2012 7 2 195-200 Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology Vol. 7 2012 No. 2 195-200 Glomus mosseae * 100085 Glomus mosseae 0. 84 g kg - 1 2. 23 g kg - 1 0. 76 g kg - 1 1. 04 g kg - 1 2. 40 mg kg - 1 0. 69 mg kg - 1 8. 90 mg kg - 1 4. 87 mg kg - 1 As III 1673-5897 2012 2-195-06 X171. 5 A Effect of Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Glomus mosseae on As Uptake of Upland Rice and Transformation of As Speciation in Soil Liu Yunxia Zhou Yiqi Dong Yan Sun Guoxin * Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Received 30 November 2011 accepted 10 February 2012 Abstract The accumulation of arsenic in rice was investigated by inoculation or non-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae. Inoculation of G. mosseae significantly increased the absorption of phosphate in rice shoot control 0. 84 g kg - 1 inoculation 2. 23 g kg - 1 and root control 0. 76 g kg - 1 inoculation 1. 04 g kg - 1 while decreased the accumulation of arsenic in corresponding rice shoot control 2. 04 mg kg - 1 inoculation 0. 69 mg kg - 1 and root control 8. 90 mg kg - 1 inoculation 4. 87 mg kg - 1. In the meantime inoculation enhanced the migration of phosphate from root to shoot so that the migration of arsenic was effectively inhibited from root to shoot of rice. Further investigation showed that inoculation of G. mosseae decreased the concentrations of total arsenic and arsenite in soil solution i. e. the amount of bioavailable arsenic in the soil decreased. Therefore the inoculation of G. mosseae can reduce the health risk of arsenic from rice to the population. Keywords rice arsenic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae 2004 1 99% 1 50% 2011-11-30 2012-02-10 No. 40973058 2009ZX07212-001-05 1972- E-mail yxliu@ rcees. ac. cn * Corresponding author E-mail gxsun@ rcees. ac. cn
196 7 As 1. 2 14 cm 12 cm PVC ATSDR 14 cm 8 cm 1 1-2 37 μm 3-6 NH 4 NO 3 K 2 SO 4 N K Pearson 5 ~ 10 22 3 Glomus mosseae 460 g 40 g Glomus mosseae 7-8 460 g 40 g 500 g 9-11 arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi 1 000 g 7 cm AMF 1 12-14 AMF 1. 3 3 1 15-18 4 4 16 AMF 10% H 19-21 2 O 2 10 min AMF - 30 2 d 2 14 d 1 Materials and methods 1. 1 Glomus mosseae 12% 33% 25 16 h Oryza sative LAPAR-9 18 8 h 6-80 ph 4. 50 1 2. 5 m v 20 mg kg - 1 NaHCO 3-80 70 As 84 mg kg - 1 Cr 42 mg kg - 1 Cu 36 mg kg - 1 Fe 18 000 mg kg - 1 Mg 4 447 1. 4 mg kg - 1 Pb 372 mg kg - 1 Zn 101 mg kg - 1 0. 2 g 2 ml HNO 3 HCl HClO 4 ICP-OES Optima 2000DV Perkin-Elmer Co. USA 2 mm γ 25 kgy 10 MeV 60 15 20 cm 1 1 Mars 5 CEM Corp. 20 ml 23-24 ICP-OES 2 mm Optima 2000 DV Perkin-Elmer 1 1 AFS-2202E
2 Glomus mosseae 197-80 1 0. 2 g 10 ml 1% CEM Mars 5 CEM Corp. Matthews NC 55 10 Table 1 min 75 10 min 95 30 min 6 000 rpm 10 min 0. 45 μm - HPLC-IPC-MS 23-24 -80 0. 45 μm HPLC-IPC-MS As V As III 31-25 2 Results and analysis 2. 1 / Dry weight ratio of root to shoot and inoculation rate of G. mosseae to upland rice / /g /g /% 7. 45 ± 1. 77 5. 87 ± 0. 81 1. 28 ± 0. 30-7. 16 ± 1. 06 6. 69 ± 0. 90 1. 09 ± 0. 24 11. 17 GBW 07603 4 0. 25 g 100 ml 2. 2 5 ml 120 12 h 4 ml 140 1 24 h Millipore Milli Q 30 As V 50 ml GBW07405 As III As III 11. 2% 1 1 26 11. 2% 1 27 Liu 28 1 G. mosseae 150 mg kg - 1 29 10 ~ 40 Fig. 1 Concentrations of As and P in shoot and root mg kg - 1 of rice in control group and inoculated with G. mosseae
198 7 Duan 37 31 2. 40 mg kg - 1 0. 69 mg kg - 1 8. 90 mg kg - 1 30 34 4. 87 mg kg - 1 1 2. 3 G. mosseae 3 As V As III 32-33 p < 0. 001 0. 84 g kg - 1 2. 23 g kg - 1 2 0. 76 g kg - 1 1. 04 g kg - 1 As III 4 6 2. 7 As V 1 As III 4 As V As III 6 As V As III Sharples 35-36 As III As III 2 As V As V H 2 AsO - 4 HAsO 2-4 As V As III 2 G. mosseae Fig. 3 Concentrations of arsenic species Fig. 2 As and P concentration ratios between shoot and in soil solution at different times root of rice in control group and inoculated with G. mosseae left control group right inoculation group 3
2 Glomus mosseae 199 9. J. 1998 17 6 271-273 10 Khan A G Kueck T M Chaudrhry C S et al. Role of plants mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation J. Chemosphere 2000 41 1-2 197-207 11. AM ph As III J. 2009 18 5 1746-1752 Hua J F Lin X G Jiang Q. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on arsenic uptake and rhizosphere ph of Nicotiana tabacum L. J. Ecology and Environmental 1972 Sciences 2009 18 5 1746-1752 in Chinese 20 1 Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Arsenic in the Environment EB /OL. 2001. http / /www. ene. gov. on. ca /cons / 3792e. htm 2 Meacher D M Menzel D B Dillencourt M D et al. Estimation of multimedia inorganic arsenic intake in the US population J. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2002 8 7 1697-1721 3 Meliker J R Franzblau A Slotnick M J et al. Major contributors to inorganic arsenic intake in southeastern Michigan J. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2006 209 5 399-411 4 Schoof R A Yost L J Crecelius E et al. Dietary arsenic intake in Taiwanese districts with elevated arsenic in drinking water J. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 1998 4 1 117-135 5 Tsuji J S Yost L J Barraj L M et al. Use of background inorganic arsenic exposures to provide perspective on risk assessment results J. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2007 48 1 59-68 6 Williams P N Raab A Feldmann J et al. Market basket survey shows elevated levels of As in south central U. S. processed rice compared to California Consequences for human dietary exposure J. Environmental Science & Technology 2007 41 7 2178-2183 7 Abedin M J Cresser M S Meharg A A et al. Arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice Oryza sativa L. J. Environmental Science & Technology 2002 36 5 962-968 12 Leyval C Turnau K Haselwandter K. Effect of heavy metal pollution on mycorrhizal colonisation and function physiological ecological and applied aspects J. Mycorrhiza 1997 7 3 139-153 13 Zhu Y G Laidlaw A S Christie P et al. The specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in perennial ryegrass white clover pasture agriculture J. Ecosystems and Environment 1999 77 3 211-218 14 Chen B D Tao H Q Li X L et al. The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in zinc uptake by red clover growing in a calcareous soil spiked with various quantities of zinc J. Chemosphere 2003 50 6 839-846 15 Christie P Li X L Chen B D. Arbuscular mycorrhiza can depress translocation of zinc to shoots of host plants in soils moderately polluted with zinc J. Plant and Soil 2004 261 1-2 209-217 16 Galli U Schuepp H Brunold C. Heavy metal binding by mycorrhizal fungi J. Physiologia Plantarum 1994 92 2 364-368 17 Janouskova M Pavlikova D Macek T et al. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth and cadmium uptake of tobacco with inserted metallothionein gene J. Applied Soil Ecology 2005 29 3 209-214 18 Tullio M Pierandrei F Salemo A et al. Tolerance to cadmium of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae spores isolated from a cadmium-polluted and unpolluted soil J. Biology and Fertility of Soils 2003 37 4 211-214 19. J. 2008 28 3 516-524 Xia Y S Chen B D Zhu Y G et al. Effects of different iron 8. sources and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth and phosphorus and arsenic uptake by maize plants Zea mays L. J. 1999 28 2 130-133 Chen H M Zheng C R Xu C et al. Metal pollution in soils in As contaminated soil J. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae in China Status and countermeasures J. AMBIO 1999 2008 28 3 516-524 in Chinese 28 2 130-133 in Chinese 20.
200 7 J. 2007 39 5 692-700 Bai J F Lin X G Yin R et al. Bio-remediation of arsenicpolluted soil Recent advancements J. Soils 2007 39 5 692-700 21 Dong Y Zhu Y G Smith F A. Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhanced arsenic resistance of both white clover Trifolium repens Linn. and ryegrass Lolium perenne L. plants in an arsenic - contaminated soil J. Environmental Pollution 2008 155 1 174-181 22 Pearson J N Jackobsen I. The relative contribution of hyphae and roots to phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants measured by dual labelling with 32 P and 33 P J. New Phytologist 1993 124 3 489-494 23 Sun G X Williams P N Zhu Y G et al. Survey of arsenic and its speciation in rice products such as breakfast cereals rice crackers and Japanese rice condiments J. Environment International 2009 35 3 473-475 24 Sun G X Williams P N Carey A - M et al. Inorganic arsenic in rice bran and its products are an order of magnitude higher than in bulk grain J. Environmental Science & Technology 2008 42 19 7542-7546 25 Giovannetti M Mosse B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots J. New Phytologist 1980 84 3 489-500 26. 3 1327-1334 D. 2002 27 Ahmed F R S Killham K Alexander I. Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and nutrition of lentil irrigated with arsenic contaminated water J. Plant and Soil 2006 258 1-2 33-41 28 Liu Y Zhu Y G Chen B D et al. Yield and arsenate uptake of arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato colonized by Glomus mosseae BEG167 in As spiked soil under glasshouse conditions J. Environment International 2005 31 6 867-873 29. VA J. 1990 3 47-48 30 Chen B D Xiao X Y Zhu Y G et al. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae gives contradictory effects on phosphorus and arsenic acquisition by Medicago sativa Linn J. Science of the Total Environment 2007 379 2-3 226-234 31 Duan G L Zhu Y G Tong Y P et al. Characterization of arsenate reductase in the extract of roots and fronds of Chinese brake fern an arsenic hyperaccumulatior J. Plant Physiology 2005 138 1 461-469 32 Meharg A A Macnair M R. Suppression of the high-affinity phosphate-uptake system A mechanism of arsenate tolerance on Holcus Lanatus L. J. Journal of Experimental Botany 1992 43 4 519-524 33 Rosen B P. Biochemistry of arsenic detoxification J. FEBS Letters 2002 529 1 86-92 34 Chen B D Zhu Y G Duan J et al. Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and metal uptake by four plant species in copper mine tailings J. Environmental Pollution 2007 147 2 374-380 35 Sharples J M Meharg A A Chambers S M et al. Mechanism of arsenate resistance in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae J. Plant Physiology 2000 124 36 Sharples J M Meharg A A Chambers S M et al. Evolution Symbiotic solution to arsenic contamination J. Nature 2000 404 951-952 37 Ye W L Wood B A Stroud J L et al. Arsenic speciation in phloem and xylem exudates of castor bean J. Plant Physiology 2010 154 3 1505-1513 38. D. 2008