( Carassius auratus gibelio)

30 3 Vol. 30,No. 3 2 0 0 6 5 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA May, 2 0 0 6 1,2 2 1 2 2 (11, 430070 ;21 ;, 430072) :, 69d, 1182 % 2132 % 2182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4132 % 4182 %7, 3, 3h, 3132 %,, 3182 %, ( P < 0105) 2132 %,,( P < 0105) (AST) 4182 %, (ALT) 1182 % 4182 %,3132 %, ( P > 0105) 2182 %,4182 % ;,,, ( P < 0105), 3127 %, 8152 % : ; ; ; ; :S96317 :A :100023207 (2006) 0320247209 ( Carassius auratus gibelio) 20 80, ( Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis) ( Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) ) [1 ],,,,,,,,, [2 4 ],,,,,,, [5 ],,, 1 111,, 7 ( 4182 % ) ;,( 1, :2005211223 ; :2006202210 :(2001BA505B06) : (1978 ),,,,,,, :,sqxie @ihb. ac. cn, Tel/ Fax :027 68780667

248 30 3) 28 32g, 3, 20 15d, (9 :00 15 :00), 24 25, 12L/ 12D ( 8 : 00 20 : 00), ph 614 7, > 6mg/ L, < 012mg/ L, < 011mg/ L, 3 6 9 12 15 24h, 3 3 112, 1 Tab11 Formulation and composition of the experimental diets 1, 2, [6] ; 1182 % 2132 % 2182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4132 % 4182 %7 3,, 6mol/ L NaOH [20], 3mm,60-4 Ingredient experimental diet Content ( %) Control diet White Fishmeal (USA) 52100 62130 Fish oil 3100 3100 Soybean oil 3100 3100 Starch 23193 21103 2 2starch 2100 2100 Cellulose 2100 2100 Vitamin premix 1 0156 0156 Mineral premix 2 5100 5100 Choline Chloride 0111 0111 Chromic oxide 1100 Crystalline L2amino acids 7140 1100 (Met) Chemical composition(in dry matter) Dry matter ( %) 95170 96132 Crude protein( %) 38145 37186 Crude lipid( %) 11109 12131 Ash( %) 16126 16179 Energy(kJ/ g) 18110 17191 1 (mg/ kg ) : B 1,20 ; B 2,20 ; B 6,20 ; B 12,01020 ;,5 ;,50 ;,100 ;,100 ;,011 ;,64512 ; C,100 ; A,110 ; D,20 ; E,50 ; K,10 ;,1000 Vitamin premix(mg/ kg diet) :thiamin, 20 :riboflavin, 20 ; pyridoxine, 20 ; cyanocobalamine, 01020 ; folic acid, 5 ; calcium patotheniate, 50 ; inositol, 100 ; niacin, 100 ; biotin, 011 ; Starch, 64512 ; ascorbic acid, 100 ; Vitamin A, 110 ; Vitamin D, 20 ; Vitamin E, 50 ; Vitamin K, 10 ; Choline chlo2 ride, 1000. 2 (g/ kg ) :,1 ;,15 ;,32 ;,20 ;,215 ;,315 ;,01353 ;, 01162 ;,01031 ;,01001 ;,01003 ;,0145 Mineral premix(g/ kg diet) :NaCl, 1 ; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 15 ; KH 2 PO 4, 32 ; Ca (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 H 2 O, 20 ; FeSO 4, 215 ; C 6 H 10 CaO 6 5H 2 O, 315 ; ZnSO 4 7H 2 O, 01353 ; MnSO 4 4H 2 O, 01162 ; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 01031 ;CoSO 4 6H 2 O, 01001 ; KIO 3, 01003 ; Starch, 0145.

3 : 249 2 ( % ) Tab12 Composition of crystalline L2amino acids premix( %dry matter) 1182 2132 2182 3132 3182 4132 4182 Arg 01493 01493 01493 01493 01493 01493 01493 His 01124 01124 01124 01124 01124 01124 01124 Thr 01787 01787 01787 01787 01787 01787 01787 Val 01361 01361 01361 01361 01361 01361 01361 Ile 01608 01608 01608 01608 01608 01608 01608 Leu 11614 11614 11614 11614 11614 11614 11614 Phe 01101 01101 01101 01101 01101 01101 01101 Trp 01312 01312 01312 01312 01312 01312 01312 Lys 01000 01500 11000 11500 21000 21500 31000 Asp 01810 01675 01540 01405 01270 01135 01000 Gly 11800 11500 11200 01900 01600 01300 01000 Ala 01390 01325 01260 01195 01130 01065 01000 3 ( % ) Tab13 Composition of the essential amino acids for the experimental diets( %dry matter) 1182 2132 2182 3132 3182 4132 4182 Control Lys 2138 2176 3103 3134 3169 4124 4152 2151 Met 0198 0195 0191 0192 0193 0194 0194 1188 Arg 1166 1191 1172 1191 1199 1171 2116 1182 Thr 2118 2121 2108 2107 2111 2118 2112 1169 Val 1194 1197 1187 1186 1192 1189 1192 1188 Ile 1184 1189 1176 1179 1183 118 1183 1154 Leu 4119 4119 4103 4101 411 4118 4111 2195 Phe 1135 1136 113 1128 1134 1134 1133 1144 His 0174 0175 017 0168 0174 0173 0174 0174 : Analytical result of the amino acids in the diet. 113 27 56L,, 15d 7, (9 :00 15 :00), 24h, ( 7185 0103g),,, 20,3 ( P > 0105) 3, 10,,,, 22 3, 12L/ 12D ( 8 : 00 20 :00),pH 612 7, > 6mg/ L, < 012mg/ L, < 011mg/ L 114 ( 9 : 00 15 :00), 1h, 70 ;, 70-4,1h,,,pH,,, 115, 3h, 5,

250 30 24h,, 2, - 20, AST ALT 3, 3, 1 %, 3000r/ min 15min, 4 ; ( ),, - 20 116 Cr 2 O 3, [7 ] : 105,, 550 3h, Phillipson ( Phillipson microbomb calorime2 ter, Gentry Instruments Inc1, Aiken, U. S. A. ) 212 - (2 1) [8 ] ;Cr 2 O 3 2, 3h, Bolin [6 ], ( P < 0105),, 24h 6mol/ L HCl 110 24h,, 0175 0187mg/ ml 7 835-50, 3h,6h 9h, ; 8 %, ( P < 0105),, 3h 6h ( P < 0105),, 018 % 200 9h, ; ; 7 (Diacetyl monoxine) ( P < 0105), ( P > 0105) [9 ] ALT AST Hgrder [10 ] 117 Statistica 610 (One2way ANOVA), (Duncanπs procedure) (Broken2line), 2 9h 12h 24h ( P < 0105), 15h ( P > 0105), ( P > 0105) 1 Fig. 1 Plasma free lysine content in gibel carp after feeding 211 1, 3h, (21187 19189mg/ ml), ( P < 0105) ; 3 6h,,, 24h, 414mg/ ml 7,6h,,6h 2 Fig. 2 Plasma free methionine content in gibel carp after feeding 213 4, 3132 %,

3 : 251 2132 % ( P < 0105) ( P < 0105), 2132 %, ( P < 0105) 2182 % 4 ( ) 3 Tab14 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on growth and feed utilization of gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) IBW(g) FBW(g) SGRw( %/ d) FR( %/ d) FCE( %) 1182 7184 0102 21150 0182 ab 1146 0105 ab 2112 0104 a 63161 1128 a 2132 7185 0102 20117 0116 a 1137 0101 a 2170 0106 b 44195 3118 b 2182 7187 0101 21136 0147 ab 1145 0103 ab 2103 0109 a 66111 1199 a 3132 7184 0103 21187 0166 b 1149 0105 b 2110 0102 a 65116 1117 a 3182 7184 0102 20151 0146 ab 1139 0103 ab 2105 0104 a 63115 0190 a 4132 7183 0102 21126 0106 ab 1145 0100 ab 2113 0103 a 62178 0174 a 4182 7187 0101 20193 0112 ab 1142 0101 ab 2105 0104 a 64104 0179 a 3 ( P < 0105) Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105). IBW(g) :initial body weight. FBW(g) :final body weight. ( %/ ) = 100 (Ln - Ln ) / ; SGRw :specific growth rate in wet weight ( %/ d) = 100 (Ln(FBW) - Ln(IBW) ) / days. ( %/ ) = 100 / ( ( + ) / 2) / ; FR :feeding rate ( %/ d) = 100 feed intake/ (initial body weight + final body weight) / 2) / days. ( %) = 100 ( ) / ; FCEw :feed conversion efficiency in wet weight ( %) = 100 wet weight gain / total feed intake. 5 ( ) 3 Tab15 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on apparent digestibility coefficients in gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) ADCd( %) ADCp ( %) ADCe ( %) 1182 78187 0177 b 90197 0144 89167 0150 b 2132 76142 0108 a 91156 0145 87176 0122 a 2182 77121 0170 ab 90150 0121 89138 0141 b 3132 78172 0133 b 90175 0143 89160 0114 b 3182 79134 0163 b 91130 0134 90101 0162 b 4132 76166 0133 a 90189 0124 89129 0109 b 4182 78156 0153 b 91117 0138 90114 0134 b 3 ( P < 0105),Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105). ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / Cr 2 O 3 ) ; ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / ( Cr 2 O 3 ) ) ; ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 / ( Cr 2 O 3 ) ) ; ADCd :Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet/ Cr 2 O 3 in the feces) ; ADCp :Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet crude protein content in feces/ (Cr 2 O 3 in the feces crude pro2 tein in the diet) ) ; ADCe :Apparent digestibility coefficients of gross energy( %) = 100 (1 - Cr 2 O 3 in the diet gross energy content in feces/ (Cr 2 O 3 in the feces gross energy in the diet) ).

252 30 5, ( P < 0105), 3127 %, 8152 % ( 3) 2132 % 4132 %, 1182 % 3132 % 3182 % 4182 % ( P < 0105), 2182 % ( P > 0105), 3182 % ( P > 0105), 2132 % 2132 %, ( P < 0105), 4182 % 214 6 3132 %, ( GW/ BW),, ( P > 0105) (AST) 4182 %, (ALT) 1182 % 4182 %,3132 %, ( P > 0105) 2182 %,4182 % ;,,, ( P < 0105) 4,,, ( P > 0105) 215 (Broken2line), y = 01042x + 11319 (x < 3127 %) y = - 01031x + 11556 (x > 3127 %) 3 Fig. 3 Effect of lysine levels in diets on specific growth rate of gibel carp 4 Fig. 4 Effect of lysine levels in diets on plasma free amino acids of gibel carp 6 ( ) 3 Tab16 Effect of different dietary lysine levels on physiological and biochemical parameters of gibel carp (mean S. E. ) ( % ) / ( %) CW/ BW / ( %) HSI AST(U/ g) ALT(U/ g) Hb(g/ 100ml) 1182 2132 2182 3132 3182 4132 4182 83157 0142 ab 83163 0126 ab 83160 0157 ab 84185 0124 a 82146 0151 b 83162 0109 ab 83113 1100 ab 7193 0151 9114 0173 8179 0142 7138 0173 8105 1139 7194 0122 7160 1172 0189 0112 0177 0123 0169 0108 0181 0110 0163 0111 0151 0108 1102 0150 0125 0105 0124 0108 0124 0102 0118 0106 0122 0101 0119 0105 0125 0105 8118 0166 8124 0147 8156 0137 8150 0160 8136 0160 8118 0122 8114 0128 RBC( 10 12 / L) 1151 0104 1141 0116 1134 0134 1125 0104 1126 0108 1113 0104 1104 0110 (mg/ 100ml) 17128 1151 b 20107 1147 ab 18145 0155 b 18126 0159 b 19188 1177 ab 22140 0178 a 20103 0188 ab 3 ( P < 0105),Means with different superscripts are significantly different ( P < 0105) CW/ BW: (Carcass weight/ body weight 100) ;HSI : (Hepatosomatic index) ; AST:(glutamic2oxalacetic transaminase) ;ALT:(glutamic2pyruvic transaminase) ; Hb : (Haemoglobin) ;RBC: (Red blood cell).

3 : 253 3 311 ( Salmo gairdneri R1) ( Oncorhynchus punctatus) ( Anguilla anguilla) ( Tilapia nilotica), ( Cyprinus carpio) ( Ictalurus punctatus),, ph,, Steven, 2h, 4h Schlisio & Nicolai, 12 24h Ok I H [11 ] ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), 4h,24h Watan2 abe [12 ] ( Seriola quinqueradiata), 3h Mu2 rai,6h,24h, 3h,, Watanabe Cowey & Walton,,,,,,,, 3h, ( 4182 %),, Stockland 312,, 3127 %, 8152 %, ( Salmo salar L. ) 611 %, ( Oncorhychus tschawytscha) 510 %, 517 %, ( Labeo rohita ) 5188 % 5168 %, ( Catla catla) 6120 %, 611 % ( Megalobrama amblyocephala) 7168 % [13 ] ; ( C1 mrigala) 5175 % [14 ] ( Leiocassis longirostris) 6154 % [15 ], [16 ] [17 ], [18 ], 22, 313,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, [19 ],,, Berge [20 ], - Berge [21 ],,, ;, Chiu (Na +, K + ),, 3h

254 30, ( 4),,,,,, ( Hb),,(O 2 ) (CO 2 ),, ;, AST ALT,, AST ALT,, 4182 %,,,,, 3132 %, /,,, : [ 1 ] Jiang Y G, Liang S C, Chen B D, et al. Biological effect of hetero2 logoussperm on gynogenetic offspring in carassius auratus gibelio[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1983, 8 : 1 13[,,,..,1983,8 : 1 13 ] [ 2 ] Cai C F, Liu Y, Chen L Q, et al. Metabolic responses of allogy no2 genetic gibelio carp after cral administration of different doses of glu2 cose[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2003, 27 : 602 606 [,,,.,,2003,27 : 602 606 ] [ 3 ] Cai C F, Wu K, Pan X F. The effects of proteinnutrition on growth and immunological activity of allogynogenetic silver crucian carp[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2001, 25 : 590 596 [,,..,2001,25 : 590 596 ] [ 4 ] Ye Y Z, Zhou J F, Wang Z W, et al. Comparative studies on the DNA content from three strains of crucian carp, Carassius auratus[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2004, 28 : 13 16 [,,,. DNA.,2004,28 : 13 16 ] [ 5 ] Small B C, Soares J H. Quantitative dietary lysine requirement of ju2 venile striped bass Morone saxatilis [ J ]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2000, 6 : 207 212 [ 6 ] Yan A S, Xiong C X, Zhou ZJ, et al. The contain of meat ratio and evaluation of nutrient on gibel carp[j ]. Water Conservancy and Fish2 ery, 1998, 3 : 16 19[,,,..,1998,3 : 16 19 ] [ 7 ] Williams S. Official Methods of Analysis. 14 th [ M]. Washington : Science press. 1984, 1018 [ 8 ] Bligh E G, Dyer W J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification[j ]. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 1959, 37 : 911 917 [ 9 ] Zhu X L, Jia L Z, Zhang M Y. Heamatological studies on the grass carp. Year2round changes in nine heamatological parameters[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1985, 9 : 248 257[,,. 1.,1985,9 : 248 257 ] [10 ] Bergmeyer, Hans2Ulrich. Methods of enzymatic analysis[m]. Verlag Chemie, Gmbh press. 1981, 3 : 416 424,444 450 [11 ] Ok I H, Bai S C, Park GJ, et al. The patterns of plasma free amino acids after force2feeding in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Wal2 baum) with and without dorsal aorta cannulation[j ]. Aquaculture Re2 search, 2001, 32 : 70 75 [12 ] Watanabe T, Aoki H, Shimamoto K, et al. A trial to culture yellowtail with non2fish meal diets[j ]. Fisheries Science, 1998, 64 : 505 512 [13 ] Cowey C B, Walton M J. Studies on the uptake of 14 C2amino acids derived from both dietary 14 C2protein and dietary 14 C2amino acids by rainbow trout[j ]. Journal of Fish Biology, 1988, 33 : 293 305 [ 14 ] Imtiaz A, Mukhtar A K. Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Indi2 an major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala ( Hamilton) [ J ]. Aquaculture, 2004, 235 : 499 511 [15 ] Xie S Q, He X Q, Yang Y X. Quantitative lysine requirement by long snout catfish fingerlings[j ]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 1997, 21 : 1 7[,,..,1997, 21 : 1 7 ] [16 ] Kim K I, Kayes T B, Amundson C H. Requirements for lysine and arginine by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture, 1992, 106 : 333 344 [17 ] Simmons L, Moccia R D, Bureau D P, et al. Dietary methionine re2 quirement of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L. ) [J ]. Aqua2 culture Nutrition, 1999, 5 : 93 100 [18 ] Akiyama T, Oohara I, Yamamoto T. Comparison of essential amino acid requirements with A/ E ratio among fish species[j ]. Science, 1997, 63 : 963 970 Fisheries [19 ] Ling D. The reseach development of fish nutrition[m]. Beijing :Sci2 ence press, 1993, 171 193[.. :,1993,171 193 ]

3 : 255 [20 ] Berge G E, Harald S, Einar L. Nutrition of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) :the requirement and metabolic effect of lysine[j ]. Compara2 tive Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 1998, 120 : 477 485 [ 21 ] Berge G E, Bakke2McKellep A M, Lied E. In vitro uptake and inter2 action between arginine and lysine in the intestine of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) [J ]. Aquaculture, 1999, 179 : 181 193 THE UTIL IZATION AND REQUIREMENT OF DIETARY LYSINE FOR JUVENIL E GIBEL CARP ZHOU Xian2Jun 1,2, XIE Shou2Qi 2, XIE Cong2Xin 1, LEI Wu 2 and ZHU Xiao2Ming 2 (11 Fisheries College, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070; 21 Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan 430072) Abstract :Two experiments were conducted to investigate the utilization of crystal amino acids and the dietary requirement of ly2 sine for juvenile gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio). Two kinds of formulated diets supplemented with crystal lysine or methio2 nine were fed to fish and blood were sampled and plasma free amino acids content were determined. A 692day growth trial was conducted to determine the quantitative dietary lysine requirement using diets containing white fish meal as the main source of protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing graded levels of lysine (1182, 2132, 2182, 3132, 3182, 4132 and 4182g/ 100g, dry diet) were formulated. Fish were randomly stocked in triplicate groups in 5621 indoor flow2through tanks. The fish were fed to apparent satiation during the experiment. The results showed that juvenile gibel carp is able to absorb dietary crystalline lysine and methionine, the highest content of free lysine and free methionine in plasma were observed at 3h after feeding. The highest specific growth rate( SGR), final body weight and carcass weight/ body weight ( CW/ BW) were observed at 3132 % dietary lysine, while hepatosomatic index( HSI) was lowest. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter was significantly affected by dietary lysine contents, and the highest value was observed at 3182 % group ( P < 0105). The apparent digestibility coefficients of gross energy was also significantly af2 fected by dietary lysine concentrations, and the highest was observed at 2132 % group ( P < 0105). The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein were not significant between the groups ( P > 0105). The activity of liver glutamic2oxalacetic transaminase(ast) and the glutamic2pyruvic transaminase(alt) was not significantly affected by dietary lysine. AST and ALT was highest at 4182 % group. Haemoglobin was highest at 2182 % group, and lowest at 4182 % group. With the increase in di2 etary lysine, the content of serum urea increased significantly ( P < 0105) while the number of red blood cell decreased. The optimal dietary lysine requirement for maximum growth of Carassius auratus gibelio was 3127 % of dry matter or 8152 % of protein based on broken2line regression. Key words : Carassius auratus gibelio ; Lysine ; Absorption ; Utilization ; Requirement