Journal of Arid Meteorology

28 3 2010 9 1006-7639 2010-03 - 0256-09 Journal of Arid Meteorology Vol. 28 No. 3 Sept 2010 1 2 1 1. 100871 2. 730000 P445 +. 4 A 3 15-17 1 1970 1920 2 1990 1-4 5-7 8-10 11-12 13-14 2010-04 - 23 2010-07 - 05 40775013 2010CB428501 863 2006 AA06A306 / GYHY200806007 1986 -. E - mail leexl@ pku. edu. cn 256 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264

3 257 1 18 22-23 1 3 2 3 18 4 19 1 24 20 20 m 21 4 000 m 1 000 m 25 26 2 27 28 29 1. 5 mm 20 1 Fig. 1 Development mechanism and physical model of dry squall lines 20 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264 257

258 28 30 0. 2 mm cm 1 ~ 2 cm 2 ~ 10 cm 40 30 31 5 40 32 10 41 42 2 33 34 43 35 2. 6 m s - 1 4. 3 5. 1 m s - 1 I = 36% I = 6% 3. 9 44-45 1 46 47-3 48 36 3 37 49 38 1. 01 ~ 3. 68 39 0 ~ 10 cm 50 0 ~ 1 258 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264

3 259 15 400 32 500 121 000 480 000 52 < < < < 600 ~ 8 000 t km - 2 a - 1 41 51 53 t km - 2 a - 1 3 400 4 230 Tab. 1 1 46 Main factors affecting wind erosion of soil 46 - ± ± ± - ± ± + ± - - ± ± + + ± + - ± + ± - ± + + + - ± 3 55 3. 1 K M K H 56 K H K M K M K H 14 54 3 57 10-3 10-6 58 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264 259

260 28 6 10-8 kg m - 2 s - 1 4. 14 10-8 kg m - 2 s - 1 64 59 2002 4 2 9. 95 10-9 kg m - 2 s - 1 Hoffmann 65 60 NCEP < 1 g m - 2 d - 1 1. 16 10-8 kg m - 2 s - 1 3. 2 Xuan Robins 61 Dong 62 66 8 ~ 10 m s - 1 12 ~ 14 m s - 1 1 cm 58 67 2 cm 16 ~ 22 m s - 1 3 cm 63 WPS 2 58 63 66 68-69 Tab. 2 2 u * t u t List of threshold values of friction velocity and wind speed over various underlying surface /m u * t /m s - 1 u t /m s - 1 Z 0 /m 58 2004 0. 4 6 0. 0072 68 2004 4 0. 6 10 0. 0072 69 2001 ~ 2002 0. 5 7 69 2001 ~ 2002 0. 3 3 66 2002 2 > 0. 74 66 2002 2 > 0. 43 68 2006 4 0. 45 6 0. 007 68 2006 4 0. 7 10 0. 090 63 2008 1-2 > 0. 36 260 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264

3 261 3. 3 70 u * u * t u * 4 61 1 61 Sterk 71 Xuan 72 2 Lu Shao 73 77 Shao 74 u' w' u' = w' = 0 u' 2 w' Ornstein - Uhlenbeck du' = - u' T Lu dt + C 0 槡 εdξ dw' = - w' T Lw dt + C 0 槡 εdξ 1 2 78 79 3 2 74 0. 01 m 0. 3 m Shao 74 2 4 Li 75 5 Shao Liu 76 80 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264 261

262 28 18. 84 t hm 2-1 a - 1 2010 28 1 59-64. 5 J. 1991 36 19 1 487-1 490. 10 2007 25 4 68-74. 11 2010 24 2 102-109. 13 J 125-143. 14 0. 01 ~ 100 μm 16 2002 38 2 171-176. 15 J. 2001 21 1 16 2003 18 3 367-373. 17. Gu 81 Wen Rose 82 2006 24 1 1-6. 18 2001 4 7 1. 2002 26 1 1-8. 44 μm 4. 8 10 3 kg km - 2 11 μm 0. 79 Zhang 77 MODIS 8. 5 μm 11 μm 12 μm 3 4. 5 μm μm 10 6 μg m - 2 Gu 81 J 1. J. 662. 2007 12 3 225-226. 2. J. J. 1997 33 1 110-119. 2003 27 4 591-606. 3. J. 2008 28 5 955-961. J. 2000 55 5 513-521. 4. J. 28. J. 2002 22 2004 15 3 366-381. J. 2002 22 2 106-111. 6. J. 2004 23 4 540-547. 7. J. 8. J. 2005 50 5 469-472. 9.. J.. J. 1998 22 4 625-637. 12. J... 2003 8 2. J.. 48-55.. J. MODIS J.. 2000 6 4 J. 19. J. 1997 21 5 581-589. 20. J. 2007 12 3 251-255. 21. J. 2004 23 5 587-597. 22. J. 2006 15 6 28-32. 23.. 2009 37 29 14 444-14 446 14 5. 50 29. J. 1980 482. 24. J.. 2009 28 3 652-25. 26. 27. M. 2003. 2 101-105. 262 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264

3 263 35 2 174-181. 30. J. J. 2004 23 3 305-312. 1988 8 1 18-29. 31. J. 1993 13 2 1-8. 32. J. 2005 23 2 64-69. 33. J. 2007 12 3 296 - J. 1992 12 261 301. - 266. 58. 34. J. J. 2007 65 5 744-752. 2008 28 7 599-602. 35. J. 2006 23 1 98-103. 1998 18 4 350-355. 36. Ⅰ 2009 27 3 250-253. J. 1960 31 1 75-83. 37 Butterfield G R. Transitional behavior of saltation wind tunnel observation of unsteady wind J. Journal of Arid Environments 1998 39 377-394. 38. sandy surface a wind tunnel investigation on the fetch effect J. J. 2006 26 3 336-340. 39. J. 1988 8 3 8-22. 40. J. J. 2008 28 6 1 045-1 049. 2007 24 6 801-804. 41. Ⅰ J. 2005 25 3 293-305. 65 Hoffmann C Funk R Wieland R et al. Effects of grazing and to- 42. D. pography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland In-. 2008 43. 66. J. 2008 66 2 158-166. J. 2004 24 4 390-394. 44. J. 67 Shao Y. A model for mineral dust emission J. J Geophys Res - 1997 17 4 355-461. Atmos 2001 106 D17 20 239-20 254. 45. J. 68. 2006 25 2 26-35. J. 2010. 46. R. 69. 2002. 1-15. J. 2003 22 4 378-47. 384. J. 2002 22 5 473-475. 48. 535. J. 2003 17 3 31-33. 49. J. wind flow and saltation sand transport M. Proceedings of IC- 2002 22 2 1-5. AR5 /GCTE - SEN Joint Conference International Center for Arid 50. and Semiarid Lands Studies Texas Tech University Lubbock J. 1999 19 1 60-62. Texas USA Publication 2002. 51. J. 72 Xuan J. Turbulence factors for threshold velocity and emission rate 1987 1 1 125-131. 52. 2004 38 12 1 777-1 783. J. 2008 15 1 4-8. 53. Environmental Modelling & Software 2001 16 3 233-249. J. 2001 21 1 19-22. 54. 55. J. 2002 25 4 489-495. 56. J. 2002 60 2 194-204. 57. 59. J. 60. J. 61 Xuan J Robins A. The effects of turbulence and complex terrain on dust emissions and depositions from coal stockpiles J. Atmospheric Environment 1994 28 11 1 951-1 960. 62 Dong Z B Wang H T Liu X P et al. The blown sand flux over a Geomorphology 2004 57 1-2 117-127. 63. 64. J. 2003 22 6 545-550. ner Mongolia J. J Arid Environ 2008 72 5 792-807. 70 Anderson R S Hallet B. Sediment Transport by Wind - Toward a General Model J. Geol Soc Amer Bull 1986 97 5 523-71 Sterk G van Boxel J Zuurbier R. Interactions between turbulent of atmospheric mineral dust J. Atmospheric Environment 73 Lu H Shao Y. Toward quantitative prediction of dust storms an integrated wind erosion modelling system and its applications J. 74 Shao Y. A similarity theory for saltation and application to aeolian Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264 263

264 28 mass flux J. Boundary - Layer Meteorology 2005 115 2 319-338. 75 Li W Y Lue S H Shen Z B. Improvement and Application of the Similarity Saltation Model Wind - Tunnel Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of the Vertical Sand Mass Flux Distribution in the Saltation Layer J. Boundary - Layer Meteorology 2008 127 2 313-332. 76 Liu X Dong Z Wang X. Wind - tunnel modeling and measurements of the ux of wind - blown sand J. J Arid Environ 2006 66 657-672. 77 Zhang P Lu N M Hu X Q et al. Identification and physical retrieval of dust storm using three MODIS thermal IR channels J. Global and Planetary Change 2006 52 197-206. 78 Nowottnick E Colarco P Ferrare R et al. Online simulations of mineral dust aerosol distributions Comparisons to NAMMA observations and sensitivity to dust emission parameterization J. J Geophys Res - Atmos 2010 115 doi 10. 1029 /2009JD012692. 79 Fratini G Santini M Ciccioli P et al. Evaluation of a wind erosion model in a desert area of northern Asia by eddy covariance J. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2009 34 13 1 743-1 757. 80. J. 1998 18 5 55-62. 81 Gu Y X Rose W I Bluth G J S. Retrieval of mass and sizes of particles in sandstorms using two MODIS IR bands a case study of April 7 2001 sandstorm in China J. Geophys Res Lett 2003 30 15 doi 10. 1029 /2003GL017405. 82 Wen S M Rose W I. Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5 J. J Geophys Res - Atmos 1994 99 D3 5 421-5 431. Review on Characteristics of Micrometeorology and Turbulent Transfer During Dust Events in China LI Xiaolan 1 2 ZHANG Hongsheng 1 1. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China 2. Key Laboratory for Semi - Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Abstract Based on the physical mechanism of wind erosion and dust emission the advances on dust storms in China were reviewed from the micrometeorological perspective the characteristics of micrometeorological variables and the evolutional discipline of turbulent fluxes during dust events as well as atmospheric turbulence effect on parameterization of dust storms were introduced. Meanwhile combining with relevant research abroad shortness at present and research direction in the future about dust events research were discussed including taking different turbulence parameterization schemes in dust storms modeling and comparing the results with the field and satellite observations obtaining the high quality profiles of meteorological variables in the surface layer during dust events studying the influences of soil moisture on dust emission thresholds over various dust sources measuring and modeling dust emission rates of different soil particle size bins and dust flux profiles. Key words dust storm micrometeorology turbulent transfer satellite remote sensing 264 Journal of Arid Meteorology 2010 28 3 256-264