Analysis o n Characteristic s of Fire Smoke in Highway Tunnel by CFD Simulatio n

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1 Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development Vol1 27 No1 1 Jan : 1002Ο0268 (2010) 01Ο0089Ο06 (, ) :,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; : U45811 : A Analysis o n Characteristic s of Fire Smoke in Highway Tunnel by CFD Simulatio n YI Saili (Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai , China) Abstract : Based on the computational fluid dynamics ( CFD) simulation model, the regularity of fire spread and smoke movement occurred in typical tunnel was studied by numerical simulation experiments and theory analysis1 The regular pattern of smoke movement and the distribution pattern of spatial temperature field under different wind speeds and scales of fire as well as the fire influence on the personnel evacuation were investigated in detail1 The influence of key parameters, including wind speed, fire source power and tunnel cross Οsectional shape, on temperature distribution and smoke movement were discussed1 The result shows that (1) the longitudinal ventilation speed affects the smoke layer height distribution along the tunnel significantly ; (2) the circular crossοsection can store more fume and reduce the temperature of tunnel bottom1 The conclusion could be referred as the basis for tunnel fire protection engineering in highway tunnel1 Key words : tunnel engineering ; smoke characteristics ; CFD ; critical wind speed ; fire scale 0, 2006, 3 788, m, m 49,, [1 ],,,,,, [2 ] (Mont Blanc), 39, 36 [1 ] ; ,, 40, 140,, : 2009Ο04Ο12 : (J51502) : ( ),,,,, 1

2 9 0 27, [3-4 ],, CFD,,, [5-6 ] 1,, : : : 5 ( V t ) 5 t + 5 ( V iv j ) x j 2 3, i = t + 5 V j = 0 (1) = 5 5 x i + 5 5V j 5 x i + 5V i 5 x i - 5 5V i + 5 x i s s F st, (2) : 5 ( Y s ) 5 t + 5 ( V jy s ) = 5 5 ( Y s ) 5 x s - w j 5 x s (3) j,, : cp DT - dt 5 s D D = 5 5 T - dt 5 Y s c sdt 5 q rj + + s s F st V st (4),,,,, 1 (a),, v,,, 1 (b) ( ),,, 1 (c) [7-8 ] 2 1 Fig1 1 Schematic diagram of smoke flow of tunnel fire with different wind speeds [9 ] CFD, 1 1 Tab1 1 Parameters of experiment / (m s - 1 ) / MW m 200 m 4 m 5 m ; 200 m 10 m 3,,, m, m, ( ),

3 1 : 91, 3 MW 20 MW, 75 %, : (1),, ; (2), ; (3), FDS FDS (NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technolo2 gy) (Building and Fire Research Labo2 ratory),, 3 311,,,, 2,, 310 m/ s 315 m/ s,, 310 m/ s 2 Fig1 2 The smoke flow distribution with different wind speeds in tunnel, 3, 2 m , 6 m ;, 6 m, 2 m, 100,,,,,,,, 3 Fig1 3 The temperature distribution with different wind speeds along the tunnel length 4,, 5 m,,,,, 4 Fig1 4 The curves of temperature and visibility of tunnel roof with critical wind speed,, 118 m CO ( 5 ),,, ;, m, CO 30 m,,,

4 9 2 27, :, 6 ( 310 m/ s) Fig1 6 The temperature distribution with different fire powers along the tunnel length 5 Fig1 5 The curves of temperature, visibility and CO concentration at the characteristic body height,,,,,,,, 312,,, 3 MW 20 MW, 6,,, m, 3 MW, 10 m, 118 m 30 s, ; 20 MW,, ;,,,, 7 Fig1 7 The temperatureοtime curve of tunnel roof 8 Fig1 8 The visibilityοtime curves at the characteristic body height with different fire powers,,,,,,,,,,,,, 313

5 1 : 93,,,, CO, 4 m 2 MW, 9,,,,,,,,, 10 5 m 65 m,, (1),,, (2), 8,,,, 300,,,,,,,,,,,, 9 Fig1 9 The smoke flow distributions with different crossοsection shapes 11 Fig1 11 The curves of visibility and CO concentration at the characteristic body height with different crossοsection shapes 4 10 Fig1 10 The temperature distributions with different crossοsection shapes 11 CO, (3),,, ;,,,,,,

6 : References : [1 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 2007, 7 (5) : PENG Wei, HUO Ran, LI Yuanzhou, et al1 On Scheme of Smoking Control and Evacuation for Extremely Long Highway Tunnels [J ] 1 Journal of Safety and Environment1 2007, 7 (5) : [2 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 2006, 30 (1) : 4-81 ZHANGJinhua, YANG Gaoshang, PENGLimin, et al1 Nu2 merical Simulation for Smoke Flow of the Tunnel Fire [J ] 1 Journal of Central South Highway Engineering, 2006, 30 (1) : 4-81 [3 ] KARPOV A V, MAKAROV D V, et al1 Fire in Tunnels : 3D Numerical Simulation and Comparison with the Experiment [C ] / / Proceedings of the 4th AsiaΟOceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology1 Tokyo : Waseda University, 2000 : [4 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 2007, 17 (8) : WANG Yanfu, J IANGJuncheng, GONG Yanfeng, et al1test Research of Full - scale Tunnel Fire and Theoretical Prediction on the Distance of Smoke Regressing [J ] 1 China Safety Sci2 ence Journal, 2007, 17 (8) : [5 ] SINCLAIR R1 CFD Simulation in Atrium Smoke Management System Design [ J ] 1 ASHARE Transactions, 2001, 107 : 1-81 [6 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 2001, 16 (4) : SHU Ning, XU Jianmin, ZHONG Hanshu, et al1 The Simu2 lation of Ventilation in Longitudinal Road Tunnel in Fire by Us2 ing Computational Fluid Dynamics [J ] 1 Journal of Hydrody2 namics, 2001, 16 (4) : [7 ],,, 1 [J ] 1, 2004, 6 (10) : LU Ping, CONG Beihua, LIAO Guangxuan, et al1 Study of Fire Smoke Flow Characteristics of Horizontal Tunnel Using Longitudinal Ventilation [ J ] 1 Engineering Sciences, 2004, 6 (10) : [8 ], 1 [J ] 1, 2005, 1 (1) : HONG Lijuan, LIU Chuanju1 Review of Research on Tunnel Fire Safety [J ] 1 Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2005, 1 (1) : [9 ], 1 [J ] 1, 2004 (1) : WANG Wandi, FENG Lian1 Three - Dimensional Numeric Simulation of Highway Tunnel Fire [J ] 1 Refrigeration and Air - conditioning, 2004 (1) : [ 10 ] WU Y, BAKAR M Z A1 Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires using Longitudinal Ventilation Systems : A Study of the Critical Velocity [J ] 1 Fire Safety Journey, 2000, 35 (4) : [11 ] LEE C K, CHAIKEN R F, SINGER J M1 Interaction between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow : An Experimental Study [J ] 1 Combust Science and Technology, 1979, 20 ( 1/ 2) : [ 12 ] COLELLA F, REIN G, BORCHIELLINI R, et al1 Calcula2 tion and Design of Tunnel Ventilation Systems using a TwoΟscale Modelling Approach [J ] 1 Building and Environment, 2009, 44 (12) : , 2009 ( ),, 81, ( ), 19, 2008, 1753, 01747, 1 3, 1868, 81,, ,, ( ) 2008, 38

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