217 Index symbols 2MASS, see Two Micron All Sky Survey a absolute magnitude, 36, 48, 51 abundances, 1, 2, 7, 10 20, 30, 31, 53 74, 78, 81 85, 120 123, 125, 126, 134 139, 142 144, 152, 159 164, 167, 192, 198, 207 accretion, 1, 17, 19, 20, 53, 60, 71, 84, 85, 97, 100, 101, 119, 122 124, 136 139, 142 144, 151 153, 155, 158 164, 177, 183, 184, 190 192, 199 Bondi-Hoyle, 100, 141, 163 Eddington, 161, 163 interstellar, 19, 122, 162 164 rate, 142 144, 151, 152, 159, 161, 163, 184, 191, 192 AGB, see Asymptotic Giant Branch AKARI, 148, 199 ALMA, see Atacama Large Millimeter Array apparent magnitude, 36 asteroid accretion model, 123, 124 asteroids, 53, 71, 85, 91, 97, 99, 101, 102, 113, 117, 123, 124, 127, 131, 134, 139, 142, 143, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159 164, 173, 185, 186, 188 199 Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) 2, 10, 14, 20, 54, 62, 188 190, 199, 203 post-, 3, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 54, 61, 81 85 Atacama Large Millimeter Array, 167 b Balmer lines, 2 4, 6, 7, 9, 18, 54, 56, 69, 126, 142 binaries, 2, 9, 16, 90, 93 96, 103, 104, 121, 126, 137, 165, 166 brown dwarf companions, 93, 95 cataclysmic variables, 90, 104, 121 double degenerates, 90, 103, 126, 137 evolution of, 2, 96, 166 mergers of, 16, 94, 137 blackbody radiation, 29, 34, 43, 50, 95, 119, 127, 151, 156, 175, 179, 180 bolometric correction, 29 bolometric magnitude, 9, 27, 37, 46, 47 brown dwarfs, 30, 93 95, 104, 109, 111, 118, 119, 124, 134, 165 c chemical abundances, see abundances CIA, see Collision Induced Absorption Collision Induced Absorption (CIA), 29 31, 33, 35, 40 43, 46, 51, 65, 68 colors, 29, 32, 34 40, 43, 46, 48, 49, 73, 124 color-color diagram, 37 40 color-magnitude diagram, 48, 49 cometary impact model, 122, 123 comets, 17, 19, 91, 97, 99, 117, 122, 123, 129 131, 148, 188, 199 convection 17 19, 26, 27, 60, 61, 79, 81, 82, 85, 121, 122, 138, 139, 142, 159, 161 163 convective coupling 26 28, 47, 51 cool DA white dwarfs, see DA white dwarfs cool cooling, 2, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 25 29, 33, 36, 42, 44 50, 60, 64, 66, 69, 81, 82, 100, 121, 135, 137, 147, 151 153, 155, 157, 165, 176, 183, 185 187, 191, 192, 195, 197 age, 2, 26 29, 33, 42, 44 50, 60, 66, 100, 121, 135, 137, 151 153, 155, 157, 176, 183, 185 187, 191, 192, 195, 197 curves, 27, 28, 36 Debye,27 isochrones, 45 Mestel, 25, 26 rate, 26 28, 46 sequence, 14, 17, 20, 26, 48, 50 White Dwarf Atmospheres and Circumstellar Environments. First Edition. Edited by D. W. Hoard. 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2011 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
218 Index tracks, 12, 20, 27, 64, 82 COS, see Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph cosmochronology, 25 29, 33, 42, 44, 46, 50, 51 crystallization 26 28, 45, 51 d DA white dwarfs, 1 4, 6 9, 12, 17, 18, 31, 32, 38, 39, 47, 56, 60, 69, 78, 85, 99, 104, 122, 125, 126, 134, 138, 145, 146, 153, 161, 162, 165 cool, 31, 32, 38, 39, 99, 125, 138, 161 hot, 2, 3, 6 9, 12, 18, 153 DAO white dwarfs, 2, 9 12 DAZ white stars, 53, 122, 123, 125 128, 130, 135, 136, 138 144, 153, 158, 165 DB gap, 14, 17, 18, 19, 42 DB white dwarfs, 1 3, 5, 9, 17 19, 56, 60, 62, 64, 69 73, 75, 78, 82, 83, 85, 99, 138, 160 162 hot, 5, 17, 19, 72, 85 DBA white dwarfs, 2, 17, 18, 85 DBQ white dwarfs, 53, 54, 56, 70, 73, 84 DBZ white dwarfs, 17, 53, 85, 122, 123, 126, 128, 135, 138, 139, 143, 144, 146, 150, 153, 158, 161 163 DC white dwarfs, 2, 3, 38, 40, 41, 43, 56, 85 DDO51 filter, 34, 35 DO white dwarfs, 2 4, 6, 7, 12, 14 17, 64, 82 DQ white dwarfs, 2, 3, 5, 6, 19, 38, 43, 53 86 hot, 6, 19, 53, 60, 72 86 dredge-up model, 61 64, 71 74 dust temperature, 127, 133, 140, 158, 167, 174, 175, 178, 179 DZ white dwarfs, 2, 3, 5, 6, 38, 43, 44, 53, 85, 163 e electron degeneracy pressure, 25 emission measure, 204 equivalent width, 35, 120, 125, 126 EUVE, see Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 1 f Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) 1, 6, 7, 9, 13, 70, 209 forsterite, 130 FUSE, see Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer g Gaia, 20, 51 galaxies, 112, 136, 137, 147 Galaxy, 26, 28, 33, 35, 36, 45 51, 66, 90, 106 108, 110, 163, 198 disk, 26, 28, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 66, 163 halo, 26, 28, 35, 36, 48 51 gas drag, 188, 189, 197 gaseous disks, 101, 136, 137, 141 143, 145 148, 153, 173, 175, 184, 191, 198 Gemini Observatory, 148 globular clusters, see star clusters globular gravitational lensing, 91, 96, 105 113 mesolensing, 105 111 microlensing, 91, 96, 107, 110 planet detection, 108, 109 gravitational settling, 53, 54, 60, 72, 121, 177, 192 h halo white dwarfs, 26, 28, 35, 36, 48 51 Hamburg-Schmidt Survey, 6, 11, 139 He II lines, 2 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18, 54, 210 Herschel Space Observatory (Herschel), 167 Hill radius, 186, 187 Hill stability, 185, 193 HIRES, see Keck Observatory High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer horizontal branch, 10, 11 extended, 2, 9 11 hot DA white dwarfs, see DA white dwarfs hot hot DB white dwarfs, see DB white dwarfs hot hot DQ white dwarfs, see DQ white dwarfs hot HST, see Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 1, 4, 11, 48, 56, 57, 70, 84, 93, 103, 108, 110, 165, 167, 199 Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), 11, 84, 167, 199 Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), 6 HUT, see Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope hydrodynamical simulations, 20, 212 i Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), see Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 118 infrared excess, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 118 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 133 137, 139, 140, 142 145, 147 151, 153 155, 158, 164 167, 174, 177, 179, 182, 184, 190 192 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) 123, 129 Infrared Spectrograph (IRS), see Spitzer Space Telescope
Index 219 Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) 118, 119, 129, 148 International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) 1, 56, 57, 63, 70, 131, 139 interstellar accretion, see accretion interstellar interstellar medium (ISM) 1, 17 19, 43, 60, 100, 122, 123, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 144, 147, 148, 151, 161 164, 190, 197, 203 209, 212, 215 IRAC, see Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera IRAS, see Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRS, see Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph IRTF, see Infrared Telescope Facility ISM, see interstellar medium ISO, see Infrared Space Observatory IUE, see International Ultraviolet Explorer j James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 167 JWST, see James Webb Space Telescope k Keck Observatory, 75, 76, 125, 159, 160, 183 High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), 125, 159, 160 Kepler Mission, 91, 102 kinematics, 34, 36, 45, 100 l Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) 51, 91, 110, 112 libration, 193 195 line broadening, 31, 54, 55, 63, 141, 142 low mass white dwarfs, 9, 45, 95 LSST, see Large Synoptic Survey Telescope luminosity, 2, 11, 16, 26 29, 34, 36, 46, 47, 49, 90, 97, 100, 113, 117, 131, 133, 144, 155, 157, 175, 176, 188 190, 197 luminosity function, 7, 9, 45 49, 51, 89, 118 Lyman lines, 6, 9, 10, 29, 31, 32, 39, 43, 44, 51 m magnetic field, 2, 3, 19, 66, 74, 76 81, 83, 85, 86, 183, 184 main sequence stars, 34 36, 45, 53, 77, 80, 83, 89, 90, 92 97, 99, 102, 111, 117, 125, 133, 134, 137, 151, 161, 166, 167 mass loss, 1, 10, 14, 20, 53, 72, 77, 99, 138, 173, 185 188, 190, 193 196, 199, 203 mass-radius relation, 56, 62 massive white dwarfs, 7, 13, 26, 27, 45, 59, 62 64, 103, 137, 198 mean motion perturbation model (MMP), 192, 193, 196 microlensing, see gravitational lensing Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA), 110 migration, 117, 197 MIPS, see Spitzer Space Telescope Multi-Band Imaging Photometer for Spitzer mixing layer, 138, 139 MMP model, see mean motion perturbation model MOA, see Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics model atmospheres, 15, 20, 31 33, 37, 41, 43, 44, 51, 56, 57, 59, 63, 64, 70, 73, 78 molecular bands, 2, 3, 33, 37, 54, 55, 57, 63, 65 69, 85 Swan, 33, 54, 55, 57, 63, 65, 68, 69, 85 molecular hydrogen, 29, 33, 51, 65 Multi-Band Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS), see Spitzer Space Telescope Multi-Band Imaging Photometer for Spitzer n NASA, 96, 118 NASA/IPAC/NExScI Star and Exoplanet Database (NStED), 96 neutrinos, 26, 27 neutron stars, 90, 102, 103 NLTE, see Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium non-da white dwarfs, 1 3, 9, 17, 18, 42, 43, 47, 60 Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) 11, 12, 14, 16, 20 NStED, see NASA/IPAC/NExScI Star and Exoplanet Database o occupation probability formalism, 68 OGLE, see Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment olivine, 130, 131, 147, 150, 174, 175, 188 opacity, 7, 25, 29 33, 39, 42 44, 46, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 68 70, 73, 74, 78, 80, 120, 123 Lyman-α, 29, 31, 32, 39, 43, 44 open clusters, see star clusters open optical depth, 68, 131, 134, 177, 182, 183 Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), 107, 110 orbital resonances, 60, 188, 189, 192 196, 198, 199
220 Index p PAH, see polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Palomar Green (PG) Survey, 11, 47, 146 Pan-STARRS, see Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS), 51, 91, 110, 112 parallax, 20, 41, 44, 45, 48, 56, 59, 62, 63, 108, 120 PG 1159 stars, 2 7, 9, 11 14, 16, 17, 20, 53, 54, 64, 72, 81, 82, 85 PG Survey, see Palomar Green Survey photometric selection, 34 photosphere, 7, 53, 56, 61, 67 69, 71, 98, 118, 119, 121, 127, 129, 153, 154, 158, 159, 177, 181, 183, 184, 198, 199 planetary nebulae, 7, 9, 12, 93, 166, 189, 203 215 black filled, 204, 207, 212 bipolar, 204 206 elliptical, 204 206 irregular, 207 planetesimals, 53, 85, 151, 161, 184, 185, 188 190, 192, 196, 198, 199 planets, 85, 89 113, 117, 134, 137, 147, 149, 151, 153, 161, 162, 167, 173, 174, 184 190, 192 195, 197 199 discovery of, 89 91, 94 97, 102 105, 107 112, 134, 197 formation of, 97, 99, 103, 112, 117, 134, 137, 147, 149 habitable, 112, 113, 162 minor,see asteroids post-main sequence survival of, 92 94, 96, 99, 103, 108, 153, 162, 184 188, 190, 199 second generation, 94, 103, 137 terrestrial, 91, 97, 112, 151, 161 plasma, 68, 203, 209 point spread function (PSF) 136, 166 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 130, 131, 148 Population I stars, 36 Population II stars, 36, 37 Poynting-Robertson (PR) drag, 100, 119, 123, 132, 135, 136, 143, 150, 151, 176, 177, 183, 197 PR drag, see Poynting-Robertson drag progenitors of white dwarfs, 2, 6, 9 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 47, 56, 60, 82, 83, 85, 92, 134, 161, 184, 186, 188, 190, 196, 198, 203 proper motion, 1, 35 37, 41, 46, 48 50, 107, 108, 120, 215 reduced, 35 37, 46 selection, 1, 35 37, 41, 46, 48 50, 120 PSF, see point spread function pulsars, 90, 103 pulsations, 17, 26, 74, 78 80, 83, 86, 90, 102 104, 182 pyroxene, 150 r R Coronae Borealis stars, 16, 137 radial velocity, 89, 95, 112, 120, 126, 134, 165, 208 radiation drag, see Poynting-Robertson drag radiation pressure, 137, 176, 197 radiative levitation, 2, 7, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 54 Red Giant Branch (RGB), 188 190, 199 resonance, see orbital resonances RGB, see Red Giant Branch ring model, 117, 123, 127, 129, 155, 175, 178 182 thick, 175, 178, 180, 181 warped, 179, 181 Roche limit, 123, 136, 140, 142, 145, 151, 153 rotation, 18, 80, 117, 141, 175 stellar, 18, 80, 117 s SDSS, see Sloan Digital Sky Survey silicates 130 133, 147, 149 151, 155, 158, 176 180, 197 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14 17, 19, 34, 36 38, 40 44, 46 51, 57 61, 64, 65, 73 82, 85, 86, 94, 98, 100, 101, 110, 117, 141, 142, 145, 146, 148, 155, 158, 163, 164 solar neighborhood, 28, 31, 48, 50 space density, 48, 49 spectral class, 2, 4, 14, 54, 70, 77, 163 spectral energy distribution, 29, 31 34, 38 44, 48 51, 62, 65, 66, 127, 131, 136, 137, 153, 155 158, 165, 180, 182 spectral evolution, 2, 9, 20, 21, 42, 43, 54, 74, 81, 84, 86 spectral type 2 4, 43, 54, 67, 84, 85, 108, 120, 204 Spitzer Space Telescope (Spitzer), 32, 95, 101, 103, 104, 117, 123 125, 127, 129 135, 137 140, 143 145, 147 153, 155 157, 164 167, 178, 181, 182, 192, 198, 209, 211, 214
Index 221 Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), 129, 133 136, 139, 140, 142, 145, 149, 151 155, 157, 165 167, 182 Infrared Spectrograph (IRS), 129, 133, 147, 149, 166, 167, 178, 211, 214 Multi-Band Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS), 129, 133, 139 141, 144, 145, 151, 153, 154, 156, 165, 166, 209 211, 214 searches and surveys, 95, 103, 134, 137, 139, 144, 166, 167 SPY, see Supernova Progenitor SurveY stability of planetary systems, 173, 185, 187, 188, 190, 193, 199 star clusters, 26, 48 50, 75, 90, 103, 137 globular, 26, 48 50, 90, 103 open, 26, 50, 75, 137 star formation, 45 47, 50, 83, 112, 134 subdwarf stars, 4, 10, 34 37, 46, 102, 103 sublimation, 127, 140, 142, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 183, 184, 188 190, 193 Supernova Progenitor SurveY (SPY) 6, 11, 18, 121, 125, 139 surface gravity, 3 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 19, 20, 30, 53, 62, 74, 83, 121 Swan bands, see molecular bands, Swan synthetic spectra, 11, 20, 39, 67, 69 t temperatureindex,2,3,5,6 thermal equilibrium, 25 tidal disruption, 97, 99, 101, 127, 135, 137, 143, 147, 151, 173 175, 182, 184 186, 190, 191, 193 199 transits, 91, 95, 102, 111 113 probability of detection, 91, 102, 111 Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), 117, 124, 134, 139, 143, 144, 165 u uhei lines, see ultra-high excitation ion lines ultracool white dwarfs, 29, 35, 41, 42, 48 ultra-high excitation ion (uhei) lines, 16 ultraviolet, 1, 4, 6 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 29, 31, 32, 54, 56, 57, 59 64, 68, 70, 71, 73, 83 85, 120, 124, 131, 139, 153, 160, 162, 167, 198, 199, 209 extreme, 1, 7, 11, 124 far, 1, 6 8, 12, 17, 70, 83, 162, 167, 209 unstable planetary perturbation model (UPP), 185, 188, 190, 192 UPP model, see unstable planetary perturbation model v viscosity, 135, 155, 177, 182 184 w WASP, see Wide Angle Search for Planets water, 26, 85, 150, 159 162 Whole Earth Telescope, 104, 183 white dwarfs, 1 216 DAtype,see DA white dwarfs DAOtype,see DAO white dwarfs DAZtype,see DAZ white dwarfs DBtype,see DB white dwarfs DBAtype,see DBA white dwarfs DBQtype,see DBQ white dwarfs DBZtype,see DBZ white dwarfs DCtype,see DC white dwarfs DOtype,see DO white dwarfs DQtype,see DQ white dwarfs DZtype,see DZ white dwarfs halo,see halo white dwarfs low mass, see low mass white dwarfs massive, see massive white dwarfs non-da,see non-da white dwarfs progenitors, see progenitors of white dwarfs ultracool, see ultracool white dwarfs Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP), 111 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 148, 167 winds, 1, 2, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 72, 74, 85, 92, 93, 121, 134, 137, 165, 188, 189, 197, 198, 203 solar,93 WISE, see Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Wolf-Rayet stars, 7, 14, 20 x X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton), 100 X-rays, 90, 100, 103, 104, 159, 160, 209 XMM-Newton, see X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission z zodiacal dust, 130, 132 ZZ Ceti stars, 46, 79