Accumulation of Soil Arsenic by Panax notoginseng and Its Associated Health Risk

32 3 2011 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol 32 No 3 Mar 2011 1 1 1 2 1 100101 2 663000 Panax notoginseng Burk F H Chen 6 9 ~ 242 0 mg kg - 1 48% 2 mg kg - 1 24% 81% 14% 57% 44% 100 mg kg - 1 ADI > > > > FAO / WHO ADI 12 83% 45 87% X53 A 0250-3301 2011 03-0880-06 Accumulation of Soil Arsenic by Panax notoginseng and Its Associated Health Risk YAN Xiu-lan 1 LIAO Xiao-yong 1 YU Bing-bing 1 ZHANG Wen-bin 2 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China 2 Wenshan Sanqi Research Institute Wenshan 663000 China Abstract Panax notoginseng is a valued traditional Chinese medical herb In this study the arsenic As contamination of soil in P notoginseng plantation area in Wenshan Yunnan China was investigated the absorption and accumulation of soil As by the P notoginseng was revealed and the associated health risk was evaluated The results revealed that the soil As concentrations ranged between 6 9-242 0 mg kg - 1 Arsenic concentrations in 48% of the total soil samples were > 40 mg kg - 1 The As concentrations in 24% of main root samples 81% of fibrous root samples 14% of stem samples 57% of leaf samples and 44% of flower / fruit samples were greater than the regulation concentration of 2 0 mg kg - 1 Arsenic accumulation in the main root increased with the soil As concentration at soil As concentrations < 100 mg kg - 1 but sharply decreased with the soil As concentration at soil As concentrations > 100 mg kg - 1 With increasing soil As concentration the total biomass of P notoginseng and the main root biomass decreased Calculating with the As concentration in different parts of Sanqi P notoginseng plants percent of the average ingestion rates of As with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO showed fibrous root > leave > flower / fruit > main root > stem Based on the As concentration in the main root the daily As intake accounted for a mean fraction of 12 83 % maximum 45 87 % of the acceptable daily intake specified by FAO / WHO and the ratio increased with the increasing of soil As concentration Arsenic contamination of soil and P notoginseng at the plantation area of Wenshan should not be neglected and effective strategies should be adopt to reduce As accumulation in the plant and human health risk Key words Panax notoginseng arsenic soil accumulation health risk Panax notoginseng Burk F H Chen 3 600 2 500 1 23 30 2 2010-07-14 2010-09-24 40801205 1978 ~ E-mail yanxl@ igsnrr ac cn

3 881 4 ~ 7 2001 7 1 WM2-2001 2 0 mg kg - 1 30% 8 56 73% 2 0 mg kg - 1 9 100 10 52 1% 0 67 4 good agriculture practice GAP 2 0 mg kg - 1 1 Fig 1 Sampling sites in Sanqi plantation area in Wenshan County Yunnan Province USEPA 3050B 11 HNO 3 - HClO 4 12 1 AFS-9130 As 1 1 21 2 15 GBW 07404 58 ± 6 mg kg - 1 GBW 4 07603 1 25 ± 0 15 mg kg - 1 10 ~ 15 0 ~ 20 cm GPS 1 3 1 12 0 for Windows Microsoft Excel 2003 SPSS = / 105 30 min 60 24 h 1 1993 FAO / WHO allowable daily intake ADI 128 μg d - 1 60 kg 20 100 10 g 1 2 μg d - 1 =

882 32 μg g - 1 g d - 1 2 1 ADI 1 ADI % = μg d - 1 / ADI μg d - 1 2 2 10-2 1 13 14 As 2 1 GB 15618-1995 40 mg kg - 1 1 As 1 As 3 ph 15 3 40 mg kg - 1 As 15 48% 7 6 Table 1 1 Descriptive statistics of As concentrations of soils and Sanqi plants in Wenshan County As As / mg kg - 1 / mg kg - 1 21 21 21 21 21 9 6 90 0 24 0 62 0 11 0 59 0 02 242 00 5 87 34 28 3 64 26 47 12 84 34 12 1 008 3 502 0 657 2 528 0 627 65 59 1 643 b 5 751 a 0 931 b 4 626 a 2 959 ab 64 99 1 568 7 465 0 885 6 152 4 203 1 76 1 774 3 135 2 060 2 651 1 879 2 68 2 452 11 176 3 894 7 830 3 893 > 1 0 mg kg - 1 / % 52 86 19 76 44 > 2 0 mg kg - 1 / % 24 81 14 57 44 1 ph < 6 5 2 p < 0 05 GB 19086-2003 1 0 mg kg - 1 2 0 mg kg - 1 1 3 a 1 0 mg kg - 1 52% 86% 76% 44% 2 3 2 0 mg kg - 1 81% 57% 44% > > > > 15 48 3 14 5%

3 883 2 2 2 1 / p < 0 05 Fig2 2 As concentrations of different part of different year-old Sanqi plants / / / / 4 4 / > / > / > / As 67% / < 1 / > 1 Table 2 2 As bioconcentration factor and ratio of different parts of 2-year-old Sanqi plants / / / / / / / / 15 15 15 15 8 15 15 15 0 010 0 064 0 005 0 009 0 001 0 087 0 21 1 30 0 12 0 55 0 12 0 41 0 230 3 42 10 44 8 25 0 042 0 14 0 025 0 11 0 098 0 79 2 63 2 84 0 045 0 16 0 032 0 13 0 098 0 89 3 33 3 75 0 025 0 12 0 026 0 11 0 089 0 80 3 15 2 31 > > 100 mg kg - 1 > > > 2 16 / 1 1 / 3 33 2-3 Fig 3 Ratio of As accumulation of different part and the whole plant of 2-year-old Sanqi plants < 100 mg kg - 1 < 100 mg kg - 1 > > > 3

884 32 100 mg kg - 1 34% < 100 mg kg - 1 40 ~ 100 mg kg - 1 80% > 100 mg kg - 1 5% 100 mg kg - 1 28% 5% < 20 mg kg - 1 43% > 100 mg kg - 1 5% 7 14 ~ 25 mg kg - 1 64 ~ 124 mg kg - 1 4 2 3 2 3 1 2 0 mg kg - 1 6 17 ~ 19 ADI > > > > 4 Fig 4 Correlations between soil As concentrations and the biomass of the whole plants or main root of 2-year-old Sanqi plants 2 3 2 5 5 Fig 5 Correlations between As concentrations of soil and 6 7 15 20 main root of 2-year-old Sanqi plants 2 4 ADI 7 2 40 ~ 58 71 μg d - 1 16 43 μg d - 1 7

3 885 6 1994 FAO / WHO 2 ADI Fig 6 Percent of the average ingestion rates of As from different part of Sanqi with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO FAO / WHO ADI 45 87% 12 83% J 6 2005 40 mg kg - 1 15% 8 J 7 Fig 7 3 FAO / WHO ADI Percent of the average ingestion rates of As from Sanqi with ADI regulated by FAO / WHO 1 > > > > 1 Phytologist 2002 19 3 ADI 1 M J 2004 29 6 511-514 3 J 1985 4 3 247-259 4 J 2004 21 5 27-31 5 2006 28 12 1796-1798 2 2003 36-38 J 28 8 645-647 7 J 2003 32-34 56 As Hg 1995 2 8 54-57 9 100 J 2001 18 2 43-44 10 GAP J 2004 23 1 168-170 11 USEPA Acid digestion of sediments sludge and soils EPA 3050B EB / OL http / / www epa gov / SW-846 / pdfs /3050b pdf 1996 12 GB / T 5009 11-1996 S 13 J 2001 20 2 195-202 14 J 2009 31 1 440-445 15 J 2003 34 11 1051-1054 16 Berry W L Plant and factors influencing the use of plant analysis as a tool for biogeochemical prospecting A In Carlise D Berry W L Kaplan I R et al Eds Mineral Exploration Biogeological Systems and Organic matter M Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N J 1986 13 17 Miteva E Accumulation and effect of arsenic on tomatoes J Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2002 33 11-12 1917-1926 18 Meharg A A Hartley-Whitaker J Arsenic uptake and metabolism in arsenic resistant and nonresistant plant species J New 154 1 29-43 J 1996 28 2 85-89 20 J