Εγκέφαλος & Νους Νευρικό κύτταρο μονάδα επεξεργασίας της πληροφορίας
W. W. Norton
Two types of synapses: Electrical (Gap Junctions) Chemical
EPSC at dendrite can lead to action potential
Chemical Synapse Communication between neurons
Synapse Communication between neurons
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ Ένα παράδειγµα επικοινωνίας - µεταφοράς πληροφορίας
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Depending on the neurotransmitter and the receptor, the postsynaptic potential can be excitatory or inhibitory
Effect of inhibition on excitation
Two forms of integration of information
What about consciousness?
Γνωστική Λειτουργία και Φλοιός
Plasticity of the brain building of synapses
ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΣ & ΝΟΥΣ ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 19 ΓΝΩΣΤΙΚΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΦΛΟΙΟΣ
Consciousness is a Subjective Experience Ποιοτικοί χαρακτήρες εµπειρίας One difficult question related to consciousness is how people experience qualia, the phenomenological percepts of the world. For instance, does red look the same to everyone who has normal color vision?
Ramon-y-Cajal: brain composed of individual cells neurons Cajal, 1901
Where in the brain does consciousness occur? 1. Νευρική λειτουργία προκαλεί συνείδηση 2. Η συνείδηση προκαλεί γεγονότα στον εγκέφαλο 3. Χ παράγοντας προκαλεί συνείδηση /νευρική λειτουργία
Παράλληλα συστήματα συνείδησης Cognitive neuroscience supports that awareness of different aspects of the world is associating with functioning in different parts of the brain.
ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΜΟΣ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΩΝ ΣΥΝΕΙΔΗΣΗΣ Tonotopic map in auditory cortex
Copyright 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ ΣΥΝΕΙΡΜΙΚΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΕΣ
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ
Functional map based on observing correlations between behavioral deficits and brain damage.
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ ΈΈξω ραχιαίος Κογχιο-μετωπιαίος
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ ΕΚΤΙΜΑ ΤΙΣ ΣΥΝΕΠΕΙΕΣ ΑΠΌΌ ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΖΕΙ ΑΝΑΛΟΓΑ ΚΥΡΙΑ ΑΥΛΑΚΑ ΣΧΕΤΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΜΕ ΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΘΥΣΤΕΡΗΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΠΟΚΡΙΣΗΣ
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ
Νευρώνες του οπίσθιου βρεγματικού φλοιού οφθαλμικές κινήσεις ΈΈξω-ραχιαίος προμετωπιαίος φλοιός (κύρια αύλακα που περιέχει την ενεργή μνήμη) έχει συνδέσεις με τον οπίσθιο βρεγματικό συνειρμικό φλοιό (έξω-προσωπικός χώρος, χωρική μνήμη)
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ ΒΛΑΒΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΥΡΙΑ ΑΥΛΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΕΙ ΔΙΑΤΑΡΑΧΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΝΕΡΓΗ ΜΝΗΜΗ ΓΙΑ ΚΑΘΥΣΤΕΡΗΜΕΝΗ ΑΠΟΚΡΙΣΗ ΣΤΟ ΧΩΡΟ
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ
Ο προμετωπιαίος φλοιός έχει σημαντική ντοπαμινεργική νεύρωση.
Delayed Non-Match to Sample
The social brain: the usual anatomical suspects Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (green): social decisionmaking, planning, inhibition. Right Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is capable of discriminating between fear and happiness with 120 msec of stimulus exposure Amygdala (red): fear conditioning, processing emotionallyrelevant stimuli including social stimuli; social judgments Right somatosensory cortex (blue): decoding complex emotional expressions via simulation, empathy Fusiform face area (green): face processing Cingulate (yellow): error monitoring, reward, autonomic responses Mirror neurons: imitation, simulation, empathy Plus: Visual association cortices, hypothalamus, thalamus, brainstem Bottom line: It s a fronto-temporal world
Mirror Neuron System Class of neurons in F5 (ventral premotor cortex) that discharge both: when animal performs object-directed action when animal observes OD action in others Subset appear to be communicative motor neurons Potentially important for understanding social learning and imitation effects Being investigated in social-emotional impairments such as autism, Asperger s disorder, and schizophrenia May be important in empathy
Copyright 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
Βλάβες σε Βρεγματικές Συνειρμικές Περιοχές Αντίληψη σχέσεων στο χώρο Γνώση σώματος Αφασία Αγνωσία
Εγκεφαλικές βλάβες κροταφικού φλοιού-στεφανιαίος συνειρμικός ές ό ς ή ς φλοιός What do you mean I have hemifield neglect? ί ά ς π ώ ώ ώ ώ
Hemifield neglect: occurs in right temporal damage, so patients neglect their left visual field, even their left arm. Neglect
Phineas Gage s lesion reconstructed (H. Damasio and R. Frank, 1992)
Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind Left hemisphere: dominant for language Right hemisphere: dominant for spatial relationships Splitting the brain splits the mind: the brain halves contain independent perceptions, thoughts, and consciousness Gazzaniga: Split-Brain experiments and research
μεσολόβιο Copyright 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
Figure 4.7 Images from the left side Sperry go to the 1968 brain s right hemisphere, and images Διατομή from the του right side go οπτικού to the left hemisphere. χιάσματος, μεσολόβιου
Figure 4.8 (Left)
Figure 4.8 (Right)
Testing Split-Brain Patients κατανόηση λέξεων Copyright 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
The Left Hemisphere Interpreter Exercise
Lateralization Left Hemisphere Verbal competence Speaking, reading, thinking reasoning Processes info in sequence One piece of data at a time Logical Right Hemisphere Nonverbal areas Comprehension, spatial relationships, drawing, music, emotion Processes info. As a whole Intuitive
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ
NEYPOEΠIΣTHMH KAI ΣYMΠEPIΦOPA ΠANEΠIΣTHMIAKEΣ EKΔOΣEIΣ KPHTHΣ Εγκεφαλικές Ασυμμετρίες Ινιακός φλοιός προμετωπιαίος
Language in the brain Lateralization: Left vs. Right Hemisphere The Wada Test (1949) Juhn A. Wada Κατάθλιψη / ευφορία
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS
HOW MANY?
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS Answer: There are 6 F s in the sentence WHY IS THIS HARD?
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Fcuknig amzanig huh?