Inequality of Educational Outcome and Inequality of Educational Opportunity in the Netherlandsduringthe20 th Century Maarten L. Buis
Thesis committee: prof.dr. R. Breen(Yale University) dr.ir. C.H. Elzinga(VU University Amsterdam) prof.dr. P.M. de Graaf(Tilburg University) prof.dr. S.P. Jenkins(University of Essex) prof.dr. T. Tam(Chinese University of Hong Kong) c MaartenL.Buis,2010 ISBN: 978-90-8659472-6
VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Inequality of educational outcome and inequality of educational opportunityinthenetherlandsduringthe20 th century ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen opvrijdag2juli2010om13.45uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Maarten Leendert Buis geboren te Amsterdam
promotor: prof.dr. H.B.G. Ganzeboom copromotor: dr. A.W. Hoogendoorn
Acknowledgments While writing this dissertation I was fortunate to receive support in a variety of forms frommanypeople,andiwouldliketousethisopportunitytothankthem.inparticular IwouldliketothankmypromotorHarryGanzeboomforintroducingmeintothefield of social stratification research and for his critical and constructive comments on my texts and analyses. In addition I thank my copromotor Adriaan Hoogendoorn for the frequent brain storm sessions(and the coffee). Very important was the camaraderie and support from my former colleagues in the department, especially of those with whom I shared an office(or whose office I visited sooftenthatthatwasdefactothecase):kadritäht,tinaglasner,yfkeongena,and IrmaMooi-Reçi.Theywereforalargepartresponsibleforthedaytodayfun. My friends helped maintain my sense of perspective. In particular, Anne Potters who contributed her down to earth insights into what life is like outside academia, and who mobilized the language nerds from her circle of friends, to help me, a numbers nerd, with the difficult task of writing. The people of woongroep Pantha Rhei were ofgreatpracticalhelp,astheymadesureialwayshadawarmmeal,regardlessofhow lateigothome. Finally, I thank my mother, father, and sister for their support and confidence in me. 5
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Contents 1 Introduction 11 2 Trends in educational inequality in the Netherlands: A replication and a critique 17 2.1 Introduction............................... 17 2.2 TheDutcheducationsystem...................... 19 2.3 Previousresearch............................ 22 2.3.1 Results from the study by De Graaf and Ganzeboom(1993) andthedesignofthereplication................ 25 2.4 Results.................................. 28 2.4.1 InequalityofEducationalOutcome.............. 28 2.4.2 InequalityofEducationalOpportunity............. 34 2.5 Summaryanddiscussion........................ 41 2.5.1 Summary............................ 41 2.5.2 Discussion: how the remaining chapters can improve on this study.............................. 41 Appendix:Descriptionofdatasources.................... 44 3 Scaling levels of education 47 3.1 Introduction............................... 47 3.2 Previousresearch............................ 48 3.3 TheDutcheducationalsystem..................... 49 3.4 Themodel................................ 54 3.5 Thedata................................. 57 3.6 Results.................................. 60 3.7 Conclusion............................... 65 Appendix:Descriptionofdatasources.................... 67 4 Deceleration of the trend in inequality of educational outcome in the Netherlands 69 4.1 Introduction............................... 69 4.2 Previousresearch............................ 71 4.3 Data................................... 72 4.4 Method................................. 76 4.5 Results.................................. 80 4.6 Conclusion............................... 86 7
8 Appendix:Surveysandindicatorsoftheirquality.............. 88 5 Parents and their resources: The relative influence of the education and occupation of both parents on the educational attainment of their offspring in the Netherlands between 1939 and 1991 91 5.1 Introduction............................... 91 5.2 Parentalresources............................ 92 5.3 Dataandmethod............................ 94 5.3.1 Data............................... 94 5.3.2 Method............................. 95 5.4 Results.................................. 96 5.5 Conclusion............................... 101 6 Not all transitions are equal: The relationship between inequality of educational opportunities and inequality of educational outcomes 105 6.1 Introduction............................... 105 6.2 DifferentmodelsofIEO........................ 107 6.3 IEOppandIEOut............................ 109 6.4 Empiricalapplication.......................... 113 6.4.1 TheDutcheducationsystem.................. 113 6.4.2 Thedata............................. 115 6.4.3 Generalizingthedecompositiontoatrackedsystem...... 117 6.4.4 Results............................. 118 6.5 Conclusion............................... 130 Appendix:Derivationofequation(6.3).................... 134 7 The consequences of unobserved heterogeneity in a sequential logit model 137 7.1 Introduction............................... 137 7.2 Twoeffectsofunobservedheterogeneity................ 139 7.3 Asensitivityanalysis.......................... 143 7.4 Anexample............................... 146 7.4.1 Thedata............................. 147 7.4.2 Theresults........................... 148 7.5 Conclusionanddiscussion....................... 158 Appendix: Sampling from the distribution of ε conditional on having passed theprevioustransitions......................... 160
9 8 Conclusions and discussion 163 8.1 Conclusions............................... 164 8.1.1 Areplication.......................... 164 8.1.2 IEOut: operationalizing education, the trend, and family background........................... 165 8.1.3 CombiningIEOppandIEOut................. 168 8.1.4 IEOpp:theinfluenceofunobservedvariables......... 169 8.1.5 Summary............................ 170 8.2 Discussion................................ 171 Technical Materials 177 I sheafcoef and propcnsreg: Stata modules for fitting a measurement model with causal indicators 177 I.1 Sheafcoefficient............................ 178 I.2 Parametricalyweightedcovariates................... 179 I.3 MIMIC................................. 180 I.4 Maximizationofthelikelihoodfunction................ 181 I.5 Example................................. 182 I.6 Syntaxandoptions........................... 186 II seqlogit: Stata module for fitting a sequential logit model 189 II.1 Introduction............................... 189 II.2 Example................................. 189 II.3 Syntaxandoptions........................... 196 Ongelijkheid in onderwijsuitkomsten en onderwijskansen in Nederland in de20 ste eeuw: Nederlandse samenvatting/ Summary in Dutch 203 Data references 215 Bibliography 219
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