes Pucciniales Cronartiaceae Cronartium C. ribicola Cronartium ribicola Deer Mushroom Fungus Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes Agaricales Pluteaceae Pluteus P. cervinus Pluteus cervinus Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 294

UR-8 Cards 33 34 Fragrant Water Lily or Beaver Root Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea N. odorata Nymphea odorata Purple Loosestrife Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Myrtales Lythraceae Lythrum L. salicaria Lythrum salicaria 35 36 Asian Long-horned Beetle Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Cerambycidae Anoplophora A. glabripennis Anoplophora glabripennis Dog-strangling Vine Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum C. louiseae Cynanchum louiseae 295 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 37 38 Manitoba Maple Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Sapindales Sapindaceae Acer A. negundo Acer negundo Emerald Ash Borer Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Buprestidae Agrilus A. planipennis Agrilus planipennis 39 40 Stag Beetle Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Lucanidae Lucanus L. placidus Lucanus placidus Garter Snake Animalia Chordata Reptillia Squamata Colubridae Thamnophis T. sirtalis Thamnophis sirtalis Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 296

UR-8 Cards 41 42 Earthworm Animalia Annelida Clitellata Haplotaxidas Lumbricidae Lumbricus L. terrestris Lumbricus terrestris Meadow Vole Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Cricetidae Microtus M. pennsylvanicus Microtus pennsylvanicus 43 44 White-tailed Deer Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Odocoileus O. virginianus Odocoileus virginianus Pileated Woodpecker Animalia Chordata Aves Piciformes Picidae Dryocopus D. pileatus Dryocopus pileatus 297 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

UR-8 Cards 45 46 Red-tailed Hawk Animalia Chordata Aves Falconiformes Accipitridae Bute B. jamaicensis Buteo jamaicensis Mallard Duck Animalia Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas A. platyrhynchos Anas platyrhynchos 47 48 Red-winged Blackbird Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Icteridae Agelaius A. phoeniceus Agelaius phoeniceus Eastern Chipmunk Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Tamias T. striatus Tamias striatus Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 298

UR-9 List of Invasive in Ontario Name: The following species are invasive to Ontario. The cards for these species are found in UR-8, Cards. You will find more information on some of these species in TR 7-1, Controlling Invasive Plants Fact Sheet. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Asian Long-horned Beetle (Card 35) Dog-strangling Vine (Card 36) Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Card 8) Emerald Ash Borer (Card 38) Manitoba Maple (Card 37) Purple Loosestrife (Card 34) 299 Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats

Appendix 9: Cards and Placemats 300

FIELD GUIDE How many are your works, O LORD! In wisdom you made them all; the earth is full of your creatures. ~ Psalm 104 Name: 301 Appendix 10: Field Guide

Appendix 10: Field Guide 302

1. Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus L. This soft pine is Ontario s provincial tree and one of eastern North America s most commercially valuable trees. It is a tall straight tree reaching about 30-40 m in height that lives for 200 years. It is used in construction and furniture building. It made excellent ship masts. Habitat: Grows well on a wide variety of sites; dry rocky ridges to sphagnum bogs; does best on cool, humid sites with well-drained soil. Leaves: Conifer needles in clusters of 5; 7-12 cm long; slender, straight, needle-shaped; soft and flexible; bluish-green. Fruiting Structures: Male and female cones on the same tree; male cones small, short lives; female cones cylindrical, often curved, about 8-20 cm long; green in summer, dark brown in fall when they open, mature every 2-3 years; drop from tree during late fall or winter; seeds are enclosed in female cones and released in fall. Form: broadly oval which often becomes irregular, or asymetrical, depending on prevailing wind. istockphoto.com / Simon Hiltebeitel Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the public domain Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 1: 60. In the public domain. This stately tree is Ontario s provincial tree. 303 Appendix 10: Field Guide

2. Red Pine (Norway Pine) Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine with a reddish bark is an important timber and pulp tree. It is used to make structural beams, telephone poles, bridges and railway ties. Many song birds (red crossbills, pine grosbeaks and pine siskins) eat red pine seeds. Squirrels, chipmunks, mice and moles gather its seeds from the ground. It grows 25-30 m high and lives for two hundred years. Habitat: Dry, sandy or rocky areas; grows best in dry to moderately wet areas. Leaves: Conifer needles in bundles of 2; 10-16 cm long; slender, needle shaped, sharp pointed; brittle, shiny, dark green. Fruiting Structures: Male and female cones on the same tree; male cones small and short-lived; female cones egg-shaped, about 4-7 cm long, mature every 2-3 years; release seed in fall and usually drop from tree the following spring. Form: Straight limbless trunk; short oval crown in closed stands; broadly oval or short cylindrical in open stands. Source: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database: http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source: http://www.wikimedia.org. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 57. In the public domain. Appendix 10: Field Guide 304

3. White Spruce (Cat Spruce) Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White spruce is the provincial tree for Manitoba and an important timber tree in Canada. The wood is used for pulp and paper, for making boxes, shipping crates and rough lumber. It also provides food and shelter for many species, including squirrels, mice and porcupines. Birds like spruce: grouse, black-capped chickadees, red-breasted nuthatch, cedar waxwing, pine grosbeak and pine siskin also use the white spruce seeds for food. It grows up to 25 m tall and has a life span of 200 years. Habitat: Wide range of soils and climate but prefers rich, moist soil. Leaves: Conifer single needles spirally arranged but crowded on the upper side of branches; 1-2 cm long, needle-shaped, blunt, still; dark bluish-green with a whitish powdery covering; a skunktype fragrance when crushed. Fruiting Structures: Male and female cones on the same tree; male cones yellow or pale red; female cones reddish to brown when mature, 3-6 cm long, cylindrical, hanging near branch tips; open in the fall and drop from tree during fall or winter. Form: uniform conical crown; spreading or slightly drooping branches. Source: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database: http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source: http://www.wikimedia.org. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 1: 61. In the public domain. 305 Appendix 10: Field Guide

4. Eastern White Cedar (Arbor-vitae) Thuja occidentalis L. White cedar wood is known for its resistance to rotting and is often used in the construction of canoes, boats, fence posts, shingles, docks and decks. It was also the tree used by native peoples to prevent scurvy and is known as the tree of life. Cedar trees provide cover and shelter for whitetailed deer, which also eat the tender branch tips as winter food. It grows about 15 m tall and is known to live up to 700 years. Habitat: Swampy ground to dry limestone outcrops; prefers humid habitats with high snowfall and calcium-rich soils. Leaves: Conifer opposite, scale-like evergreen leaves near branch tips; 2-4 cm long, dull, yellowish green; distinct cedar fragrance. Fruiting Structures: Male and female cones on the same tree; male cones yellowish, tiny, short-lived, at branch tips; female cones oval, woody, pale red brown and about 1 cm long; seed enclosed in the female cone; seeds released in the autumn, dropped over several months. Form: When growing in the open, narrow, conical, almost columnar crown and dense foliage. When growing in a closed stand, the crown is often irregular with sparse lower branches. Source: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database: http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source: http://www.wikimedia.org. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 1: 65. In the public domain. On the advice of friendly First Nations peoples, Arbor-vitae, the tree of life, was used by Jacques Cartier to treat scurvy among his crew. Appendix 10: Field Guide 306

5. Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere Since Eastern hemlock adapts well to different soils, it is planted as an ornamental tree in landscaping. It also provides windbreak and dense cover for white-tailed deer, snowshoe hares, porcupines and ruffed grouse. Birds eat the oil-rich seeds. First Nations peoples made a tea from the leaves which were rich in Vitamin C. Eastern hemlocks grow up to 30 m tall and have a life span of over 600 years. Habitat: Moist to dry; shady protected sites. Leaves: Conifer flat, flexible, evergreen needles; 1-2 cm long; blunted or notched with tiny teeth; yellowish green. Fruiting Structures: Male and female cones on the same tree; male cones, yellowish and round; female cones light brown and dry when mature, 1-2 cm long; female cone sheds seed from autumn to early winter. Form: When young, branches are slender and flexible, heavily foliaged, forming a narrow pyramidal or conical shape. When the tree is old, the crown is generally very ragged. Source: Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. In the public domain. Source: http://www.wikimedia.org. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the public domain. Source: J.S. Peterson. USDA NRCS NPDC. United States, DC, Washington, USDA ARS National Arboretum. June 27, 2003. Used by permission. 307 Appendix 10: Field Guide

6. Sugar Maple Acer saccarum Marsh Sugar maple is Canada s national tree. It is the chief source of maple syrup and maple sugar. It is a hardwood that is highly valued for flooring, furniture, sporting equipment, musical instruments and tool handles. A slow-growing tree, it grows 20-35 m tall and has a life span of 300 years. Habitat: Deciduous forests with moist, well to somewhat poorly drained, fertile soil of nearly all textures. Highly shade tolerant. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, stalked, simple, 3-5 lobed (usually 5); rounded notches; upper surface yellowish-green; underside paler; yellow to brilliant orange and scarlet in fall. Fruiting Structures: Flowers greenish-yellow; male and female flowers in mixed clusters on the same tree; flowers hang on slender, hairy 3-7 cm long stalks in tassel-like clusters at or near branch tips, in spring before leaves expand. Fruits green to brown pairs of winged keys (samaras) 2-4 cm long; seed cases plump. Fruits hang in clusters, drop in autumn. Form: straight tree trunk with large spreading branches and a full round, narrowing to oval crown Male flowering twig and flower. Source: W.D. Brush @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. In the public domain. Source: J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Fruit. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 2: 496. In the public domain. Sugar maple tree, Acer saccharum. Specimen at Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. Accession 258-78-1. Date 31 May 2007(2007-05-31. http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_maple_sugar.htm Author: Bruce Marlin Appendix 10: Field Guide 308

7. Red Maple Acer rubrum L. Red maple is named for the reddish colour of its buds, leaf stalks, flowers and fruit, and for the deep red colour of its leaves in the fall. Although it is not as sweet as the sugar maple, its sap is used to make syrup and sugar. It is also used to make furniture, plywood and crates. It is a hardwood that grows up to 30 m tall and usually lives 75-100 years. Habitat: Occupies a very broad range of site conditions; characteristic of lowland, poorly drained deciduous swamps; shade tolerant; relatively fast-growing; a preferred deer food and subject to damage if deer populations are high. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, reddish-stalked, simple with 3-5 lobes separated by shallow, sharp notches; upper side bright green; underside whitish; deep red or scarlet in the fall. Fruiting Structures: Flowers usually male or female (male and female flowers on separate branches on the same tree), small, red to yellowish or orange; in dense clusters on slender stalks; appear before leaves in May. Fruits red, reddish brown pairs of winged keys (samaras). Fruits hang in clusters, mature and drop singly in late May or early June. Form: When growing in the open, the tree trunk divides into several large limbs with many branches to form a deep, dense crown. In closed areas, there are few branches at the lower half of the tree, and the crown is short and narrow. Source: Photo by Chris Evans http://www.forestryimages.org. Used by permission. Forestry Images is a joint project of the Center for Invasive and Ecosystem Health, USDA Forest Service and International Society of Arboriculture, The University of Georgia - Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. This is an excellent website. Red maple. Source: E.R. Jackson @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants. usda.gov In the public domain. Male flowers. Source: Elaine Haug @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda. gov. Used by permission. Source: Photo by Robert L. Anderson http://www.forestryimages.org. Used by permission. Leaves, fruit and male flowers. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 495. In the public domain. 309 Appendix 10: Field Guide

8. White Ash Fraxinus americana L. White ash is Ontario s most common ash species. It is the main source of ash used for commercial purposes. It is a tough, shock-resistant wood highly valued for hockey sticks, baseball bats and tennis racquets. It growsa to be 15-25 m tall and can have a life span of 300 years. Habitat: Upland sites with rocky to deep, well-drained soils. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, compound, pinnately divided into 5-9 (usually 7) similar leaflets; leaflets dark green, paler beneath; smooth edged or with a few rounded teeth, abruptly sharppointed; leaves yellow or bronze-purple in autumn, leaflets shed singly. Fruiting Structures: Flowers purplish to yellowish, tiny male and female flowers on separate trees; flowers in compact clusters along twigs, in May before leaves expand. Fruits pale green to yellowish, slender nutlets (samaras), 3-6 cm long, with long wing extending far below seed. Fruits hang in long clusters, mature in autumn, persist into winter. Form: Long, slender trunk with a narrow, pyramidal crown when in the forest; in open areas, a broad round-topped crown and short, thick trunk. White ash. Source: Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. In the public domain. White ash. Crown narrowed, pyramidal to rounded. Source unknown. Male flowering shoot and leaves. Source: USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 725. In the public domain. Female flowering shoot. Source: http://www. hawk-conservancy.org. Used by permission. Appendix 10: Field Guide 310

9. American Basswood Tilia americana L. American basswood is one of the softest and lightest hardwoods, valued for use in hand carving and turnery. It is also used in pulp and paper. The flowers are popular for nectar feeding insects like bees. It grows to be 18-24 m tall and can live up to 200 years. Habitat: Cool, moist, rich woods, often near water and mixed with other hardwoods. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple; dull green, paler beneath, heart-shaped, abruptly slender pointed, 12-15 cm long; edged with coarse, sharp, gland-tipped teeth. Fruiting Structures: Flowers yellowish white, fragrant, bisexual; hang on loose, branched clusters; July after leaves expand. Fruits brown woolly, round, nut-like capsules; 6-6 mm across. Fruits hang in long stalked clusters; mature in September - October, persist through the winter. Form: Straight trunk, branch-free at the lower part, branches slender turning upwards to form a uniformly rounded crown. American basswood. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. American basswood leaf. Source: USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Bract bearing fruit and flowers. Source: USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 512. In the public domain. Bract - a leaf from the axil of which a flower arises Bract with fruit. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. 311 Appendix 10: Field Guide

10. Paper Birch (White Birch) Betula papyrifera Marsh First Nations peoples used the bark to make birch-bark canoes, to cover wigwams, and to make baskets, cups and message paper. This is a sun-loving tree and grows well in areas that have been affected by fire. The fire exposes mineral soil on which seedlings may grow in preferred conditions. It grows up to 24 m tall and has a short life span of up to 100 years. It is susceptible to the bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) Habitat: Open, often disturbed sites and forest edges on a variety of soil types. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple blades 2-7 cm long; triangular to broadly oval, slenderpointed, shiny dark green above, pale on the underside; large teeth with 3-5 smaller intervening teeth; leaves yellow in autumn. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny, in catkins, male and female on the same tree; male catkins cylindrical, in hanging clusters, up to 10 cm long; female catkins single or in pairs, about 5 cm long; in May before leaves. Fruits rounded, two-winged nutlets in cone-like female catkins; mature in early fall and drop over the winter. Form: In the open, the crown is irregularly rounded to pyramidal. In the forest, the slender trunk, often curved, extends almost to the top of a narrowly oval, open crown. White birch. Source: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Flowering twig. R.A. Howard @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants. usda.gov Used by permission.. Male flowering shoot and leaves. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 609. In the public domain. White birch. R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Appendix 10: Field Guide 312

11. Yellow Birch Betula alleghaniensis Britt. One way to distinguish a yellow birch from other birch trees is to taste the twigs. Yellow birch twigs have a distinctive wintergreen taste. First Nations peoples used yellow birch twigs and leaves to make tea. Trees can also be tapped in the spring and the sap made into syrup or fermented to make beer. The wood is golden to reddish-brown and can be stained and buffed to a high polish. It is used to make furniture, doors and hardwood floors. Yellow birch trees reach a height of 15-25 m and have a life span of 150-300 years. Habitat: Rich, moist, often shady sites; all soil textures. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple blades 6-13 cm long; deep yellowish-green above and beneath; large tooth with 2-3 smaller intervening teeth; leaves yellow in autumn. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny, male and female flowers on same tree; male flowers in hanging catkins 2-8 cm long; female flowers in erect, cone-like catkins 1-2 cm; flowers form by autumn, mature next spring before the leaves expand. Fruits small, flat, two-winged nutlets, hairy 5-7 mm long scales; nutlets mature in autumn, gradually drop over winter. Form: In the open, a short irregularly rounded crown; in the forest, crown is long, wide-spreading and open; generally, tree trunk breaks into a few spreading branches. Yellow birch. Source: Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. In the public domain. Yellow birch. Source unknown. Bract bearing fruit and flowers. Source: USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 610. In the public domain. Female fruiting structures. Source unknown. 313 Appendix 10: Field Guide

12. Black Cherry (Wild Black Cherry) Prunus serotina Ehrh. A hardwood, still valuable for making furniture. Although its leaves, fruit, twigs and bark are used for food by wildlife, its leaves and twigs are poisonous to farm livestock and people. It grows to approximately 20 m tall and has a moderate life span of 150-200 years. Common pests include the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) and black knot (Dibotryon morbosum). Habitat: Dry to moist, sandy to fine loamy upland sites; an opportunistic species colonizing various open sites, including forest edges and openings in the forest. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, lance-shaped to narrowly oval, tapered to tip, 7-13 cm long; upper side bright green; underside paler, with prominent fringe of white to brown hairs along midvein; teeth incurved. Fruiting Structures: Flowers white, 4-6 mm wide; 20 or more in 10-15 cm clusters; bloom in May- June. Fruits 1 seeded drupe, fleshy, purplish black, slightly bitter, edible; August-September Form: In the forest, straight branch-free trunk with little taper and a narrow rounded crown; in the open, tree or tall shrub, trunk is shorter with more taper and a longer, broader, more irregular crown. Soruce: Jeff McMillian @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Source: Starfinger U., 1997, Introduction and naturalization of Prunus serotina in Central Europe. http://fr.academic.ru/pictures/frwiki Bract bearing fruit and flowers. Source: http://www.ca.uky.edu. Drupes. Source: Steve Hurst @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov In the public domain. Appendix 10: Field Guide 314

13. Butternut (White Walnut) Juglans cinerea L. Butternut trees are shade intolerant and fast-growing. They are a species of the walnut family. The nut husks and root bark produce an orange or yellow dye that was typically used to colour homespun cloth in pioneer days. The nuts can be used in baking and making candles, having an oily texture and pleasant flavour. It grows to approximately 20 m tall and is short-lived, with a life span of 100 years. Butternut canker is a fungus that seriously threatens the tree. Habitat: Characteristic of moist, fertile soils of lower slopes, river banks and floodplains; also on dry, rocky soils made with a high concentration of limestone. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, pinnately compound, 40-75 cm long; 11-17 leaflets; yellowish green and rough; finely toothed. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny, green; male and female flowers on the same tree; male flowers hanging in catkins 6-14 cm long; female flowers 4-7 in erect catkins; appear in spring with the leaves. Fruits - lemon-shaped, green nuts; 4-6 cm long, with firm, sticky, hairy husks over oblong, hard, irregularly jagged shells; oil seed kernel inside shell; nuts mature and drop in autumn. Form: Short trunk divided into a few large limbs with large, spreading, sparsely divided branches; open, broad, irregular crown rounded at the top. Source: http://www.nd.edu. Source: Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 579. In the public domain. Butternut fruit. Source: http://greenspade.com. 315 Appendix 10: Field Guide

14. American Beech Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. The American beech tree is very shade tolerant and may persist in the understory for many years. Beach nuts are edible and fat rich and are eagerly sought by many birds and mammals which then disperse the seeds. The wood has been used for spindles, inexpensive furniture, containers, flooring and hardwood. Beech trees grow to about 25 m tall and have a life span of 300-400 years. Habitat: Moist, well-drained slopes and bottom-lands. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, blades 5-15 cm long; narrowly oval, pointed at the tip, with central vein with parallel veins from each side and ending in a coarse tip; dark bluish-green and paler below; turn golden bronze and often persist into winter. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny in small clusters, male and female flowers on the same tree; male clusters ball-like, on long hanging stalks; female clusters bur-like; after leaves unfold in spring. Fruits nut enclosed in a bristly bur or husk; in autumn husk opens and releases pair of nuts which are three-sided, reddish-brown, sweet and edible. Form: In the open, short sturdy trunk with a wide-spreading round crown; in wooded areas, it develops into a straight clear trunk with a small crown. American Beech Fagus grandifolia, Gadsden Co., Florida USA. Author: Tim Ross. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki. In the public domain. Source: Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the public domain. W.D. Brush @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov In the public domain. Appendix 10: Field Guide 316

15. Hop-Hornbeam (Ironwood) Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch The Hop-Hornbeam is also known as ironwood because of the dense hardwood that this small tree produces. Even though it is too small to be of commercial value, it does make excellent tool andles, mallets, sleigh runners and other items requiring hard, resilient wood. It grows to be 7-12 m tall, is slow-growing, and has a moderate life span of 200-300 years. Habitat: characteristic of the understory of well-drained forests. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, 7-12 cm long; sharp-toothed, tapered to a sharp point; two sizes of teeth; dark yellowish-green; paler on the underside; turns dull yellow in the autumn. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny with male and female flowers on the same tree; male flowers in dense, cylindrical, hanging catkins 1-2 cm long; female flowers in small, loose, elongated catkins 5-8 cm long; flowering in spring as the leaves expand. Fruits flat nutlets; 5-6 mm long, enclosed in long, papery, inflated sacs that together form a hop-like structure. Fruits mature in autumn and drop in winter. Form: Tall, upright trunk extends almost to the top of the tree; long slender branches support a wide-spreading rounded to pyramidal crown. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 606. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Source Larry Allain @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. 317 Appendix 10: Field Guide

16. Largetooth Aspen Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth aspen can be recognized in the spring by the downy hair covering its twigs and buds and later in the season by the large teeth on its leaves. It is a fast-growing shade-intolerant pioneer species and lives to be approximately 60 years old. It reaches a height of about 20 m. Habitat: Upland habitats, especially on dry to moist fertile sites. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple 5-10 cm long, almost round leaves, usually short pointed with 7-15 coarse, uneven, blunt teeth; dark green above; paler beneath; leaves yellow in autumn. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny, male and female flowers in catkins on separate trees; catkins slender, hanging and developing in early spring before the leaves expand. Fruits downy, pointed, numerous, 6-7 mm long capsules in hanging 10-12 cm catkins, tipped with a tuft of silky white hairs, released in early summer as the leaves expand. Form: Trunk short and tapered, with few, irregularly shaped, coarse branches concentrated in the upper third of the tree, in crowded conditions supporting a short rounded crown. Source: cfs.nrcan.gc.carcan.gc.ca Source: Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 589. In the public domain. Appendix 10: Field Guide 318

17. Downy Serviceberry (Downy Juneberry) Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) The fruits of the serviceberry are edible and were used by Cree people to make pudding. Squirrels, chipmunks, skunks, raccoons, black bears and many species of birds eat and disperse the fruits. The serviceberry is a slow-growing, shade-tolerant, understory tree that reaches heights of 10 m tall. It has a moderate life span of about 200 years. Habitat: Dry to fresh woods, forest edges and openings, thickets. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple 3-8 cm oval to round long blades; dark gren above; paler underside; fine toothed. Fruiting Structures: Flowers white, bisexual in bell-shaped calyxes; branched clusters at branch tips, in April-May as the leaves begin to expand. Fruits dark, reddish-purple, berrylike but dry pomes (like tiny apples); pomes hold 5-10 seeds. Fruits ripen and drop in June-July. Source: G.A. Cooper @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Source John Carpenter http://jonisgarden.com/trees.html. Used by permission. Source John Carpenter http://jonisgarden.com/trees.html. Used by permission. Identifying a species of serviceberry can be difficult, since there are many variations within a species itself. In order to more closely identify a species, look at these characteristics in combination: the flowers, the fruit and the leaves. 319 Appendix 10: Field Guide

18. Choke Cherry Prunus virginiana L Choke cherry fruits are edible and are used in jellies, sauces, preserves and wines. These are fast growing, sun-loving, short-lived shrubs or small trees that quickly invade logged land, abandoned farms and exposed stream banks, stabilizing soil and reducing erosion. Game birds and songbirds eat and disperse choke cherries. They grow to be as tall as 10 m high. Habitat: Exposed areas and open woodlands; the understory of forests where light is sufficient for growth; moist to dry sites and occasionally on the edges of wet swamps. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple blades 4-12 cm long; wider above midleaf and ending in a sharp point below midleaf; deep green above; paler beneath; edged with small, slender sharp teeth. Fruiting Structures: Flowers small, white saucer-shaped bisexual flowers in cylindrical cluster of 10-25, hanging from the tips of short new leafy shoots in May-June before the leaves expand. Fruits shiny, yellow to deep red or black cherries (drupes) 8-10 mm across; seeds single within a stone; cherries hang in elongated clusters, ripen in August-September. Source: http://gardeninggab.files.wordpress.com. Permission sought. Source: Walter Muma. Used by permission. The fruit of the choke cherry was used in pemmican, after being pounded into a mush, but because it is too small and scattered in habitat, it has no commercial value as a food source. Source: Sheri Hagwood @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the public domain. Appendix 10: Field Guide 320

19. American Elder (Common Elderberry) Sambucus canadensis L. The American elder is a deciduous shrub standing about 3 m tall. The ripe fruit is edible and in pioneer times was used for jellies, preserves and wine. People have been poisoned by eating unripe or uncooked elderberries or by using hollowed stems as peashooters. It is also an important food source for a variety of wildlife. Habitat: Wet to moist areas; in low ground, swamps, thickets, edges of woods, roadsides and fencerows. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, pinnately compound with 5-11 (usually 7) leaflets; leaflets eggshaped to oval, sharp-toothed, pointed at tip; upper surface bright green; underside paler. Fruiting Structures: Flowers white. About 3 mm wide, very fragrant, numerous long-stalked, compound clusters in July-August. Fruits purplish-black, round, berrylike drupes with 3-5 pits in compound clusters in August-September. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 3: 268. In the public domain. Source: James H. Miller @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Miller, J.H. and K.V. Miller. 2005. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Used by permission. Source: Patrick J. Alexander @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. 321 Appendix 10: Field Guide

20. Nannyberry (Sweet Viburnum) Viburnum lentago L. Also named Sweet Viburnum, this is a large deciduous shrub, sometimes treelike, with a spreading top, and growing to a height of 6 m or more. It is shade tolerant and moderately fast-growing and short-lived. Its fruit provides food for many birds and mammals. It occasionally becomes a tree, but is found more often as a shrub. Habitat: Wet to moist forest edges, stream banks and roadsides. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, simple, blades 5-10 cm long; fine, sharp incurved teeth; bright green above; pale and marked with tiny black dots beneath. Fruiting Structures: Flowers creamy-white, sweet-scented in wide-branching clusters, at branch tips in late May-June after the leaves expand. Fruits a round drupe up to 12 mm long; blue-black flattened stone in open branched clusters; with a large pit and sweet pulp; August-October. Source: Margaret Williams. Nevada Native Plant Society @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Source: USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the public domain. Source: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Used by permission. Source: Sheri Hagwood @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Appendix 10: Field Guide 322

21. Highbush Cranberry Viburnum trilobum marsh. The fruit of this tall (4 m) spreading shrub is used as a substitute for cranberries and is used for jellie and beverages. It is rich in vitamin C. It is also used as an ornamental plant because of its clusters of white flowers and scarlet fruit. Habitat: Moist to wet areas; low, cool sites, swamps and bogs; in thickets along shores, in forest openings and in wet ditches at forest edges. Leaves: Deciduous opposite, simple, somewhat maple-leaf shaped with 3 pointed, deeply cut, spreading lobes, rounded or slightly heart-shaped, 5-11 cm long; upper surface dark green; underside paler; wavy teeth. Fruiting Structures: Flowers white, of 2 kinds; outer flowers are larger and showy; inner flowers much smaller, fertile, clusters; at branch tips between uppermost pair of leaves; June-July. Fruits orange to red, rounded, juicy and cherry-like drupes with 1 pit; in loose clusters; August-September. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Source: http://www.anokanaturalresources.com. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Immature fruit early July. Source unknown. 323 Appendix 10: Field Guide

22. Alternate-Leaf Dogwood Cornus alternifolia L.f. The Alternate-Leaf Dogwood is a large shrub or small tree growing to a height of 4-6 m. It is shadetolerant, slow-growing and relatively short-lived. It is the only dogwood species with alternately arranged branches. Habitat: An understory species of beech-maple forests; deciduous swamp borders, stream banks and ravines; cool, moist fertile sites. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, often crowded near branch ends and appearing opposite; blades thin, egg-shaped and whorled, pointed at tip; dark green above, greyish with fine hairs beneath; untoothed. Fruiting Structures: Flowers creamy white, small; numerous in large clusters; June. Fruits round berrylike drupes, dark blue-black with waxy powdery coating; contain one two-seeded stone; bitter flesh; in clusters on red stalks; July-August. Source: James H. Miller @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Miller, J.H. and K.V. Miller. 2005. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 663. In the public domain. Fruit (drupes). Source: http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu. Photo credit: Hugh Wilson. Source: Steven Katovich, USDA Forestry Service. http://www.forestryimages.org. Used by permission. Source: Patrick J. Alexander @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Appendix 10: Field Guide 324

23. American Hazel Corylus americana Walt. Also known as American Hazelnut, this 2-3 m high bushy shrub produces nuts that are used by wildlife as a food source. It is shade-intolerant and more characteristic as thickets in open sites. Habitat: Open well-drained sites in dry and moist situations; roadsides, fence rows, edges of forests, old pastures. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple blades 5-12 cm long; oval, sharply and irregularly toothed; slightly hairy, bright green above; paler below. Fruiting Structures: Flowers male flowers in catkins up to 7 cm long; female flowers in tiny clusters toward the ends of twigs with only the red stigmas protruding from the bud; both open in early spring; April and May. Fruits a hard-shelled nut; in clusters of 2-6; each nut is tightly enclosed by two leaf-like bracts; edible. Fruit of the American hazelnut. Source: Bob Klips. http://www.bobklips.com. Used by permission. Source: Beth Hippert. Crow Wing Soil and Water Conservation District. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 1: 607. In the public domain. Source: Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. In the public domain. Source: E.R. Mosher @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database. Used by permission. 325 Appendix 10: Field Guide

24. Speckled Alder Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du. roi) The speckled alder, named for the speckled appearance of its bark, is a 4 m tall shrub that most often forms dense thickets along small streams. It is shade-intolerant, short-lived and moderately fast-growing. Habitat: Wet, open sites along streams; also in depressions and open swamps with moving water. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple oval blades 5-10 cm long; double-toothed wavy, with sharply and finely toothed edges; upper surface dark green, smooth, dull and often wrinkled; underside pale and has fine hairs. Fruiting Structures: Flowers in catkins; male catkins in cluster in late summer but lengthen the following spring to become hanging tails 5-8 cm long; female catkins smaller; late summers in tight clusters at branch tips; conelike with woody scales when mature. Fruits wingless nutlets shed in fall from female cones. Source: http://cirrusimage.com. Permission sought. Source: Kenneth Dritz @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester. In the public domain. Source: Patrick J. Alexander @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov Used by permission. Source: http://cirrusimage.com. Permission sought. Appendix 10: Field Guide 326

25. Staghorn Sumac Rhus typina L. Staghorn sumac has attractive autumn colouring. It is a tall thicket-forming shrub reaching a height of 6 m. It is shade intolerant, fast-growing and short-lived. Habitat: In open fields, at the edge of woods, on river banks, slopes of ravines and rocky ridges. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, pinnately compound with 11-31 leaflets; 20-50 cm long; toothed; dark green above; paler beneath; turning orange, scarlet, crimson, or purple in autumn. Fruiting Structures: Flowers tiny, greenish-yellow, terminal clusters 13-25 cm long; late June-July. Fruits small, red berrylike drupe with a coating of bristly hairs; in clusters which persist over the winter; like the velvety texture of the spike of the cattail. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 481. In the public domain. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. In the public domain. Sumac flowers. Source: http://species.wikimedia. org/wiki/rhus_typhina Staghorn sumac in the fall. Source: http://www.wikipedia.org 327 Appendix 10: Field Guide

26. Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel is a large spreading shrub reaching 6 m tall. It is shade-tolerant, slow-growing and short-lived. Its forked twigs are used by water diviners to seek water. Habitat: In dry well-drained, sandy situations of open woods, edges of woods and slopes of ravines; understory of dry forests. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple oval blade 10-15 cm long; irregularly wavy; dark green to yellowish green. Fruiting Structures: Flowers flowers appear ragged, usually in groups of three, opening in the autumn about the time the leaves are falling. Fruits a pale brown, woody capsule about 1 cm long, urn-shaped and two-beaked with a prominent ring around the middle; the top splits open and two shiny black, slippery seeds are shot out of the capsule for a distance of several metres; the empty capsules remain on the bush for another season. Source: Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Used by permission. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. In the public domain. Source: Gary Fewless. http://www.uwgb.edu. Permission requested.. Source: Gary Fewless. http://www.uwgb.edu. Permission requested.. Appendix 10: Field Guide 328

27. Common Winterberry Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray The common winterberry is an erect shrub or small, slender tree that reaches 4 m in height. It is densely branched and forms a round or oval crown and since it is shade tolerant, can be found in the understory of forests with high water tables. Habitat: Moist situations such swampy woods and thickets, peat bogs, or lowland bordering swamps, bogs, lakes, marshes, pond edges and roadsides. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, blades 3-10 cm long; sharply toothed with shallow short bristle tips; dull, dark green above; paler beneath; turning black after frost. Fruiting Structures: Flowers small, greenish or yellowish white; male flowers in crowded clusters; female solitary or few in a cluster; opening before the leaves have fully expanded; late May. Fruits bright orange to red berrylike drupe; containing 3-5 smooth nutlets; remaining on shrub well into the winter. Source: Tree Canada. Permission requested. Source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. 2: 489. In the public domain. Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA- NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln. In the public domain Source: Gary Fewless. http://www.uwgb.edu. Permission requested.. Source: Tree Canada. Permission requested. 329 Appendix 10: Field Guide

28. Pussy Willow (American Willow) Salix discolor Muhl. The term pussy willow is used for a number of species of willow (Salix) when their furry catkins are young in early spring. The American willow is a large, few-stemmed shrub, 2-3 m tall, or a small tree reaching 6 m. Its species name of discolor is reference to the colour contrast between the dark green upper surface of the leaf and pale lower surface. An active ingredient called salicin, similar to the active ingredient in aspirin, was used by First Nations peoples as a pain killer. Habitat: Damp meadows, along shores of rivers and lakes, swamps, wet thickets and ditches. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple oblong blades 3-10 cm long; bright green and smooth above; whitened below; irregularly wavy or toothed above the middle. Fruiting Structures: Flowers catkins; male and female on separate plants; female catkins densely flowered, 2-6 cm long; male catkins 2-4 cm long; scales dark brown to black, long and hairy; fully developed before leaves expand; May-June. Fruits long-beaked, finely hairy capsules 7-12 cm long; June. Source: USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Provided by NRCS National Wetland Team, Fort Worth, TX. In the public domain. Source: Dr. John Hilke. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.com. Permission requested. Source: http://www.free-slideshow.com Source: Linda Naeve. http://www.extension.iastate.edu. Used by permission. Appendix 10: Field Guide 330

29. Bebb Willow Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb s willow large shrub or small tree reaching 6 m tall. This species was named after botanist Michael Bebb (1833-1895) who specialized in the study of willows. Habitat: Moist to wet thickets; meadows, swamps, lakeshores, river banks, deciduous and coniferous forests. Leaves: Deciduous alternate, simple, inversely egg-shaped, thin blades 3-7 cm long; usually hairy and greenish on both sides, although more so on the upper side as it matures; some wavy or irregular teeth. Note: Bebb s willow is very variable in leaf shape and shape margin. Fruiting Structures: Flowers catkins; male and female on separate plants; female catkins loosely flowered, 2-7 cm long; male catkins 1-3 cm long; scales, sparsely hairy; appear with leaves in May- June. Fruits slender capsules 5-9 mm long; usually finely hairy; June Source: Gary Fewless. Permission requested. Source: Anne Elliott. Used by permission. Source: Gary Fewless. Permission requested. Source: Gary Fewless. http://www.uwgb.edu. Permission requested. 331 Appendix 10: Field Guide