Ðßíáêáò ðåñéå ïìýíùí A. ÅéóáãùãÞ - Ðñïëåãüìåíá.................................11 A.1 Ç âáóéêþ éäýá ôùí öýëëùí õðïëïãéóìþí.............................12 A.2 ÌåñéêÜ éóôïñéêü óôïé åßá..........................................13 A.3 Ôï Excel........................................................14 Á.4 Ëßãá ëüãéá ãéá ôï âéâëßï...........................................15 1. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï Microsoft Excel...........................19 1.1 Åíåñãïðïßçóç ôïõ Excel...........................................20 1.1.1 îïäïò áðü ôï Excel..........................................21 1.2 ÃñáììÝò - óôþëåò - êåëéü, öýëëá - âéâëßá..............................23 1.3 Êýëéóç êáé ìåôáêßíçóç............................................26 1.4 ÐáñÜèõñï åñãáóéþí.............................................27 1.5 ÅëëçíéêÝò óõíþèåéåò..............................................28 1.6 íá ðñþôï öýëëï åñãáóßáò.......................................28 1.6.1 Åßäç äåäïìýíùí óå Ýíá êåëß.....................................28 1.6.2 ÅéóáãùãÞ êåéìýíïõ............................................29 1.6.3 ÅéóáãùãÞ áñéèìçôéêþí ôéìþí...................................34 1.6.4 ÅéóáãùãÞ ó Ýóåùí...........................................35 1.7 ÁðëÝò ìïñöïðïéþóåéò............................................38 1.7.1 ÌåôáâïëÞ ôïõ ðëüôïõò ìéáò óôþëçò..............................39 1.8 ÁðïèÞêåõóç êáé Ýîïäïò...........................................40 1.9 ÂïÞèåéá ôïõ Microsoft Excel........................................42 2. Åðåîåñãáóßåò óôï Excel...................................45 2.1 ñþóéìåò äõíáôüôçôåò............................................46 2.1.1 Áõôüìáôç óõìðëþñùóç........................................46 2.1.2 ÓõìðëÞñùóç êáôü óôþëåò......................................47 2.1.3 Ðåñéï Ýò êáé áíáöïñýò........................................48 2.1.4 ÐáñåìâïëÞ êáé äéáãñáöþ......................................50 2.1.5 ÁðáëïéöÞ (óâþóéìï) ðåñéï þí..................................52 2.1.6 Äõíáôüôçôá áíáßñåóçò........................................53 2.2 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôéò óõíáñôþóåéò.......................................54 2.3 ÁíôéãñáöÝò êáé ìåôáêéíþóåéò.......................................56 2.3.1 ÁíôéãñáöÝò êáé ìåôáêéíþóåéò óôáèåñþí ôéìþí......................57 2.3.2 ÌåôáêéíÞóåéò................................................57 2.4 ÁíáæçôÞóåéò êáé áíôéêáôáóôüóåéò...................................61 2.5 ÅðéðëÝïí ñþóéìá óôïé åßá........................................62 2.5.1 Ôýðïé óôáèåñþí ôéìþí êáé ç åéóáãùãþ ôïõò.......................63 2.5.2 Ïíïìáóßåò ðåñéï þí..........................................66
4 ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 2.5.3 ÅðéëïãÝò....................................................72 2.5.4 ñþóéìá ðëþêôñá êáé êáôáóôüóåéò ëåéôïõñãßáò.....................76 2.5.5 Åðéêýñùóç äåäïìýíùí........................................78 2.5.6 Áõôüìáôç óõìðëþñùóç........................................81 2.5.7 ÐñïóèÞêç ó ïëßùí...........................................84 2.5.8 Äõíáôüôçôåò åéäéêþò åðéêüëëçóçò................................85 3. ÌïñöïðïéÞóåéò............................................87 3.1 ÃåíéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá................................................88 3.1.1 ÃñáììáôïóåéñÝò..............................................88 3.1.2 Ìïñöïðïßçóç áñéèìþí........................................91 3.1.3 ÁëëáãÝò ðëüôïõò - ýøïõò......................................93 3.1.4 Óôïé ßóåéò êáé êëßóåéò..........................................95 3.1.5 Ðëáßóéá.....................................................98 3.1.6 ÐñïóèÞêç ñþìáôïò.........................................100 3.1.7 Êåöáëßäåò êáé õðïóýëéäá......................................102 3.1.8 ÂáóéêÜ ó üëéá ó åôéêü ìå ôéò ìïñöïðïéþóåéò......................104 3.2 ÅðéðëÝïí äõíáôüôçôåò...........................................105 3.2.1 Êáôçãïñßåò áñéèìþí - ðñïóáñìïóìýíïé ôýðïé.....................105 3.2.2 ÌïñöïðïéÞóåéò çìåñïìçíéþí êáé ùñþí.........................110 3.2.3 ÌïñöïðïéÞóåéò õðü óõíèþêç..................................112 3.2.4 ÁíáæçôÞóåéò ìïñöïðïéþóåùí..................................113 3.2.5 Äçìéïõñãßá êáé åöáñìïãþ Óôõë.................................114 3.2.6 Áõôüìáôç ìïñöïðïßçóç......................................115 3.2.7 ÅéóáãùãÞ åéäéêþí áñáêôþñùí.................................116 3.2.8 Öüíôï óå üëï ôï öýëëï.......................................117 3.3 ÓõìâïõëÝò êáé éäýåò.............................................117 4. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôá äéáãñüììáôá............................125 4.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôá äéáãñüììáôá ôïõ Excel...............................126 4.2 Äçìéïõñãßá äéáãñüììáôïò - ïñïëïãßá...............................127 4.2.1 Óýíäåóç äåäïìýíùí - äéáãñüììáôïò.............................132 4.3 Ìç áíéóìüò áíüðôõîçò äéáãñáììüôùí óôï Excel.....................132 4.4 ÅðéëïãÞ äéáãñüììáôïò - âáóéêïß åéñéóìïß...........................133 4.4.1 åéñéóìüò óåéñþí êáé óçìåßùí äåäïìýíùí........................134 4.4.2 ÁðïèÞêåõóç, áíüêôçóç êáé åêôýðùóç äéáãñüììáôïò...............136 4.5 ÂáóéêÝò ôñïðïðïéþóåéò êáé ìïñöïðïéþóåéò..........................137 4.5.1 ÃåíéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá............................................137 4.5.2 ÅéóáãùãÞ - ôñïðïðïßçóç ôßôëùí êáé êåéìýíïõ.....................139 4.5.3 ÌïñöïðïéÞóåéò äéáãñáììüôùí.................................141 4.6 Ç óõíüñôçóç SERIES.............................................146 4.7 ÄéáãñÜììáôá ìå âüóç äõíáìéêýò ðåñéï Ýò...........................147
ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 5 5. ñþóéìá óôïé åßá äéáãñáììüôùí......................151 5.1 Ñýèìéóç óôïé åßùí äéáãñáììüôùí..................................152 5.1.1 ÊáôÜóôñùóç óôïé åßùí õðïâüèñïõ äéáãñüììáôïò.................152 5.1.2 ÔéìÝò äåäïìýíùí, åðéãñáöýò, õðïìíþìáôá.......................158 5.2 Ôýðïé äéáãñáììüôùí êáé ç ñþóç ôïõò..............................161 5.2.1 ÄéáãñÜììáôá ðßôáò..........................................161 5.2.2 ÄéÜãñáììá äáêôõëßùí........................................164 5.2.3 ÃñáììéêÜ äéáãñüììáôá.......................................164 5.2.4 ÄéáãñÜììáôá åìâáäïý........................................165 5.2.5 ÑáâäïäéáãñÜììáôá..........................................167 5.2.6 ÓùñåõìÝíá ñáâäïäéáãñüììáôá................................170 5.2.7 ÄéÜãñáììá 100%............................................171 5.2.8 ÓõíäåäåìÝíåò ñüâäïé.........................................171 5.2.9 ÄéáãñÜììáôá äéáóðïñüò XY...................................172 5.2.10 ÄéáãñÜììáôá óôéò ôñåéò äéáóôüóåéò.............................174 5.2.11 3Ä Åðéöáíåßáò.............................................177 5.3 Åéäéêïß ôýðïé äéáãñáììüôùí.......................................177 5.3.1 ÅéêïíïäéáãñÜììáôá..........................................177 5.3.2 Ó åäßáóç äéáãñáììüôùí óå äéáöïñåôéêïýò Üîïíåò.................179 5.3.3 ÄéáãñÜììáôá óõíäõáóìþí....................................180 5.3.4 ÐñïóáñìïãÞ êáìðõëþí óå óçìåßá..............................181 5.3.5 ÐñïóáñìïóìÝíïé ôýðïé.......................................182 6. Õðïëïãéóìïß ìå ó Ýóåéò êáé óõíáñôþóåéò............183 6.1 Ó Ýóåéò óôï Excel...............................................184 6.1.1 ÄïìéêÜ óôïé åßá ó Ýóåùí.....................................184 6.1.2 ÔéìÝò ëüèïõò...............................................188 6.1.3 ñþóéìá óôïé åßá ó Ýóåùí....................................189 6.2 Åßäç áíáöïñþí êáé ó Ýóåéò.......................................195 6.2.1 ÁíôéãñáöÞ áíáöïñþí ùñßò ñýèìéóç...........................198 6.2.2 Ó Ýóåéò ìå ôßôëïõò ãñáììþí êáé óôçëþí..........................199 6.2.3 ÅîùôåñéêÝò áíáöïñýò........................................200 6.3 ÓõíáñôÞóåéò...................................................201 6.3.1 ÂÜóåùí äåäïìýíùí..........................................203 6.3.2 Çìåñïìçíßáò êáé þñáò.......................................203 6.3.3 ÏéêïíïìéêÝò................................................206 6.3.4 Ìç áíéêïý.................................................208 6.3.5 ËïãéêÝò....................................................211 6.3.6 ÌáèçìáôéêÝò...............................................212 6.3.7 ÓôáôéóôéêÝò.................................................214 6.3.8 ÁíáæÞôçóçò êáé áíáöïñüò....................................216 6.3.9 Ðëçñïöïñéþí..............................................218 6.3.10 ÊåéìÝíïõ..................................................219 6.3.11 Ôá åñãáëåßá áíüëõóçò.......................................221 6.4 ñþóéìá óôïé åßá õðïëïãéóìþí....................................221
6 ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 6.4.1 ëåã ïò õðïëïãéóìþí óôï Excel................................221 6.4.2 Ó Ýóåéò ðéíüêùí............................................222 6.4.3 Õðïëïãéóìïß ìå çìåñïìçíßåò êáé þñåò...........................226 6.4.4 Õðïëïãéóìïß õðü óõíèþêç.....................................227 6.4.5 ÊõêëéêÝò áíáöïñýò..........................................231 6.4.6 ÁíáöïñÝò 3D...............................................233 6.4.7 Áõôüìáôç Üèñïéóç êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ìå åðéëïãþ....................233 6.4.8 Áêñßâåéá êáé ìåãýèç ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ôï Excel.....................234 7. Ëßóôåò êáé åîùôåñéêü äåäïìýíá.......................235 7.1 ÃåíéêÜ ðåñß ëéóôþí..............................................236 7.2 ÂáóéêÝò åðåîåñãáóßåò óå ëßóôá....................................238 7.2.1 Åíçìåñþóåéò áð åõèåßáò óôç ëßóôá.............................239 7.2.2 ÅíçìÝñùóç ëßóôáò ìå ôç öüñìá äåäïìýíùí.......................239 7.3 ÁíáæÞôçóç åããñáöþí ìå öüñìá...................................242 7.4 Áõôüìáôï ößëôñï...............................................243 7.5 Ôáîéíüìçóç äåäïìýíùí..........................................247 7.5.1 Ôáîéíüìçóç ìå âüóç Ýíá ðåäßï.................................247 7.6 Ïé ëßóôåò óôï Excel 2003..........................................250 7.7 ÅéóáãùãÞ äåäïìýíùí áðü åîùôåñéêýò ðçãýò.........................252 7.7.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ áñ åßùí ASCII......................................252 7.7.2 ÂÜóåéò äåäïìýíùí...........................................255 8. ÁíáãùãÝò äåäïìýíùí....................................267 8.1 Ó çìáôéóìüò óýíèåôïõ ößëôñïõ....................................268 8.1.1 Ó çìáôéóìüò êñéôçñßùí.......................................268 8.1.2 ËïãéêÞ ó çìáôéóìïý ðåñéï Þò êñéôçñßùí.........................270 8.1.3 ÁíôéãñáöÞ öéëôñáñéóìýíùí åããñáöþí...........................272 8.1.4 ÖéëôñÜñéóìá ìå ìïíáäéêýò åããñáöýò............................273 8.2 ÓôáôéóôéêÜ óôïé åßá áðü ëßóôåò....................................274 8.3 ÓõíïëéêÞ åéêüíá................................................275 8.3.1 ÁðëÝò ðåñéï Ýò.............................................276 8.3.2 ÐïëëáðëÝò ðåñéï Ýò.........................................277 8.3.3 Óýíäåóç ðçãþí - ÓõíïëéêÞò åéêüíáò.............................279 8.4 Ïìáäïðïßçóç êáé äéüñèñùóç.....................................280 8.4.1 ÂáóéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá...........................................280 8.4.2 Ïìáäïðïßçóç ìå åðéëïãþ.....................................282 8.4.3 ÁðïìÜêñõíóç ïìáäïðïßçóçò êáé äéüñèñùóçò.....................283 8.5 ÐñïóèÞêç õðïáèñïéóìüôùí......................................283 8.6 Óõãêåíôñùôéêïß ðßíáêåò..........................................285 8.6.1 ñþóç ôïõ Ïäçãïý Óõãêåíôñùôéêïý ðßíáêá.......................286 8.6.2 Ðåäßá ôïõ Óõãêåíôñùôéêïý ðßíáêá..............................291 8.6.3 ÅíáëëáãÞ óôçëþí - ãñáììþí..................................293 8.6.4 ÐñïóèÞêç ðåäßïõ............................................293 8.6.5 ÁðïìÜêñõíóç ðåäßùí áðü Óõãêåíôñùôéêü ðßíáêá..................294 8.6.6 ÁíáíÝùóç Óõãêåíôñùôéêïý ðßíáêá..............................294
ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 7 8.6.7 ÐñïóáñìïãÞ ðåäßïõ åëýã ïõ (ãñáììþò, óôþëçò)...................295 8.6.8 ÐñïóáñìïãÞ ðåäßïõ äåäïìýíùí................................296 8.6.9 ÅéóáãùãÞ êáé åéñéóìüò ðåäßïõ óåëßäáò..........................297 8.6.10 ÖéëôñÜñéóìá Óõãêåíôñùôéêïý ðßíáêá...........................298 8.6.11 ÅìöÜíéóç óåëßäùí..........................................299 8.6.12 ÅìöÜíéóç ëåðôïìåñåéþí.....................................300 9. Åñãáëåßá áíüëõóçò.......................................301 9.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ.....................................................302 9.2 Ðßíáêåò ìéáò êáé äýï åéóüäùí.....................................302 9.2.1 Ðßíáêåò ìéáò åéóüäïõ.........................................303 9.2.2 Ðßíáêåò äýï åéóüäùí.........................................304 9.2.3 Ó üëéá ó åôéêü ìå ôïõò ðßíáêåò äåäïìýíùí.......................305 9.3 ÓåíÜñéá êáé äéá åßñéóç óåíáñßùí...................................306 9.4 ÁíáæÞôçóç óôü ïõ..............................................308 9.5 Ç åðßëõóç.....................................................310 9.5.1 ÐáñÜäåéãìá ñþóçò Åðßëõóçò..................................311 10. ñþóéìá óôïé åßá..........................................317 10.1 Åêôýðùóç óôï Excel............................................318 10.1.1 Äéáìüñöùóç åêôýðùóçò....................................318 10.1.2 Ðñïåðéóêüðçóç åêôýðùóçò..................................319 10.1.3 Åêôýðùóç.................................................322 10.2 Äéá åßñéóç öýëëùí âéâëßïõ åñãáóßáò..............................323 10.3 Ðñïóôáóßá...................................................325 10.3.1 Ðñïóôáóßá êåëéþí..........................................325 10.3.2 Ðñïóôáóßá âéâëßïõ..........................................327 10.3.3 Âéâëßï åñãáóßáò óå äßêôõï....................................327 10.4 åéñéóìüò ðáñáèýñùí..........................................330 10.4.1 Ôáêôïðïßçóç ðáñáèýñùí....................................330 10.4.2 Áðüêñõøç ðáñáèýñùí......................................331 10.4.3 Ôáõôü ñïíç åìöüíéóç öýëëùí ôïõ ßäéïõ âéâëßïõ..................331 10.4.4 Äéáßñåóç êáé óôáèåñïðïßçóç öýëëïõ...........................332 10.4.5 Æïõì.....................................................333 10.4.6 Êëåßóéìï ðáñáèýñïõ........................................334 10.5 Óýíäåóç öýëëùí êáé âéâëßùí.....................................334 10.6 þñïò åñãáóßáò, ðñüôõðá êáé üøåéò..............................336 10.6.1 þñïò åñãáóßáò............................................336 10.6.2 Ðñüôõðá.................................................337 10.6.3 ÐñïóáñìïóìÝíåò üøåéò......................................338 10.7 Óôïé åßá åëýã ïõ...............................................339 10.7.1 ñþóç óôïé åßùí åëýã ïõ áðü ôçí åñãáëåéïèþêç Öüñìåò...........340 10.7.2 Ðëáßóéï åëýã ïõ............................................341 10.7.3 Êïõìðß åðéëïãþò...........................................342 10.7.4 Ðëáßóéï áõîïìåßùóçò.......................................343 10.7.5 ÃñáììÞ êýëéóçò............................................344
8 ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 10.7.6 Ðëáßóéï ëßóôáò.............................................344 10.7.7 Åðáíáûðïëïãéóìïß êáé óôïé åßá Ýëåã ïõ........................345 10.8 ÅðéðëÝïí âïçèçôéêü óôïé åßá.....................................346 10.6.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ åéêüíùí..........................................347 10.8.2 Åéäéêü êåßìåíï WordArt.......................................348 10.8.3 Ó åäßáóç óôï Excel..........................................349 10.8.4 Áõôüìáôá ó Þìáôá.........................................353 10.8.5 Óýíôáîç åîéóþóåùí.........................................355 10.8.9 ÏñèïãñÜöïò êáé áõôüìáôç äéüñèùóç..........................356 11. ÅéóáãùãÞ óôç VBA........................................359 11.1 ÃåíéêÝò Áñ Ýò.................................................361 11.2 ÊáôáãñáöÝáò ìáêñïåíôïëþí....................................361 11.2.1 ÊáôáãñáöÞ ìáêñïåíôïëþò....................................361 11.2.2 ÅêôÝëåóç ìáêñïåíôïëþò......................................363 11.3 ÐåñéâÜëëïí áíüðôõîçò VBA......................................363 11.3.1 Äïìïóôïé åßá..............................................365 11.4 Äçìéïõñãßá ðñïãñáììüôùí VBA..................................366 11.5 Áíôéêåßìåíá...................................................368 11.6 ÂáóéêÜ óôïé åßá ðñïãñüììáôïò VBA...............................372 11.6.1 Õðïñïõôßíåò...............................................372 11.6.2 ÓõíáñôÞóåéò...............................................375 11.6.3 ÌåôáâëçôÝò, óôáèåñýò êáé ïé äçëþóåéò ôïõò.....................379 11.6.4 Ðßíáêåò...................................................382 11.7 ÅíôïëÝò åëýã ïõ ñïþò...........................................383 11.7.1 ÄïìÞ IF...................................................383 11.7.2 Ç äïìþ CASE...............................................384 11.7.3 Âñü ïé....................................................384 11.8 Ðáñáäåßãìáôá ñþóçò VBA......................................385 11.8.1 Áíôéóôïß éóç ìáêñïåíôïëþò óå êïõìðß..........................385 11.8.2 ÐïëëáðëÝò åíýñãåéåò óå Ýíá áíôéêåßìåíï........................386 11.8.3 ÄéÜâáóìá ãñüøéìï óå êåëéü..................................387 11.8.4 ÄïìÝò åëýã ïõ.............................................388 12. ÌáèçìáôéêÝò åöáñìïãýò...............................391 12.1 Åðßëõóç Åîéóþóåùí............................................392 12.1.1 ÃñáöéêÞ ìýèïäïò...........................................392 12.1.2 ÌÝèïäïò ôïõ Óôáèåñïý Óçìåßïõ...............................395 12.1.3 ÌÝèïäïò ôùí Newton-Raphson................................398 12.1.4 Ëýóç ìå ôç ñþóç ôçò Åðßëõóçò ôïõ Excel........................399 12.2 Åðßëõóç ÓõóôçìÜôùí...........................................400 12.2.1 Åðßëõóç ãñáììéêïý óõóôþìáôïò ìå áíôéóôñïöþ ðßíáêá............400 12.2.1 ÌÝèïäïò Gauss-Seidel.......................................402 12.2.1 Ëýóç óõóôçìüôùí ìå ôçí Åðßëõóç ôïõ Excel......................404 12.2.1 ÓõóôÞìáôá Ìç Ãñáììéêþí Åîéóþóåùí..........................404
ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 9 12.3 ÉäéïôéìÝò êáé Éäéïäéáíýóìáôá.....................................406 12.4 ÐáñåìâïëÞ...................................................407 12.5 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ ÏëïêëÞñùóç........................................409 13. ÓôáôéóôéêÝò ÅöáñìïãÝò.................................413 13.1 ÁðëÜ áñéèìçôéêü äåäïìýíá......................................414 13.1.1 ÌÝôñá èýóçò êáé äéáóðïñüò..................................414 13.1.2 ÁíÜëõóç ÄåäïìÝíùí: ÐåñéãñáöéêÜ óôáôéóôéêü...................416 13.1.3 ÔÜîç êáé åêáôïóôçìüñéá.....................................418 13.1.4 Óôáôéóôéêïß ðßíáêåò.........................................419 13.1.5 ÄéáãñÜììáôá..............................................421 13.1.6 ÌÝôñá èýóçò êáé äéáóðïñüò óå ïìáäïðïéçìýíá äåäïìýíá..........422 13.2 Äéìåôáâëçôïß ðëçèõóìïß........................................423 13.2.1 Ðßíáêåò äéðëþò åéóüäïõ. Óõãêåíôñùôéêïß ðßíáêåò................423 13.2.2 Óõó Ýôéóç - Óõíäéáêýìáíóç..................................425 13.3 Ðáëéíäñüìçóç................................................426 13.3.1 ÐåñéãñáöÞ ôçò ìåèüäïõ....................................427 13.3.2 Ðïéüôçôá ðñïóáñìïãþò - Ï äåßêôçò ðñïóäéïñéóìïý R 2............429 13.3.3 ÅðéëïãÞ ôçò êáìðýëçò ðáëéíäñüìçóçò.........................430 13.3.4 Åðßëõóç ìå ôï Excel........................................430 13.4 ÊáôáíïìÝò ôõ áßùí ìåôáâëçôþí êáé Ýëåã ïé õðïèýóåùí..............436 13.4.1 ÄéùíõìéêÞ êáôáíïìþ........................................437 13.4.2 ÊáôáíïìÞ Poisson...........................................438 13.4.3 ÊáíïíéêÞ êáôáíïìþ.........................................439 13.4.4 ÄéáóôÞìáôá åìðéóôïóýíçò...................................439 13.4.5 ëåã ïé õðïèýóåùí.........................................440 14. ÏéêïíïìéêÝò êáé ëïãéóôéêýò åöáñìïãýò..............443 14.1 Ôüêïé........................................................444 14.2 Ðñïåîüöëçóç óõíáëëáãìáôéêþò..................................445 14.3 Áíáôïêéóìüò..................................................447 14.4 ÑÜíôåò.......................................................448 14.4.1 ºóåò êáôáèýóåéò...........................................449 14.4.2 ºóåò áíáëþøåéò............................................449 14.4.3 ñåïëõóßá.................................................449 14.4.4 Êáôçãïñßåò ñáíôþí êáé óõíáñôþóåéò ôïõ Excel....................451 14.5 Áîéüãñáöá...................................................452 14.6 ÐÜãéá.......................................................453 14.7 óïäá / îïäá................................................454 14.8 ñçìáôïññïýò (cash flow).......................................456 14.9 Ìéóèïäïóßá..................................................459 14.10 Êïóôïëüãçóç................................................461 15. ÃñáöéêÜ ìå ôï Excel......................................465 15.1 Åðéêõêëïåéäåßò êáé õðïêõêëïåéäåßò.................................466
10 ÐÅÑÉÅ ÏÌÅÍÁ 15.2 Çìßôïíá êáé óõíçìßôïíá.........................................470 15.3 Êáìðýëåò Lissajours............................................472 15.4 ÐïëéêÝò óõíôåôáãìýíåò.........................................475 15.5 ëéêåò.......................................................477 15.5.1 Áñ éìþäåéåò Ýëéêåò..........................................477 15.5.2 ËïãáñéèìéêÞ Þ éóïãþíéá Ýëéêá.................................481 15.6 Ñüäá........................................................482 15.7 Ðåñéóóüôåñá Üíèç.............................................483 15.8 ÅðéöÜíåéåò ìå áíáëõôéêýò ó Ýóåéò.................................487 ÅðéëåãìÝíç âéâëéïãñáößá.....................................489 ÅõñåôÞñéï.........................................................490