. (1938-1939). 2012
. (1938-1939). 11/1/2013 :. «.» 1
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CAB: Cabinet Papers BWBB: British War Blue Book DBFP: Documents on British Foreign Policy DDF: Documents Diplomatiques Français DGFP: Documents on German Foreign Policy : NA: National Archives 3
1) 5 2) Quai d Orsay - British Foreign Office:... 7 3) :.. 13 Nevile Meyrick Henderson (1882-1942)... 15 Robert Coulondre (1885-1959)... 24 3) :... 36 Basil Cochrane Newton (1889-1965).... 39 Victor de Lacroix (1878-1948).. 49 4) : 60 André François-Poncet (1887-1978).. 63 James Eric Drummond (1876-1951).. 72 5) : ; Jósef Beck. 82 Léon No l (1888-1987)... 85 William Howard Kennard (1878-1955). 97 6) :.. 105 7) -. 111 8)...132 4
...«,. ; 1618,.,. ; ;,.,,,. Einmal ist keinmal.». 1 1938.,.,.,,,,,,,. - -,.,,.,,,,.,.,,, 1,, (. ), 2003,. 273. 5
.,. 1938-1939,.,,,,,.,, -.,,,.,,,..,..,.,.,,,,.,,,,,. - -,,. 6
Quai d Orsay - British Foreign Office:. «,,,,. [...] 1939. 2.,..,,,. 3,. 4 o,.,, Harold Nicolson,. 5, 2 Keith Hamilton Richard Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy,, 1995,. 182. 3 Mai a K. David Cross, The European Diplomatic Corps,, 2007,. 138-140. 4 The management of international relations by negotiation; the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys; the business or art of the diplomatist; skill or address in the conduct of international intercourse and negotiations. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 3 rd ed.,. 1, (. William Little, H. W. Fowler, J. Coulson),, 1964,. 514. 5 Nicolson,..,.,,. Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy,, 1958,. 13-14. 7
.,, - -.. status quo,...,,., 1939. 1930 Quai d Orsay.,,,.,.,.,.,,,,,. 6.,,.,. (,,, ).,.,, 1930, Jules Basdevant. 6 Melanie Morisse-Schilbach, France, Foreign Ministries in the European Union: Integrating Diplomats (. Brian Hocking, David Spence), 2002, 111-112. 8
Alexis Léger 7 1934 1939 Paul argeton, 1933 1937. 8 René Massigli Quai d Orsay, 1933,. Hitler. 9 Léger,,. Massigli 1938, Georges Bonnet. 1938,. 10 Emile Charveriat, Massigli Quai d Orsay, Léger. 11 Charles Rochat 1933 1937,. Rochat Léger.,, Massigli, Edvard Bene, Jósef Beck,, Massigli,. 12,., 7 Alexis Saint-Léger Léger, Perse Saint-John. 1940 Quai d Orsay Vichy,.,. Saint-John Perse, he official web site of the Nobel Prize, (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1960/perse-bio.html), Elizabeth R. Cameron, Alexis Saint-Léger Léger, Diplomats 1919-1939 (. Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert), 1994, 378-405. 8 Bargeton, assigli, Robert Coulondre, Albert amerer Victor de Lacroix. 9 Jean Baillau (.), Histoire de l administration française: les Affaires étrangères et les Corps diplomatique français, vol. 2, 1870-1980,, 1984,. 542-543. 10 Raphäelle Ulrich-Pier, "René Massigli and Germany, 1919 1938", French Foreign and Defense Policy, 1918 1940. The Decline and Fall of A Great Power (. Robert Boyce), 1998, 145. 11 www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/. Frederick Lewis Schuman, War and diplomacy in the French Republic: an inquiry into political motivations and the control of foreign policy,, 1969,. 31-38. Robert J. Young, In command of France: French foreign policy and military planning, 1933-1940,, 1978,. 269-271. 12 Patrick Weil, How to be French: Nationality in the Making Since 1789,, 2008,. 88-89. Rapha le Ulrich-Pier, René Massigli (1888-1988): un vie de diplomate,. 1,, 2006,. 236-239. Bene Beck.. 35-38 81-83. 9
1919. 13.,. 14, Y.,,. 15,..,. 16.,,,. 1930, Anthony Eden Neville Chamberlain. 17 Chamberlain,, 1938. 18, Sir Eric Clare Edmund Phipps (1875-1945). Phipps. 19 1922, 13 Christina Larner, The Amalgamation of the Diplomatic Service with the Foreign Office, Journal of Contemporary History, 7/12 (1972), 107-115. 14 David Dilks, The British Foreign Office between the wars, Shadow and Substance in British Foreign Policy 1895-1939 (. B.J.C. McKercher D.J. Moss), 1984, 181-182. 15 Zara Steiner, The Foreign Office under Sir Edward Grey, 1905-1915, British Foreign Office Under Sir Edward Grey (. F. H. Hinsley), 1977, 25-26. 16, (Assistant Under-Secretary, Permanent Under-Secretary),. Zara Steiner, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: resistance and adaption to changing times, The Foreign Office and the British diplomacy in the Twentieth century (. Gaynor Johnson), 2005, 13-15. 17 History of the Times. The 150 th Anniversary and beyond (1912-1948), (. Office of The Times),. 4, 1912-1948, pt II,, 1952,. 914-915. 18 Steiner, Commonwealth,. 15. 19 1889 1899. 1901 1905,.. 1906 1909 Sir Francis Bertie,. 1912,,, 1913 1916. 1920. "Phipps, Eric Clare Edmund", Alumni Cantabrigienses: A 10
1933.,,. 1937 Nevile Henderson. 20 Phipps, Chamberlain.,. 21, 1938.,,. 22, Hitler. 23 1933, Charles Corbin (1881-1970). Quai d Orsay.,,. Eden,. 24,. Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 (10 vols) (online ed.), (http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgibin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=phps893ec&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxc ount=50). 20 Gaynor Johnson, Diplomatic Light and Shade : Sir Eric Phipps and Anglo-french Relations 1922-1928, On The Fringes of Diplomacy. Influences on British Foreign Policy, 1800-1945 (. John Fischer, Anthony Best), 2011, 228. 21 Hermann,..,. 4 22 Hitler,.,.,.,, Chamberlain,. John Herman, The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps: Anglo-French Relations and the Foreign Office, 1937-1939,, 1998,. 179-180. 23 Herman,..,. 88-89. Bonnet Quai d Orsay. Phipps, Paul-Boncour. 11 Halifax: «... Paul-Boncour,». Ralph Parker, Anglo-French Conversations, April and September 1938, Les Relations Franco-Allemandes 1933-1939 (. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1976, 372-373. 24 Anthony Eden, (Earl of Avon), The Eden Memoirs: Facing the Dictators (1931-1938),, 1962,. 407. 11
Quai d Orsay Léger,..,. Sir Eric Phipps,,,. 25,,,. Édouard Daladier Georges Bonnet,,.,,,.. 25 Nicholas Atkin, The Forgotten French: Exiles in the British Isles, 1940-1944,, 2003,. 143-144. The Times, 28 1970. 12
:.. «Hitler,.,,...» 26 1933 o Adolf Hitler,,., 1924.,,. 27, Hitler.,. 28 1933.,, -,. 1935,, Hitler,. 29,,, Stresa, 26 Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, vol.i: 1930-1939, (. N. Nicolson),, 2005. 27 Milan Hauner, Did Hitler want a World Dominion?, Journal of Contemporary History, 13/1 (1978), 16-17. 28 Stephan Marks, ;, (. ),, 2011,. 216-220, 226-228. 29 Jason Adams Ranke, The Anglo-American Press and the "secret" Rearmament of Hitler's Germany, 1933-1935,, 2009,. 125-126. 13
,. 30,,,. 31. Hitler Mussolini,. 32,,.,. 33 1936, Hitler Mussolini Franco. 34 -, -, 1939. 35 1938 Hitler,. 36,.,, Danzig,.,,. 37,., 1939,.,, 1 30 George W. Baer, Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia and the League of Nations,, 1976,. 220-227. 31 Robert Mallett, Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933-1940,, 2003,. 32-37. History of the Times,. 882-896. 32,,., Hoare-Laval. Hoare, Laval. Keith Robbins, Experiencing the foreign : British foreign policy makers and the delights of travel, Diplomacy and world power, Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890-1950 (. Michael Dockrill and Brian McKercher), 1996, 39-40. 33 Klaus Hildebrand, Das Dritte Reich,, 2009,. 32-38. 34 Jaume Miravlittes, Los comunicados secretos de Franco, Hitler y Mussolini,, 1977,. 186-189. José Miguel Campo Rizo, La ayuda de Mussolini a Franco en la Guerra Civil Española,, 2009,. 9-10. 35 Zach Shore, Hitler, Intelligence and the Decision to Remilitarize the Rhine, Journal of Contemporary History, 34/1 (1999), 7-9... 69. 36 Maurice Williams, German Imperialism and Austria, 1938, Journal of Contemporary History, 14 (1979), 140-143. 37 Hildebrand, Reich,. 38-42. 14
,. 38 Nevile Meyrick Henderson (1882-1942), Neville Chamberlain,,. 1948, Winston Churchill, The Gathering Storm,., Foreign Office 1938-1939, 1936-1941.,..,, -,. Sir Llewellyn Woodward.,,. 39,.,.,..,. 40 Nevile Henderson,, 38. Hitler,. Hermann Göring, o Joseph Göbbels, Reinhard Heydrich, einrich Himmler, Martin Bormann, Alfred Rosenberg, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer,. Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich (. Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd),, 1970. Robert S. Wistrich (.), Who s Who in Nazi Germany,, 1982. 39 Watt, ambassadors,. 136-139. 40 William Rock, British Appeasement in the 1930s,, 1977,. 61-62. 15
, Sir Horace Rumbold Sir Eric Phipps,. 41 Phipps Nevile Hendesron, Chamberlain,. 42 O Oliver Harvey, Anthony Eden, : «Ribbentrop». 43 Eden, Henderson «,». 44 Henderson Sir Robert Vansittart,,. 45 Henderson, Neville Chamberlain,,. 46.,. 41 1936, Stanley Baldwin Phipps. - Hitler., 30 1934, Göring.,. Phipps : ( Animals this time I hope ). Peter Neville, Hitler and Appeasement: the British attempt to prevent the Second World War,, 2006,. 147. 42 Lewis Namier, Diplomatic Prelude,, 1948,. 218. 43 I hope we are not sending another Ribbentrop to Berlin. J. Harvey (.), The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937-40,, 1971, 23/4/37. 44 Kurt von Schuschnigg, The Brutal Takeover,, 1971,. 215 45 Neville, Appeasement,. 136-149. O Robert Vansittart -, 1890.,. Vansittartism. Aaron Goldman, Germans and Nazis; The controversy over Vasnittartism in Britain during the Second World War, Journal of Contemporary History, 13/4 (1978), 155-192. 46 Henderson Robert Vansittart,,. Sir Percy Loraine., Chamberlain, Nevile Henderson. Peter Neville, The Appointment of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937- Design or Blunder, Journal of Contemporary History, 33/4 (1998), 609-619. 16
Hitler. 47,, Henderson Sir Horace Wilson,. Henderson,.,,.,,,,. 48, Henderson, 49.,,. Henderson,,.,,,. Hitler,. Henderson., Henderson,.,. 1937. Anschluss,, Henderson., 47 I remember also asking Mr. Chamberlain whether, as a Prime Minister, he would object to my being, if I thought it necessary, slightly indiscreet on first arrival in Berlin. His reply was to the effect that a calculated indiscretion was sometimes a very useful form of diplomacy and that he had himself recently had experience of its value. Henderson, Failure of a Mission,, 1940,. 17. 48 Henderson,..,. vii. 49 Henderson,..,. vi. 17
Göring, Henderson Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg,,, Halifax. 50 Henderson Foreign Office. 1938, Henderson. Wilson,,. 51 28-29 1938 52,. 53 Ribbentrop, Henderson,.. Henderson. Henderson Ernst von Weizsӓcker,,. 54. Konrad Henlein, 50 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 24, Henderson Halifax, 11 1938. 9 Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg 13, Hitler. -. William Shirer,,. 2 (.. ),,..,.. 498-503. 51 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 115, Henderson Halifax, 24 1938. 52 28-29 Daladier Bonnet..,.,., 22,. Parker, «..»,. 372-373. 53 P.M.H Bell., France and Britain 1900-1940,, 1996,. 213-214. Daladier. Sir Alexander Cadogan,, awful rubbish. Dilks David (.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945,, 1972,. 73. 54 Namier, Prelude,. 260-281. 18
. 55 Henderson., Sir Orme Sargent,,. 56, Henderson 1938., Vansittart. O,, André Francois-Poncet,. 57 Halifax Hitler, Henderson., Ribbentrop Hitler,.,. 58, Henderson,., Henderson. 1938 1939.,, Ribbentrop.,,, Anschluss., Henderson,. 59,, Henderson,. o Anschluss, o, 55.. 41. 56 we do not really help ourselves if we allow the Germans to get away with these statements. Shirer,..,. 592. 57 Nevile, Appeasement,. 149. 58 Aulach Harindar, Britain and the Sudeten Issue, 1938: The Evolution of a policy, Journal of Contemporary History, 18/2 (1983), 233-259. Giles Macdonough, 1938. Hitler s gamble,, 2009,. 210-211. Lewis Namier, Europe in Decay,, 1950,. 647-650. 59 Henderson,..,. 167-170. 19
. 60,. 61, Henderson., 1938 Sir Alexander Cadogan,, Halifax Hitler. Henderson,. Sir Joseph Addison. 1930 1936, Addison -,. 62, Henderson. Plan Z, Hitler,, Henderson. 63..,,. Hitler 25 1939,,., Hitler,,. Hitler. 64 28, Henderson Hitler,. 60 Namier, Decay,. 768. 61 DGFP, series D, II,. 449. 62 Peter Neville, Nevile Henderson and Basil Newton. Two British Envoys in the Czech crisis 1938, The Munich Crisis, 1938 (. Igor Lukes, Erik Goldstein), 1999, 248-259. 63 Chamberlain, 15 1938 Hitler,.. John Charmley, Chamberlain and the lost peace,, 1989,. 95-97., Giles Macdonogh Chamberlain Hitler. Macdonough,..,. 205. 64 William Shirer,, Hitler,. Shirer,..,. 206-210. 20
,,. Hitler,. 65,.,. 66,, Henderson..,. :,.,. Heinrich Himmler Joseph Göbbels,. Konstantin von Neurath Ernst von Weizsӓcker,. 67 Göring,. 68,,,. 1938 Göring - Ribbentrop- Henderson, Reichsmarschall.. 69 65 Shirer,..,. 254-255. 66 Watt, ambassadors,. 147, 153-4. Birger Dalherus (, Göring.., Göring. A Dalherus. Raymond Probst, "Good Offices" in the Light of Swiss International Practice and Experience,, 1989,. 37),. Jean-Pierre Azéma, 1940, l'année terrible,, 1990,. 42-43. Shirer,..,. 268-269. 67 Henderson,..,. 50. 68 Henderson,..,. 76. Birger Dalherus 29 1939, Göring,. Shirer,..,. 255-256. 69 David Irving,, (. ),, 2009,. 338-339. 21
Hitler, Henderson. Eric Phipps, o Hitler, 70 Henderson «[ ]». 71,,.. Henderson, Hitler, («,») 72,., Hitler,.. 73 O Henderson, Hitler.,,., 29 1939 Hitler Henderson,. 74 Halifax,,. 75 70 Neville, Appeasement,. 147. 71 a visionary of genius and a man who was able to tell the German people what it was that they wanted. Henderson,..,. 41. 72 He drank no wine, he did not smoke, and he ate no meat. Henderson,..,. 44. 73 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 85 Henderson Halifax, 29 1938,. 86, Henderson Halifax, 29 1938. David Lloyd George, 1936 Berchestgaden,. Nevile, Appeasement,. 150. 74 O Hitler,,,.,,. O Hitler,... Shirer,..,. 259. 75 BWBB, No. 9, Henderson Halifax, 29 1939. 22
, Henderson,.,,.,.,,. o, 19,. - -. Henderson,, 1940, Chamberlain. 76 Henderson,. O L. Namier «,,,, [ ],,.,,, (homme néfaste)». 77 «Hitler Hitler.» 78,., «[ ] [...] [ ]». 79 William Shirer,,.. 80, 76 Watt, ambassadors,. 153. 77 Shirer,..,. 281. B, Namier 1940,. Hedva Ben- Israel, Cross Purposes: British Reactions to the German Anti-Nazi Opposition, Journal of Contemporary History, 20/3 (1985), 423. 78 Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came,, 1989,. 614. 79 Henderson,..,. 13. 80 Shirer,..,. 281. 23
3 1939. Ribbentrop,.,, Hitler, Paul Schmidt. 81, Chamberlain. Konrad Henlein,, Hitler, Henderson Henlein.. 82 David Irving, «-,». 83 Robert Coulondre (1885-1959) Henderson,. Robert Coulondre,., 1936 1938.,,,..,. 1932, -. 84, Barthou, Pierre Laval, 81 Paul Schmidt, Hitler s Interpreter,, 1951,. 157. 82 Ralph Parker, Reviewed work(s): Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39, By Peter Neville., The Journal of Modern History, 73/2 (2001), 411-413. 83 Irving,,. 359. 84 To 1932 -, 1933 1934, Barthou,. 1934. Barthou. Barthou,. 9 1934, Usta e Barthou. F.W M. Deakin Anglo-French policy in relation to South-East Europe, 1936-1939, Les relations Franco- Britanniques 1935-1939 (.Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1975, 69. 24
.,, Laval 1935 (,, Louis Barthou). 85 1936, -. 86 O Robert Coulondre - 1926-7,. Quai d Orsay. Paul-Boncour,. Charles Alphand,, Coulondre. 87, 1936 - -,. 88,,.,,. 89 Delbos,,.,. 90 Coulondre.,.. Maxim Litvinov,, Coulondre. 85 James F. McMillan, Dreyfus to De Gaulle. Politics and Ideology in France, 1898-1969,, 1985,. 116-117. 86 Michael Jabara Carley, 1939. The alliance that never was and the coming of the World War II,, 1999,. 14-22. 87 Carley,..,. 27-29. 88 1936. John E. Dreifort, The French Popular Front and the Franco- Soviet Pact, 1936-37: A Dilemma in Foreign Policy, Journal of Contemporary History, 11 (1976), 226-227. 89 Robert Coulondre, De Staline á Hitler: Souvenirs de Deux Ambassades 1936-39,, 1950,. 13-18. 90 Carley,..,. 5-7, Dreifort, «..», 218. 25
1935,. 91 Coulondre. 1937 Litvinov,,. 92 Stalin, o Coulondre Commitern. 93 Commitern, - 1936. 94,,.,. 95,. 96 Gamelin,,, -. 97 Anschluss, Coulondre. 98, Paul-Boncour, Coulondre - -.,. Blum 1938 Georges Bonnet,. 99, Coulondre. Quai d Orsay 91 Carley,..,. 22-23. 92 Carley,..,. 3-4, 8-9. 93 Coulondre,..,. 39-40. 94 Pierre Guillen, Franco-Italian Realtions in Flux, French Foreign and Defense Policy 1918-1940 (. Robert Boyce), 1998, 158. 95 Coulondre,..,. 43-45, Dreifort, «..», 218. 96 Livre Jaune, No.308, Coulondre Bonnet, 27 1937. 97 Maurice G. Gamelin, Servir,, 1946,. 287... 91-93. 98 DGFP, series D, II,. 214. O Paul-Boncour. 5 Coulondre,.. Quai d Orsay. Joseph Paul-Boncour, Entre deux guerres. Souvenirs sur la IIIéme Republique,, 1946,. 83-99. 99 Carley,..,. 46-50. Georges Bonnet, Défense de la paix,, 1946,. 123. 26
. 100, Bonnet 20 1938, Coulondre.,. Sir Eric Phipps, Bonnet,. Bonnet,. 101 Coulondre,. Coulondre, Bonnet.,, Bonnet. 102,,. 103 (29-11 1938).,,. 104,. Coulondre, Jean Payart, Quai d Orsay.,. 105,, Bonnet 24 100 Martin Thomas, France and the Czechoslovak Crisis, The Munich Crisis, 1938. Prelude to World War II (. Igor Lukes, Erik Goldstein), 1999, 131. 101 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 357, Phipps Halifax, 1 1938. 102 Coulondre,..,. 143. 103 Coulondre,,. 1,., -,. Coulondre,..,. 152-155. Litvinov,, 9 1938 Coulondre. Quai d Orsay,., 12, o Litvinov Coulondre. Coulondre, Litvinov, -. Thomas, «..»,. 145. 104 Carley,..,. 51-52. 105 Carley,..,. 60-61. 27
. 106 Potemkin, Coulondre. 107,.,. 108, Coulondre Litvinov. Litvinov,,. Coulondre,, 1931. 109,, Payart Coulondre. Quai d Orsay, -,. 110 3 Litvinov Viacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov. 111 Molotov,.,,,. 112 Litvinov.. 113 106 Teschen, Bonnet,. Coulondre. Vladimir Potemkin,,. Potemkin,. Carley,..,. 72-73. 107 Potemkin. : «, ;,». ( Mon pauvre ami, qu avez-vous fait? Pour nous, je n aperçois plus d autre issue qu un quatrième partage de la Pologne»). Coulondre,..,. 165. 108 Maurice Baumont, La faillite de la paix (1918-1939),, 1968,. 861. 109 Coulondre,..,. 165-168. 110 Georges Bonnet, Dans le tourmente, 1938-1948,, 1971,. 135., Paul- mile Naggiar,. Alphand, Coulondre Payart, Naggiar. Naggiar Eric Labonne.,. Molotov 14. Labonne,.. Labonne. Carley,..,. 250-252. 111 3,, «Litvinov,». William Shirer, The ightmare ears,, 2001,. 406. 112 Winston Churchill,,.1, (. ),..,..,. 306. 113 Robert Rothschild, Les Chemins de Munich. Une nuit de sept ans 1932-1939,, 1988,. 397-398. 28
- Robert Coulondre.,,.,,. Coulondre., Georges Bonnet Robert Coulondre., André François-Poncet, Coulondre,, Hitler. Coulondre,,.,., Stresa. 114, Robert Coulondre,., Hitler. 115, Hitler,.,. 116,,. Ribbentrop 20 1938,. Ernst von Rath 7, Herschel Grynszpan. 117,., Coulondre., Ribbentrop. 114 Bonnet, Tourmente,. 79-80. 115 Coulondre,..,. 189. 116 Coulondre,..,. 204. 117 David Irving,, (... ),. 1,, 2003,. 208-212. Shirer,..,. 13-24. 29
, Hitler, Coulondre. François- Poncet, 118 Hitler,,. 6 Bonnet-Ribbentrop,, Coulondre. 119 Bonnet 15,,., modus vivendi.. 120, -. 121 Coulondre,. 6 1939 Ribbentrop,.,., Coulondre,. 122,, 1939. 123 Coulondre, 118 Livre Jaune, No.23, Coulondre Bonnet, 23 1938. Hitler,, 1940. Irving,,. 439. 119.. 64-65. 120.. 62-63. O Ribbentrop,, Wiehl.,. o Hitler (30 1939), Daladier. 1 Coulondre Hitler Daladier,, -., 15, -,. Thomas, «..»,. 406-408. 121 Livre Jaune, No.33, Coulondre Bonnet, 15 1938. 122 Livre Jaune, No.46, Coulondre Bonnet, 7 1939. 123 Weizcäcker : «.,». ( Le Gouvernement français considère qu il se trouve en face d une violation flagrante des accord du Munich. Il ne peut reconnaître la légitimité de la situation nouvelle créée en Tchécoslovaquie par 30
, -,., - 6.,.,. 124 Coulondre.,. 125 1939 Hitler - 1934, Coulondre.,. 126,.,., Hitler. 127. 17 Litvinov - -,.,. 128 Coulondre,, ( une proposition inespérée ), Foreign Office,.,. 30 Göring Lutwaffe, Karl Bodenschatz, Paul Stehlin -. l action du Reich ). Édouard Bonnefous, Histoire Politique de la Troisième République,, 1967,. 35.,. Shirer,..,. 48-49. 124 Livre Jaune, No.80, Coulondre Bonnet, 19 1938. 125 Georges Bonnet, Le Quai d Orsay sous trois Républiques, 1870-1961,, 1961,. 262-263. 126 Coulondre,..,. 264. 127 Livre Jaune, No.115, Coulondre Bonnet, 2 1939. 128 Baumont,..,. 862-863. 31
. 129 Stehlin, Coulondre,,, Bonnet Bodenschatz., Bonnet,,. 130 Litvinov. Coulondre,,, Quai d Orsay..,,. -. 131 :, 132 -, Ribbentrop. -, «-». 133,. 134. Coulondre,,,. 135 25 Hitler Daladier, 129 Irving,,. 241-242, Rothschild,..,. 397. 130 Paul Stehlin, Témoignage pour l Histoire,, 1964,. 148. Bonnet, Coulondre., Siegfried. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 274-275. 131 Livre Jaune, No.143, Coulondre Bonnet, 22 1939. 132 Livre Jaune,. 195, Coulondre Bonnet, 15 1939. 133 Livre Jaune,. 213, Coulondre Bonnet, 22 1939. 134 Baumont,..,. 867. 135 Bonnefous,..,. 105-106.,,. David Irving, «,». Irving,,. 298-299. 32
, «,». 136 Coulondre Daladier, -., Hitler,. Hitler Ribbentrop Coulondre Hitler,. 31 Coulondre Weizsäcker,. 137 Coulondre,,. Mussolini San Remo 5., Coulonde Hitler,., : «.!.,,». 138 1. Ribbentrop,. 3, 5,. Ribbentrop,,. Coulondre,,. 139. 136 Le sang de deux nations également braves coulera. Baumont,..,. 880. 137 Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 290-291, Coulondre,..,. 302-320, 356-367. 138 Vous êtes pêcheur, je crois. Eh bien! Le poisson est ferré. Il faut maintenant man uvrer avec l habilité nécessaire pour le noyer sans qu il casse le fil. Bonnefous,..,. 103-104. 139 L Histoire en jugera. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 306-307, J. Néré, The Foreign Policy of France from 1914 to 1945,, 1976,. 239-242. 33
Robert Coulondre,,.. 140 30, Daladier, Hitler,.,,. 141 Hitler.....,. Göring, Hess, Ribbentrop, Rosenberg Göbbels. Coulondre,. 142 Hitler. 143,,, 144,. 145 Daladier 30. Hitler,,.,.,., Robert Coulondre,.,. 140 Coulondre,..,. 296. 141 Coulondre,..,. 299. 142 Coulondre,..,. 217-221 143 François-Poncet, Hitler.,,,,,,,,,. André Francois-Poncet, Souvenirs d une ambassade á Berlin,, 1946,. 350-351. 144 Coulondre,..,. 326. 145 Livre Jaune, No. 139, Coulondre Bonnet, 20 1939. 34
Ribbentrop-Molotov., Robert Coulondre. 146 Hitler.,..,.,,..,, Hitler,. status quo.,,,, Robert Coulondre.. 146 Yvon Lacaze, Daladier, Bonnet and the decision-making process during the Munich crisis, 1938, French Foreign and Defence Policy (. Robert Boyce), 1998, 227. 35
:. The bell of treason is tolling Whose hand made it swing? Sweet France Proud Albion And we loved them. 147,,. Hitler.. 1938.,., Hitler,.. Edvard Bene 1918 1935,. «,». 148,. 149 147 Torzo nad je ( ) Franti ek Halas,, 1938. Neville, Appeasement,. 87. 148 the cleverest, the best informed, and for many years the most successful of European ministers. F.P. Walters, A History of the League of Nations,. 2,, 1952,. 116. 149..,.,,. Harold Nicolson,,. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking,, 1945,. 196.,.. Clememt Attlee, As It Happened, 36
,,., Bene.. 1924, o Bene. - -. Bene,,,., Bene.,,. 150 Bene - -,,.,.,, Raymond Poincaré.. 151, 1954,. 90-93.,.,.,,,. Bene,. Piotr S. Wandycz, Foreign Policy of Edvard Bene A History of Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948 (. Victor S. Mamatey Radomír Lu a), 1973, 216-220. 150 Piotr S. Wandycz, France and her eastern allies, 1919-1935,, 1962,. 193-201. 151 Wandycz, Bene,. 222-224. 1920 Ruhr.,...,,. 1922 Poincaré,...,. Poincaré -. Dawes,,, 37
Bene,,,,,. Danzig Bene. 152, Bene (, )., Locarno Gustav Stresemann 1929.,, 1932-4,. 153-1934.,.., Bene, de jure....., Quai d Orsay, Louis Barthou., Pierre Laval 1934,,. 1935........,. 154. 1935 -. Bene,,,. Hod a,. 155, 7 1936, Bene,,. J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré,, 1997,. 274-280. 152 Danzig.. 82. 153 Wandycz, France,. 336-337. 154 Wandycz, Bene,. 228-229. 155 Milan Hod a Bene.,., -.. Wandycz, Bene,. 230-231. 38
,.,. 156, Anschluss Bene,,. 157 Bene.,. 158,,. Bene 1938.,,,,. 159 Basil Cochrane Newton (1889-1965) Basil Newton Victor de Lacroix.,., 1938 1939 1939,,., - - 1938..,., Nevile Henderson,.,. 156, Konstantin von Neurath, -. Wandycz, Bene,. 231. 157 Andrea Orzoff, Battle for the Castle. The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948,, 2009,. 141. 158 A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War,, 1962,. 154. 159 Paul E. Zinner, Czechoslovakia: The Diplomacy of Eduard Benes, The Diplomats 1919-39 (. Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert), 1994, 100-122. 39
,., Basil Newton,. Sir Basil Cochrane Newton Wellington College King s College Cambridge. 1912 1925 1929., 1930 1935,., -. 1937, 1939. 1939,,,. 160 1946,. 1938,. 161 Basil ewton,,,,..,., Henderson, «[ ]»,. 162, Newton.,,. 163 Bene.,.,, Bene., -. Jan Masaryk,, Newton, Sir Joseph 160 (1939-1941), Newton.. David Kenneth Fieldhouse, Kurds, Arabs, and Britons: The Memoirs of Wallace Lyon in Iraq 1918-1944,, 2004,. 137. 161 Martin Gilbert&Richard Gott, The Appeasers,, 1963,. 369-370. 162 The negotiations in Prague were not my concern. Henderson, Failure,. 133. 163 Shiela Grant Duff, The Parting of Ways: A personal account of the Thirties,, 1982,. 96. 40
Addison -. 164, Newton,. Newton,, Addison,, -. 165,., 1930, Sir Joseph Addison. 166,,.,..,,. 167 Basil Newton 3 1937,.,. Newton, Addison,. 168,. Foreign Office, Orme Sargent,,. 169,,..,, 164 Newton «.» ( The English dislike us intensely. We are a dead-weight for them and they curse the day on which we were founded ). Mark Cornwall, The Rise and Fall of a Special relationship : Britain and Czechoslovakia, 1930-1948, What Difference did the war make (. B. Brivati, H. Jones), 1993, 138. 165 Cornwall, Special Relationship,. 132-134. Keith Middlemass, Diplomacy of Illusion,, 1972,. 245. 166 Mark Cornwall, A fluctuating barometer: British Diplomatic Views of the Czech-German Relationship in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1938, Großbritannien, die USA und die böhmischen Länder 1848-1938 (. Eva Schmidt-Hartmann Stanley Winters), 1991, 322-326. 167 Elizabeth Wiskemann, The Europe I Saw,, 1968,. 77. 168 Duff,..,. 127. 169 Michael J. Carley, A fearful concatenation of circumstances: The Anglo-German Rapprochement 1934-6, Contemporary European History, 5/10 (1996), 29-69. 41
. Hitler 1933. 1935, 60%., Basil Newton,. 170, Hitler.,,.. 171 Konrad Henlein,, Hitler..,,. 172 1938 Henlein.,,.., Hitler.,, Newton. 173, 1938,,, Bene. 174,,. Hitler.. 175 30 1938,. 176 1 170 J. W. Bruegel, German Diplomacy and the Sudeten Question before 1938, International Affairs, 37/3 (1961), 323-331. 171 Norman Baynes (.), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939,. 2,, 1404-1406. 172 Keith Eubank, Munich, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948 (, Victor S. Mamatey Radomír Lu a), 1973, 242-243. 173 Eubank, «..»,. 243-244. 174 DBFP, 3 rd Series, I,. 170, 171, Halifax Newton, 4 1938. 175 Irving,,. 149. 176 Irving,,. 152-155. 42
,. 177. Bene,,. Bene, Walter Runciman.,. 178 Runciman,. ene,, Runciman,. 2, Henlein., Hitler., ene,,. Hitler, o Henlein, 4. 179, -,,, Basil Newton.,,,. O Eden Newton,., Newton,. 180 Eden,,., Newton, 177 DBFP, 3 rd Series, I,. 530, Strang Henderson, 21 1938. 178 Runciman Stanley Baldwin.,. Thomas Jones, Diary with Letters,, 1954,. 351. 179 Igor Lukes, The Czechoslovak Partial Mobilization in May 1938: A Mystey (Almost) Solved, Journal of Contemporary History, 31/4 (1996), 180. Paul, Vy ný, The Runciman Mission to Czechoslovakia 1938: Prelude to Munich,, 2003,. 243-310. 180 Eden,..,. 502-3. 43
-. Newton.,. 181,, 1938,,,. Foreign Office.,,. 182 Halifax,, 18,., Newton., Chamberlain Halifax, - -. 183,, Henderson ( Newton,, ). 184 O Newton,,. «status quo». 185. Henlein. 186,. 181 Lindsay W. Michie, Potrait of An Appeaser: Robert Hadow, first secretary in the British Foreign Office, 1931-1939,, 1996,. 75-76. 182 Czechoslovakia s present political position is not permanently tenable, it will be no kindness in the long run to try to maintain her in it. DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 86, Newton Halifax, 15 1938. 183 Michael Hughes, British Foreign Secretaries in an uncertain world, 1919-1939,, 2006,. 167-168. 184 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 86, Newton Halifax, 15 1938. 185 worthwhile to try to perpetuate the status quo in her own interests. DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 86, Newton Halifax, 15 1938. 186 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 86, Newton Halifax, 19 1938. 44
». 190 22 1938, Newton Bene., Newton. Daladier 1938, Newton Halifax :. Newton,, -,. Newton 20, Bene,. 187., Addison Henderson., - 1935., 188. 189,, «, Henlein, Bene., Newton.,,,.. O Bene,,.,. 191 Newton,,. 187 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 100, Newton Halifax, 20 1938. 188 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 140, Newton Halifax, 12 1938. 189 Duff,..,. 159 190 economic strangulation by Germany. DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 140, Newton Halifax, 12 1938. 191 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 150, Newton Halifax, 19 1938. 45
Halifax Daladier Bonnet, Newton: Bene,,. 192 Newton,. Newton.,. Foreign Office,., Newton,,.. 9 1938, Newton Kamil Krofta.,.,,.,., Krofta,,,.,.,. 193 - (18-19 1938),. 194. Newton.,,.,, 192 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 164, Record of anglo-french conversations, 28-9 1938. 193 Gerhard Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler s Germany: Starting World War Two 1937-9,, 1980,. 360-1. 194 History of the Times,. 939-40. 46
., Newton. «Bene,,», Halifax. 195, Halifax Phipps, Victor de Lacroix, Bene,. Halifax Newton,. Bene,. Newton. -,. Bene,., Sir Samuel Hoare 3,. 196 Newton,,.,.,. Newton,, Foreign Office. 197 Newton, 1938., Henderson,.,,., Henderson Newton.,., Henderson,., Newton. Bene, Henderson 195 If I can deliver a kind of ultimatum to president Bene, Wednseday, he and his Government will feel able to bow to force majeure DBFP, 3 rd series, II, No 979, Newton Halifax, 20 1938. 196 Hugh Dalton, Memoirs: The Fateful years, 1931-1945,, 1957,. 196. 197 DBFP, 3 rd series, II,. 1008, Newton Halifax, 21 1938. Ralph Parker, Conspiracy against peace: notes of an English journalist,.., 1949,. 32-33. 47
,., A. L. Kennedy, Newton. 198,, Halifax, «, [ ] [ ]», 199. 200,,.,. William Strang, Foreign Office, «, -». 201,,,.,., -,., 1938..,. 1936 casus belli. 202, Newton..,. Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart Newton 1938, 198 Gordon Martel (.), The Times and Appeasement. The Journals of A. L. Kennedy, 1932-1939,, 2000,. 259. 199 far-sighted patriotism, moral courage and wisdom of the Czech government and people DBFP, 3 rd series, II, No. 994, Newton Halifax, 21 1938. 200 Martel,..,. 258-259. 201 CAB 23/93 CM 27 (38): British Influence in Central and South-Eastern Europe, Minutes of the Cabinet, 1 st June, 1938, ff. 8-9. If there was not a single German in Czechoslovakia the Czech-German problem would still exist 202 DBFP, 3 rd series, II, No. 994, Newton Halifax, 21 1938. 48
.,,.,,. Lockhart,.,,. Sir Joseph Addison, Newton. 203 Lockhart. Newton,. Lockhart,, Newton,..,.. Newton, 15 1939, Hitler. 204 Nevile Chamberlain, «,». 205,. Victor de Lacroix (1878-1948) Newton,.,,.,,,., 1938,. Newton, Victor de Lacroix,,. 203 Robert Bruce Lockhart, Guns or Butter?,, 1938,. 263-264. 204 Hansard, 15 1939. 205 Was this the end of an old adventure, or the beginning of a new? The Times, 18 1939. 49
,, Newton, Lacroix..,, Lacroix.,. 1936, Quai d Orsay..,,,.,,.,,. 206., Quai d Orsay,. Léon No l 1935, Lacroix,,.,, Lacroix.,., Lacroix, B, Robert Coulondre,,. 207 Hitler,,,. Anschluss.,,. Lacroix,.. 206 Nicole Jordan, The Popular Front,, 1992,. 196-7. 207 Jordan,..,. 197. 50
. Kamil Krofta 11 1938.,., Göring, Vojtech Mastny,. Lacroix Quai d Orsay,. 208 Lacroix. Newton,,,, Lacroix,,. Bene,, Newton,. 209, Newton. Lacroix Henlein, enlein.,,. o Foreign Office Lacroix,.,,. Henlein. 210,, Lacroix. Eden, Lacroix, Phipps, Lacroix Quai d Orsay., Phipps Delbos, 208 Livre Jaune,. 5, Lacroix Delbos, 12 1938. Irving,,. 277-278. 209 David Leslie Hoggan, The forced war: when peaceful revision failed,, 1989,. 296. 210 Johann Wolfgang Bruegel, Czechoslovakia before Munich. The German minority problem and British appeasement policy,, 1973,. 156-158. 51
Lacroix.,. 211, Daladier.,,. Lacroix Hitler.,, 1938., Nevile Henderson. Runciman,,. 212,, Quai d Orsay, Lacroix Runciman. Quai d Orsay,, Lacroix. Charles Corbin, Lacroix,, Basil Newton. 213 1938 Lacroix. Bene, Hod a Krofta., «ῄ». Quai d Orsay,..,., Lacroix, Hitler,. Newton,. Bene Runciman 211 Laurence Victor Thompson, The Greatest Treason: the untold story of Munich,, 1968,. 97. 212 François Paulhac, Les accords de Munich et les origines de la guerre de 1939,, 1988,. 150 213 DDF, 2 e, X, o. 507, DDF, 2e, X, o. 331. 52
,. Bene, Henlein. 214 Bene,. 215 1938 Lacroix. 16 Bene,, Bonnet. 216 19 Bene -. 217,,. 218 Bene,, Lacroix. 219 Lacroix. Quai d Orsay,. 20,., Hod a,. Lacroix. Bene,,., Bene,., -. 220 214 Zara Steiner, The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933-1939,, 2011,. 65-66. 215 DDF, 2e, X, o. 336, 7 1938, o. 338, 8 1938, o. 245, 21 1938, o. 195, 12 1938. 216 Lukes, «..», 175. 217 Barbara Masin, Gauntlet: Five Friends, 20,000 Enemy Troops, and the Secret That Could Have Changed the Course of the Cold War,, 2006,. 21-22. 218 DDF, 2e, XI, o. 217, 19 1938. 219 Steiner, Triumph,. 67-68. 220 DDF, 2e, XI, o 232, 20 1938., Bene,,,., Jan Syrový. Kamil Krofta Dr. Franti ek Chalkovsky,.,. Jörg K. Hoensch, A History of Modern Hungary, 1876-1986,, 1988,. 14-141. Theodor Prochazka, The Second Republic, 1938-1939, A History of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948 (, Victor S. Mamatey Radomír Lu a), 1973, 255-257. 53
, Bene. Bonnet Hod a,. 221,., Bene. onnet Hod a 5.. Krofta Lacroix,, -. 222 1948 1938-1939, Quai d Orsay... Lacroix 1939,.,. 223,,.,, Bene,,., Lacroix Milan Hod a,. Lacroix,,, Bonnet: «,, [ ]». 224,, o Hod a Lacroix Bene. -, 221 Bonnet, Défense,. 248. Hod a.,. Newton,., 20,. ( understand that my French colleague is telegraphing to Paris in a similar sense ) Gilbert Fergusson, Munich: The French and British Roles, International Affairs, 44/4 (1968), 659. 222 DDF, 2e, XI, o, 257, Paulhac,..,. 156. Paul Reynaud, In the Thick of the Fight, 1930-1945,, 1955. 223 Yvon Lacaze, La France et Munich: étude d'un processus décisionnel en matière de relations internationales,, 1995,. 213-214. 224 J estime que la mutilation de mon télégramme est une lourde charge pour le gouvernement français car elle semble indiquer que [ ] il n était pas décidé à tenir ses engagements. 54
. Lacroix Hod a.,. 225, Lacroix. J. B. Duroselle Bonnet, 226 Anthony Adathmwaite. 227 Telfor Taylor Lacroix,. 228,. 229, Lacroix Daladier. Lacroix Bonnet,., Lacroix Quai d Orsay,. Lacroix Bene., 1919. Lacroix Bonnet,, Bene,. 230, Lacroix,.., 225 David Vital, Czechoslovakia and the Powers, September 1938, Journal of Contemporary History, 1/ 4 (1966), 54. Paulhac,..,. 156-157. 226 Jean- Baptiste Duroselle, La Décadence,, 1979,. 350. 227 Anthony Adathmwaite, France and the coming of the Second World war, 1936-1939,, 1977,. 217. 228 Telfrod Taylor, Munich: the price of peace,, 1980,. 788-789 229 Haim Shamir, On the road to Munich: Daladier, Bonnet and the historians, France and Germany in an age of crisis, 1900-1960: Studies in memory of Charles Bloch (. Haim Shamir), 1990, 52. 230 Francis L. Loewenheim, Peace or appeasement?: Hitler, Chamberlain, and the Munich crisis,, 1965,. 108-109. 55
.,....,.,,. Lacroix Daladier,. 231, Bonnet Lacroix., Lacroix, Bonnet. 232 Newton -Lacroix-, Henderson-Coulondre -.,,,,. Léon No l Howard Kennard Nevile Henderson André Francois-Poncet.,. Victor de Lacroix., Newton Lacroix. Newton,.. Newton., Hitler. 233,,. «,». «231 Déposition du Ministre Plénipotentiaire de Lacroix devant la Commission d enquête sur les événements survenus en France de 1933 à 1945, Assemblée Nationale,, 1952, v. I,. 267-268, 16 1948. 232 Benjamin F. Martin, France in 1938,, 2006,. 102. 233 British Union of Fascists 1930,,. Richard Thurlow, The Developing British Fascist Interpretation of Race, Culture and Evolution, The Culture of Fascism. Visions of the Far Right in Britain (.. Julie v. Gottlieb Thomas P. Lineban), 2004, 66-79. 56
»,. 234,. 235,. 236 Vernon Bartlett,,,,,. 237 Newton,,. Victor de Lacroix, -, - Newton.,. Quai d Orsay.,,., Newton Lacroix,,.. Basil Newton,,,., Lacroix,. Quai d Orsay,. 234 Adolf Hitler,, (. ),, 2006,. 784-787. 235 Andreas Hillgruber, England s Place in Hitler s Plans for World Dominion, Journal of Contemporary History, 9/1 (1974), 6-22. 236 Charles Hamilton Smith (The Natural History of the Human Species, 1848), Karl Pearson (National life from the standpoint of science, 1901) Robert Knox ( he Races of Man, 1850),. 237 Vernon Bartlett, Nazi Germany Explained,, 1933,. 242-243. 57
. Newton, Lacroix,,. 238,,,. 239 Newton.,., Hitler,,.,, 240,. Newton, «Hitler»,. 241, 1904 Sir Francis Bertie,, «Downing street,». 242 Newton,,.. -,,....,, ;.,. 1938, 238 Lukes, «..», 699-720. 239 Richard Francis Crane, A French Conscience in Prague: Louis Eugène Faucher and the abandonment of Czechoslovakia,, 1996,, 129-131. 240 13 1935, Hitler Wilhelm Frick,..,.. Jon Bloomberg, The Jewish World in the Modern Age,, 2004,. 137 241 Christopher Sykes, Tormented Loyalty: the story of a German aristocrat who defied Hitler,, 1969,. 163-165. Tomas, Diary,. 129. 242 In Downing Street one can at least pull the wires whereas an Ambassador is only a damned marionette Keith Nilson, only a d d marionette? The influence of Ambassadors on British Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and World power (. Michael Dockrill Brian McKercher), 1996, 56. 58
,, 1948. 243 243 T Hitler. Hitler,.. Martin Bormann, Le Testament politique de Hitler,, 1959,. 118-119. 14,., Hitler. Volo in.. Magda Ádám, The Munich crisis and Hungary: The fall of the Versailles Settlement in Central Europe, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Special Issue: The Munich crisis, 1938: Prelude to War, 10 (1999) 117-118.. Hácha 14 Franti ek Chvalkovský., Hitler Hácha,. Hácha, Hitler,,.,. Lacroix, Quai d Orsay. Chad Carl Bryant, Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism,, 2007,. 28-30.,. 15 1939, Hitler Hácha,,. ewton, - -,,. Hitler Hrad any, (Reich). Alice Teichova, The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945): the economic dimension, Bohemia in History (. Mikulá Teich), 1998, 272-273. 59
: IL DUCE HA SEMPRE RAGIONE., 1936. Mussolini Hitler.,,. 1815, 1870 1914.. 244,,,., -. 245 Benito Mussolini (1883 1945), 246. 247, 244 Ruth Henig, Versailles and after. 1919-1933,, 1995,. 32-33. 245 Robert Young, France and the Origins of the Second World War,, 1996,. 60-65. 246. 1925,. 1925-1929. 1929 1934,,. 1940 1943, 1943-5. Stanley G. Payne,, 1914-1945, (. ),, 2000,. 303. 247 Avanti!,, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Auguste Blanqui Georges Sorel. Benito Mussolini Margherita G. Sarfatti, The Life of Benito Mussolini,..,..,. 16-167, 172-173. Peter Neville, Mussolini,, 2004,. 54.,. Mussolini,,. Fasci d'azione rivoluzionaria internazionalista ( ). Avanti!. Salvatore Lupo, Il Fascismo: la politica in un regime totalitario,, 2005,. 39. 60
Acerbo 1923,. 248,, Mussolini. 249,, 1926, OVRA,,. 250,,.,,. 251 Mussolini, 1939,. 252, 1922 1943 Mussolini. Locarno Kellong-Briand. 253 Hitler,.,,.,.. 254, Hitler Mussolini., 1914 Mussolini Il popolo d' Italia ( ) Fasci d' Azione Rivoluzionaria ( ).,,,,,., 1915 Mussolini. 1917,. 23 1919 Fasci de Combattimento ( ). 1920-1921,. 1921, 37 Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF, ). Mussolini Sarfatti,..,. 184-186. Francesca Tacchi, Storia illustrata del Fascismo,, 2000,. 23-26. 248 Chris Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective,, 2011,. 298. 249 Edward Townley, Mussolini and Italy,, 2002,. 186. Neville, Mussolini,. 48-49. 250 E. K. Bramstedt, Dictatorship and Political Police: The Technique of Control by Fear,, 1945,. 51-65. Michael R. Ebner, Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy,, 2011,. 54-56. 251 Paul Corner, The Fascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini's Italy,, 2012,. 174-175. Philip Morgan, Italian Fascism 1919-1945,, 1995,. 13-20. 252 Morgan,..,. 71-74. John Francis Pollard, The fascist experience in Italy,, 1998,. 90 253 Neville, Mussolini,. 96-98. 254 William Carr, Arms, Autarky and Agression,, 1972,. 18. 61
. 255 Mussolini,,,. Stresa. 256, Hitler. A 1936, Franco. Mussolini. 1936 -, 1939. 257 1939, Hitler 1940,. 258 Mussolini,, Hitler.,,. 259, 1943,. " " " ". 1945. 260 255, Hitler,.,,, 1995,. Gehard L. Weinberg (.), Hitler Adolf, Hitler s Second book. The Unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf,, 2003. 256 Stresa (11-14 1935),. 19., -, Laval.., Gamelin Badoglio.. Bell.,..,. 187-188. 257 Mallet,..,. 2-6. Morgan,..,. 131-135, 147-154. Pollard,..,. 91-104. 258 Giuseppe Finaldi, Mussolini and Italian fascism,, 2008,. 92-101. Mallet,..,. 32-27. 259 Neville, Mussolini,. 55. 260 Morgan,..,. 176-181. 62
André François-Poncet (1887-1978) André François-Poncet 1938.,,,.,,, Robert Coulondre,,. 261, François-Poncet Hitler,,,,,. 262 William Dodd, François-Poncet. 263, 264-24 1931. Br ning 265 -,. 266 Sir Horace Rumbold, o François-Poncet, status quo, 261 1931 1938..,,,., (Comité des Forges).,.,. Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets. A Berlin Social Diary,, 1990,. 33-34, Gordon Dutter, Doing Business with the Nazis: French Economic Relations with Germany under the Popular Front, The Journal of Modern History, 63/2 (1991), 306. 262 André François-Poncet, De Versailles à Potsdam. La France et le probléme allemande contemporain 1919-1945,, 1948,. 248. 263 not far from being a fascist. William E. Dodd, Jr and Martha Dodd (.), Ambassador s Dodd diary, 1933-1938,, 1941,. 9-10. 264 Fromm,..,. 33. 265 Heinrich Br ning (1885-1970): (1930-1932).., Hitler. Encyclopædia Britannica ( http://www.britannica.com/ebchecked/topic/82225/heinrich-bruning ) 266 François-Poncet, Potsdam,. 176-183. 63
. 267,. 268, François-Poncet Mussolini. Stresa 1935,. Pierre Laval,,. 269,, 1935, François-Poncet Quai d Orsay. 270 1937 -, François-Poncet,. 271 11 1938 Anschluss,. 272,. 273. 274, François-Poncet 1938, Hitler. 275 Quai d Orsay,,,. 276, 27 François-Poncet Bonnet Hitler., o François-Poncet Hitler, 267 DBFP, 2 nd series, IV,. 178, Rumbold Simon, 19 1932. 268 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 23. 269 F. Kupferman, Pierre Laval,, 1976,. 51-53. 270 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 248, Dutter, «..», 305. Jacques Bariéty, Léon Blum et l Allemagne 1930-1938, Les relations Franco-allemandes 1933-1939 (. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1976, 48-49. Néré,..,. 205-207. 271 DGFP, series D, I, No. 129, Papen Weizs cker, 16 1937. 272 DGFP, series D, I, No. 578, François-Poncet Neurath, 11 1938. 273 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 238, Henderson Halifax, 3 1938. 274 DBFP, 3 rd series, I, No. 273. Henderson Halifax, 10 1938, No. 452, Phipps Halifax, 8 1938. DGFP, series D,,. 428, Ribbentrop Hitler, 23 1938. 275, Hitler,.,. Irving,,. 182-183. 276 Fromm,..,. 280. 64
. 277., François-Poncet. 278 Paul Schmidt François-Poncet. 279, François-Poncet. 280, François-Poncet,.,, Hitler,. 281,, Bonnet. Hitler,,. 282, Hitler - 30 1938,., 277 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 328. Paul Schmidt, Hitler s Interpreter,, 1951,. 106., Hitler Bernardo Attolico. Mussolini. Hitler, François-Poncet,. Bonnet. Hitler, 28. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 220. Irving,,. 194-195. 278 Schmidt,..,. 108. 279 Schmidt,..,. 107. Paul Adamthwaite, The Franco-German Declaration of 6 December 1938, Les relation Franco-Allemandes 1933-1939 (. Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique), 1976, 396. 280 Meeting Minutes of International Commission on Sudetenland, 8 Oct 1938, World War II Database, Documents, The Munich Pact www.ww2db.com.,., 1910.,,,. François-Poncet,, Ribbentrop,, ( Il m annonça que mon obstruction menaçait de rouvrir la crise que la Conférence de Munich avait cru résoudre )., Hitler,.,. François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 334-335 281 Livre Jaune, No. 18, François-Poncet Bonnet, 20 1938. 282 Claus W. Schäfer, André François-Poncet als Botschafter in Berlin (1931-1938),, 2004,. 151-152. 65
,. 283 François-Poncet 13 Ernst von Weizsäcker -, Weizsäcker «, Poncet». 284 18 Hitler François-Poncet Berchetsgaden,,,,., (calme, modéré, conciliant). 285 ( Hitler. : «,,». 286 ), 6 Bonnet Ribbentrop,. 287 François-Poncet,,,,, Robert Coulondre. André François-Poncet,., François-Poncet Hitler,. Hitler Göring, Ribbentrop Rosenberg. 288 - -.,,., 283 Adamthwaite, «..»,. 396-397. 284 such an agreement would fulfill an idea which he, Poncet, had already urged for a long time. DGFP, series D, IV,. 436. Weizsäcker, 13 1938. 285 Livre Jaune..., No.18, François-Poncet Bonnet, 20 1938. 286 Irving,,. 202-203. 287 Bonnet, Tourmente,,. 24. 288 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 348. 66
,. 289.,., Robert Coulondre,, Sir Horace Rumbold, André François- Poncet.. François-Poncet. 1938. Georges Bonnet, -, Léon Blum. 290 Bonnet (Pierre Laval, Jean Mistler, François Piétri) François-Poncet. Duce,. 291, François-Poncet., «,,»,. «,,,,,,,,,,». 292 François-Poncet.,,. 289 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 161-164, 212. 290,., Jules Blondel., Blondel Ciano,.,. 9 Hitler. Bonnet Renato Prunas, -., Mussolini. 3 Bonnet Prunas,, Mussolini. Duroselle,..,. 236-238. Kupferman,..,. 67-68. 291 Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 247-248. 292 J y avais passé sept années, pleines d intérêt, mais aussi pleins de troubles, d alertes, d orages et de drames. Je n y avais jamais eu un moment de répit et de tranquillité.[ ] J étais obsédé par ce régime, ses méthod s, son langage, son mystère, sa police, sa tyrannie, son orgueil, ses chants, ses défilés, ses claquements de talons, son bruit de bottes hallucinant. François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 340. 67
, 30 1938,, : «,,», -. 293 François-Poncet,, Ciano. 294,,,. 295, 3 Ciano ( 1935)., - 1935. 296. I E,. Neville Chamberlain Halifax,, 10-14 1939,. Mussolini,,. 297. 293 Guillen, «..»,. 158-159. 294, Galeazzo Ciano (1903-1944), Mussolini. 1935, Mussolini. Mussolini,,. Knox MacGregor, Mussolini Unleashed 1939-1941,, 1982,. 53-54. Ciano,,. Mussolini.. 11 1944,. Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 days of II Duce,, 2004,. 73-75. 295 Si vos révendications sont réelles, ce ne sont pas des moustiques entre nous, mais des elephants!. Mussolini, Duce, -. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 248. 296, Daladier Mussolini.,,. Bonnefous,..,. 3. Donald Cameron Watt, Britain, France and the Italian problem, Les relations Franco-britanniques de 1935 a 1939 (. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1975, 288. 297 Ciano, Mussolini,, François-Poncet Mussolini. François-Poncet : «. E,,» ( In Germania dovevo trattare con dei gran signori; Qui, invece, con dei lacché diventati padroni ), Ciano François- Poncet, Duce. Mussolini. ( François-Poncet ha tentato avvicinarsi al Duce, ma questi gli ha ostentatamente voltato le spalle. Niente da fare per questo Ambasciatore: il Duce lo odia. ) De Felice Renzo (.), Galeazzo Ciano, Diario 1937-1943,, 1980,. 239. 68
Bonnet, Paul Baudouin,,. 298 2-3 1939 Baudouin Mussolini Ciano,.,. 299, Mussolini, -. 300,. 301,, -., François-Poncet. 25 1939, Ciano Badouin.,. Grig re Gafencu, Daladier Mussolini. 302, 303 298 Bonnet-Ribbentrop, o Hitler Reichstag 30 1939. ( the rescue of Europe began at the end of the continent with Mussolini and fascism, Baynes (.), Speeches. 192). ( the German nation does not wish its interest to be determined and controlled by any foreign nation. France to the French, England to the English, America to the Americans and Germany to the Germans. Baynes (.), Speeches,. 195). 299 Bonnefous,..,. 3-4. Watt. «..»,. 288. 300 Ciano Badouin :, Djibouti, Addis Abeda Djibouti 1896., adouin., Badouin Daladier.,.. O François-Poncet Quai d Orsay 3 1939,,.,. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 249-250. 301 Bonnefous,..,. 5-6 302, : By a strange coincidence, every time that Germany made a show of drawing closer to France (as the time of von Ribbentrop s famous journey to Paris, December 6, 1938) Rome echoed with demands for the return to Italy of Corsica, Nice, Savoy. Then these noises quitened; Italy wore a smile again.[ ]French travelers returning from Italy were unanimous in admitting that they had had a very good reception[ ](like M. Baudouin). They all returned with the conviction that there existed means of coming to an understanding with the rulers of Italy. Grigore Gafencu, Last Days of Europe- A Diplomatic Journey in 1939,.,..,. 153. 303 1938 -. Mussolini, Mussolini o Bonnet-Ribbentrop. 1939-69
., Mussolini François-Poncet. 304 François-Poncet Mussolini. 305, Mussolini Hitler. Ciano Duce. - -..,,,. 306,, Mussolini,,, François-Poncet. 307,. Duce, Bonnet. 308, 2,. François-Poncet,. 309,,, Mussolini Hitler.. François-Poncet.. 6-7 -,. 21-22,. Bonnefous,..,. 44-45, 54. 304 Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 250. Rothschild,..,. 435-436. 305 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 295. 306 François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 307. 307 Rothscchild,..,. 449. François-Poncet Mussolini «infidele d esprit», Hitler. -,., François-Poncet, «la position la moins honorable». François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 310. 308 O Mussolini San Remo 5,, François-Poncet. Bonnet, Quai d Orsay,. 292-293, 299-301. 309 DDF, LX, No. 5, François-Poncet Bonnet, 5 1939,. 9,, 5 1939. 70
. 310 6 François-Poncet Ciano, Djibouti., 14 15 San Remo. 311,. 5 1940 Mussolini. 10, François-Poncet. François-Poncet,,,,.., : «.». 312 Vichy,. 1943 1945., 1948 1949 1955., 1952, Philippe Pétain. 313, François-Poncet, Hitler Mussolini «x.,». 314, 310 Guillen, «..»,. 160. 311,, Raffaele Guariglia, Bonnet., Ciano François-Poncet,.. François-Poncet,. «.,!.,». ( Ne vous fatiguez pas en efforts de propagande [a dit Ciano à François-Poncet]. Les victoires, voila la seule propaganda! Si vous remportez des victoires, nous serons avec nous. Dans l autre cas, nous serons contre vous ). François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 311. 312 I tedeschi sono padroni duri. Ve ne accorgerete anche voi. Renzo (.), Ciano diario,. 442. 313 Alexander S. Martin, The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the politics of French defense 1933-1940,, 1992,. 6. Roy F. Willis, France, Germany and the New Europe 1945-1963,, 1965,. 59-63. 314 Séparés, ils pouvaient vivre. Leur union a causé leur perte, et à la vérité, ils sont morts l un par l autre. François-Poncet, Souvenirs,. 313. 71
. François-Poncet,, -,.,,. 315 François-Poncet,. Bella Fromm,,. 316,,..,... André François-Poncet.,,. James Eric Drummond (1876-1951). Sir Eric Drummond 1933, Sir Ronald Graham, 1939. 1876,, Eton, Drummond. 1900.,..,, 42. 315 Schäfer,..,. 306-313. 316 Fromm,..,. 34. 72
,,. 317 Woodrow Wilson, o., Drummond,. Mussolini, 1923.,..,.. 318,, Drummond., 1923, 319. 320, - 1932,. 321 Drummond (Sir Edward Grey, Arthur Balfour, Curzon),..,,. Sir John Simon,. Simon, Drummond,. 322., Drummond, 317 The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 1933. 318 Araceli Julia P. Geraldi, Sir Eric Drummond, Britain s Ambassador to Italy, and Britain s foreign policy during the italo-abyssinian crisis of 1936-1936,, 1982,. 8-20. F. S. Northedge, The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920-1946,, 1986,. 51. 319., 1923. Tellini/,, 2009,. 30-31, 367, 478-479. 320 The Canberra Times, 8 1933. 321 The Montreal Gazette, 21 1937. 322 Walters,..,. : 75-80,. : 556-560. 73
.,. 323, 1935-6.., Mussolini 14 1935,,,. 324 Drummond Mussolini,.. 325, Drummond Samuel Hoare,., Mussolini. Hoare. Drummond,.,,, Mussolini., Sir Percy Lorraine, Drummond. 326 Anthony Eden Foreign Office, Drummond., Drummond, -. Phipps,,, Hitler 323 DBFP, 2 nd series, VII, No. 560, Drummond Sargent, 13 1933. 324 Andrew Holt, No more Hoares to Paris: British Foreign Policymaking and the Abyssian crisis, 1935, Review of International studies, 37(2011), 1385-87. 325 Ramsay MacDonald Drummond. MacDonald,. Gerladi,..,. 31-34. 326 Hughes,..,. 127-128. 74
Mussolini. 327, Drummond Phipps, Henderson,., Hitler, Mussolini. Drummond, -,. 328.. 1930 Mussolini,.,,,,,.,, -. 329 Drummond,,., (Radio Bari).,,. Drummond,.,,. Hoare-Laval, 1935,,. 330 327, Phipps,, Chamberlain Eden,. Hughes,..,. 146-147. 328 Felix Gilbert, Two ambassadors: Perth and Henderson, The Diplomats 1919-1929 (. Gordon A. Graig and Felix Gilbert), 1994, 544. William Rock, Appeasement on trial; ritish Foreign policy and its critics,, 1966,. 62. 329, Sir Miles Lampson, (Jihad),. Massimiliano Fiore, Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922-1940,, 2010,. 36-45. 330 John Dunbabin, The British military establishement and the policy of appeasement, The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (. Wolfgang and Lothar Kettenacker), 1983, 181. 75
, Drummond Mussolini.,. Henderson, Drummond,..,. 1938 -,., Drummond, ( ).,. Halifax, o Drummond.,, Halifax. 331, Drummond,. -. 332 Mussolini,. -, Quai d Orsay,. Drummond.,,. Chamberlain Drummond.,, Attolico,,. Mussolini, Drummond ( 331 Hughes,..,. 168. 332 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,. 1186, 1187, Drummond Halifax, 28 1938. 76
). Drummond, Mussolini,. 333,.,. 334 Drummond Mussolini Hitler,., Mussolini Hitler. Drummond., François-P ncet, -,., François-Poncet, Drummond,., 1938-1939., Drummond,,,. Chamberlain,, 11 1939. 335 Hitler.,, (7 12 1939).,,. Drummond.,,,, Sir Percy Loraine,. 333 Martin Thomas, Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo-French Relations in the Popular Front Era,, 1996,. 98-100. 334 Claudia Baldoli, Exporting Fascism: Italian Fascists and Britain's Italians in the 1930s,, 2003,. 3-4. 335., Ciano,, Ribbentrop,. Renzo (.), Ciano diario, 11 1939,. 238. 77
1939, Sir Percy Loraine,. O Loraine,, Mussolini,. Loraine Foreign Office. 336,,.,, Drummond, Henderson.,.,,,.,,.,..,..,,,,. 337, Neville Chamberlain. Neville Chamberlain,,.,,. 338 Foreign Office, 336 F.S. Northedge, Professional Diplomat: Sir Percy Loraine of Kirkharle Bt. 1880-1961. By Gordon Waterfield. London: Murray. 1973. 312 pp. Illus. Index., International Affairs, 50/3 (1974), 516. 337 James Barros, Office without power. Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919-1933,, 1979,. 262-269. 338 Keith Robbins, Appeasement,, 1988,. 38-40. 78
Anthony Eden., Eden, 1938. 339. Mussolini, Austen Chamberlain., Chamberlain. o,. 340 Halifax, Chamberlain, Sir Horace Wilson,,. 341 Drummond 1933,,. Chamberlain.,. Chamberlain Mussolini,. Drummond., Drummond, Neville Henderson..,, Henderson.,.,,,. 1940 - Drummond Lorraine-. 1939,.,. 342 339 Rock, 1930s,. 31-45. 340 Watt, ambassadors,. 145. 341 Churchill,..,. 261. 342 Gilbert, «..»,. 553-554 79
,. -, Chamberlain.,,. Drummond Ciano,,.,, Drummond. 343,. 1934.. Carr, Foreign Office, Drummond.. 1937, Drummond., Ciano,., Drummond.,. Felix Gilbert Drummond.,. Gilbert, Drummond, Ciano,. 344,, Drummond,.. 345. 343 Renzo, Ciano diario, 16 1938,. 224-5. 344 Gilbert, «..»,. 546-548. 345 Christopher G. Thorne, The Approach of the war, 1938-9, 1967,, 1967,. 109-110. George Baet, The coming of the Italian-Ethiopian war,, 1967,. 108. 80
Mussolini. 346 Lewis Namier Drummond Mussolini,. 347,,. Drummond Winston Churchill,,,,. 348 Sir Eric Drummond,., Ciano.,..,., Chamberlain.. (, ),,.,.. Drummond., Mussolini,,.,. 346 Harold MacMillan, Winds of Change, 1914-1939,, 1966,. 423-4. 347 Namier, Decay,. 118-9. 348 Churchill,..,. 18. 81
: ; Jósef Beck. «;.» Adolf Hitler, 6 1939 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov. O Hitler,. 349,,.,., Jósef Pi sudski 1935, Sanacja. 350.. Pi sudski, Locarno 1925, Jósef Beck, 1932 1939. 351 Pi sudski,. 352 349 Norman Davies, God s Playground. A history of Poland, Volume II: 1795 to the present,, 1981,. 393. 350 Sanacja ( ), 1926,. R. F. Leslie, The History of Poland since 1863,, 1980,. 159-160. 351 Stefan Litauer, The role of Poland between Germany and Russia, International Affairs, 14/5 (1935), 661-662. 352 Jósef Beck 1894, Lwów (Lviv). Pi sudski 1922. 1926 Pi sudski. 1930 1933 82
. Beck,.,. 353, 1932 -,,. Pi sudski, Danzig, 354. 355,. 356, 26 1934 -, - -. Anschluss.,. Beck, Pi sudski,, August Zaleski. Henry L. Roberts, The Diplomacy of Colonel Beck, he Diplomats, 1919-1939 (. Gordon A. Craig, Felix Gilbert), 1994, 579-614. 353 Roberts, «..»,. 582-584. 354,.,, - - Danzig., 1919. Danzig,,.,. 1923.,., 1919.,. 1933,. 1933,,. Danzig. Danzig,, Hitler. John Brown Mason, The Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise,, 1946,. 4-13, 139-227. 355 Anita Pra mowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939,, 1987,. 34-35. 356 Litauer, «..», 660-661. 83
Hitler,. 357 1934.,, status quo. 23 1934, Teschen. 358,. - (7 1935) - (2 1935), Pierre Laval 10-11. 359, Pi sudski,.,,,. Pi sudski,. 360,,. 15 1939. Neville Chamberlain 31,, 28 - - 1934. Pi sudski Beck.,,,,,. 361 357 Anna M. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers 1938-1939: a study in the interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe,, 1968,. 52-53. Jerzy Lukowski Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland,, 2006,. 246-247. 358 Nicolae Titulescu, Romania s Foreign Policy (1937), (. George G. Potra& Constantin I. Turcu),, 1994,. 94, 101-102. 359 Roberts, «..»,. 598-599. 360 Lukowski&Zawadzki,..,. 247. Leslie, Poland,. 182-185. 361 Paul N. Hehn, A Low, Dishonest Decade. The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941,, 2002,. 65. Leslie, Poland,. 203-207. Stanislaw&Zychowski,..,. 191-192, 252-253. 84
Léon No l (1888-1987) Léon No l,. J. B. Duroselle, Léon No l,,. 362 Léon No l,,. 363,,,. 24 1935 Jules Laroche, No l. 364 Laroche,, Pi sudsksi. 365, No l. 366 No l. : «,,,»,. 367 362 Préface, Léon No l, Polonia Restituta: La Pologne entre deux mondes,, 1984,. 7. 363 1912 (Conseiller d Etat) 1927 (Délégué Général). To 1930 (Préfet) (Haut-Rhin) 1932 1935. 1935,. Compiègne 22 1940 Pétain.,, 1943 De Gaulle,. 1951 1955 1959 1965. Assemblée Nationale (http://www.assembleenationale.fr/histoire/biographies/ivrepublique/no l-leon-philippe-jules-arthur-28031888.asp), Conseil Constitutionel (http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/le-conseilconstitutionnel/le-conseil-hier/les-membres-depuis-1959/tous-les-membres/leon-no l.42279.html ) 364 une ambassade dépourvue de prestige et de considération. No l, Polonia restituta,. 18. 365 Jules Laroche, La Pologne de Pi sudksi: souvenirs d une ambassade, 1926-1935,, 1953,. 118-123, 145. 366 Yvon Beauvois, Léon No l: de Laval à de Gaulle via Pétain, 1888-1987,, 2001,. 132-133. 367 L ardent, le vigoureux patriotisme qui l anime, son attachement indéfectible à ses traditions propres font de ce peuple une des nations les plus dignes de posséder l indépendance. No l, Polonia restituta,. 16. 85
-., 26 1934, - -. 1935, o Beck. 368 -, -. 369, No l Laval. 370,,,,., No l. 371.,.,, Beck. 372 Hans von Moltke, Léon No l :. 373 No l Pi sudsksi., Beck., Beck,. 374,. Beck. Anthony Eden, o Duff Cooper, o Grigore Gafencu, 368 No l, Polonia restituta,. 18-21, 26-27. Pi sudski Hitler. 26 1932,, Hitler ( windbags ). Zygmunt J. Gasiorowski, Did Pi sudksi attempt to inititiate a preventive war in 1933?, The Journal of Modern History, 27/2 (1955), 135-151. 369 Sylvain Francia, Le gouvernement et l armée polonaise en France de Septembre 1939 à Juin 1940,, 2009,. 17-19. 370 Léon No l, L agression allemande contre la Pologne,, 1946,. 111. 371 Beauvois,..,. 137-138. 372, Jósef Beck,, No l. No l, Polonia restituta,. 84-85. 373 Voila l ambassadeur de France. C est lui qui a réussi à démolir notre politique en Pologne., No l, Polonia restituta,. 30. 374 No l, Agression,. 98, 106-107. 86
., Beck -., No l Beck... No l,, «[...]». 375, Beck No l.,.. 376, No l., 1940,,. 377 No l -.., Beck, 378,. 379,. 380 No l,., -. o No l Beck,,. Beck,,. 381 375 de tenir une anguille[ ] dans les mains.. No l, Polonia restituta,. 76. 376 No l, Polonia restituta,. 81-82. 377 No l, Polonia restituta,. 84-85. 378 une instinctive attirance. No l, Polonia restituta,. 113. 379 Maxim Litvinov Beck. Hehn,..,. 66. 380 No l, Beck. Jósef Beck. Davies,.., 430-431. ( He resisted the advances of Göring and Ribbentrop no less than those of Litvinov and Molotov ). 381 Beauvois,..,. 136. No l, Agression,. 22. 87
,, No l,, Jules Laroche. No l, Beck,. Edward Rydz-Smigly. Smigly No l. 382, Beck, Smigly. Sosnkowski, Pi sudsksi Rydz-Smigly., Léon No l. 383, Juliusz Lukasiewicz,,. 384,..,, Beck. No l. Beck, Lukasiewicz.,., Georges Bonnet., Lukasiewitz. 385 No l, -,. 386,. No l,, Masaryk Bene., 382 Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: defending democracy, 1934-1938,, 1988,. 194-195. 383 Archibald L. Patterson, Between Hitler and Stalin: The Quick Life and Secret Death of Edward Smigly Rydz, Marshal of Poland,, 2010,. 110. 384 Zygmunt Gasiorowski, Diplomat in Paris, 1936-1939; Papers and Memoirs of Juliusz Lukasiewicz, ambassador of Poland, Slavic Review, 29/1 (1991), 118. 385 Jerzy Jan Lerski, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945,, 1996,. 326. 386 No l, Polonia restituta,. 158-159. 88
. Teschen,,,. 387,.,.,. 388, eck 1935,. Hitler Beck.,,. No l, Beck Bene. 389,., No l,., -,. Beck Bene. 1938 Yvon Delbos,, Hitler Bene.. 390, «,,,, [...]». 391 Bene, Dr. Juraj Slávik,, Beck.,. Slávik, Bene,, 387 Hansard, 5 1920., 28 1920,. D. Perman, The Shaping of the Czechoslovak State,, 1962,. 272-273. 388 No l, Polonia restituta,. 203. 389 Roberts, «..»,. 599. 390 Beauvois,..,. 149-150. 391 Personnellement, je percevais, en toute netteté, les contradictions, l inanité, l irréalisme de la politique occidentale et, plus particulièrement de la nôtre.. No l, Polonia restituta,. 212. 89
. No l,, 1938, -, -,. 392 1919,.,,. 393 No l Beck Anschluss., Hitler,. 8 1938 No l Szembek, 394.,.,.,.. 395 -.,, - 1934,,. 396 1937.,. 392 Ciencala,..,. 66, 70-71. 393 Piotr S. Wandycz, The Polish Question, The Treaty of Versailles: a reassessment after 75 years (. Manfred Franz Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, Elisabeth Gläser), 1998, 316-317. 394 Jan Szembek. 1921, 1924, 1925 1927. 1932 1939.,. The Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Bucharest, (www.bukareszt.polemb.net/index.php?document=265). 395 No l, Polonia restituta,. 213-214. 396,, 1936. Beck, -,., Hitler,,. Skladkowski- Beck, Hitler. Ciencala,..,. 54. Arnold Stanislaw Marian Zychowski, Outline History of Poland,, 1962,. 189-190. 90
1939,.,,,. 397, Beck. 1937 Carl J. Burckhardt,. 398 Hitler,,.,, -,,. 399 1938, Joseph Paul-Boncour, (Robert Coulondre), (Victor de Lacroix) (Adrien Thierry) Alexis Léger, René Massigli, Charles Rochat Jean Paul-Boncour,. Léon No l,,. Beck «[...]». 400 O Paul-Boncour No l.,,, Édouard Daladier Georges Bonnet. No l 14., Bonnet. No l, -, 1938 397 Richard Blanke, The German Minority in Inter-war Poland and German Foreign Policy-Some considerations, Journal of Contemporary History, 25/11 (1990), 88-95. Maria Kornilowicz (.), Western and Northern Poland,, 1962,. 106-107. 398 Pra mowska,..,.81. 399 Mieczyslaw B. Biskupski, The History of Poland,, 2000,. 84-85. Kornilowicz,.,. 99-102. Leslie, Poland,. 202-204. 400 La veritable défaitisme c est [ ] le refus de voir les réalités et de ne pas tout tenter pour ne pas s exposer à une défaite.. No l, Polonia restituta,. 215. 91
Bonnet., Quai d Orsay. 401.,....,. No l 1936,... Jean Payart,. 402,....,., No l (Flandin, Delbos, Paul- Boncour, Bonnet),.. Musse,,, Bonnet 1939,.,. 403 H,,. 9 1939, Jakov Souritz, Bonnet....,,. 404, No l Bonnet. No l Quai d Orsay,, Danzig. 405 24 1939 Molotov 401 Beauvois,..,. 150-151, 155-156. No l, Polonia restituta,. 214-217. 402 Carley, 1939,. 107. 403 Rydz-Smigly: «.,». ( Avec les Allemands, nous risquons de perde notre liberté. Avec les Russes, nous perdrions notre âme ). No l, Polonia restituta,. 231-232. 404 No l, Polonia restituta,. 237. 405 Livre Jaune, No. 206, No l Bonnet, 21 1939, No. 212, No l Bonnet, 22 1939, No 219, No l Bonnet, 24 1939, No. 223, No l Bonnet, 24 1939, No. 234, No l Bonnet, 25 1939, No. 235, No l Bonnet, 25 1939, No. 237, No l Bonnet, 25 1939, No 274, No l Bonnet, 28 1939. 92
.,, Doumenc Plunket. 406 11., Vorochilov,,,. Bonnet Lukasiewitz Beck,. No l. 407, Beck, - -., Pi sudski.,,. No l. 408, Doumenc, Beaufre., 21., 19 No l Quai d Orsay Beck. Beck,,. 409 Beaufre. 22 Doumenc, Daladier,,. 410. 23 1939 Joachim von Ribbentrop,,. 411 406 Joseph douard Aimé Doumenc (1880-1948) Verdun (1916),. Etienne,. Michel Mourre, Dictionnaire Encyclopédique d Histoire,. III,, 1978,. 1418. O Sir Reginald Plunket Ernle Erle Drax (1880-1967).. 1941. Robert L. Davison, Striking a balance between Dissent and Discipline: Admiral Sir Reiginald Drax, The Northern Mariner/ Le matin du nord, 13/2, (2003), 44-52. 407 No l, Polonia restituta,. 227. 408 No l, Polonia restituta,. 239-240. Stanislaw&Zychowski,..,. 190-191. 409 Livre Jaune,. 264 No l Bonnet, 27 1939. 410 Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939-1941,, 1954,. 48-50. 411 Beauvois,... 159. Carley, 1939,. 200-201. Francia,..,. 32-35. 93
Ribbentrop. 22, No l Beck, -. Beck,,. Doumenc Beck,....,.,.,, - -. 412,,. Hitler,.,., -. No l,, -. 413, No l,,,. «Gamelin»,. 414 Léon No l, 19., Sven Grafström, 415 412 Lukowski&Zawadzki,..,. 247. 10 1939, Georgei Astakhov Karl Schnurre,,. ( [ ]he had once again received an express instruction from Moscow to emphasize that the Soviet Government desired an improvement in relations with Germany ). DGFP, series D, VI, No. 18, Schnurre,, Y, 10 1939. Beaufre, -. Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany, Soviet Studies, 44/1 (1992), 64-65. 413 Carley, 1939,. 216-217. 414...le manque de jugement du général Gamelin était inexcusable. No l, Polonia restituta,. 251.,, Doumenc. No l, Polonia restituta,. 251-252. 415 Sven Grafström.,,,, 1936. 1939,., 94
Hans von Moltke., Moltke,.. Moltke, Danzig 1. No l, Moltke,,,. 416, Quai d Orsay No l. Léon No l Hans von Moltke..., Ribbentrop No l., 1939 No l. «Goebbels,, [...] Goering,, Rudolf Hess,»,. 417 No l. Masaryk Bene.. No l Bene,., Quai d Orsay. No l.,,,, Grafström.. Sverige Kommissionen om den svenska utrikesledningens agerande i fallet Raoul Wallenberg, Ett diplomatiskt misslyckande: fallet Raoul Wallenberg och den svenska utrikesledningen,, 1993,. 405-408. 416 Une source absolument sure. No l, Polonia restituta,. 258. 417 Il n avait pas ni l expression d intelligence diabolique de Goebbels, ni l obésité éléphantesque, qui, [ ] inclinait à quelque indulgence envers le gros Goering, ni cet air rêveur et absent, qui incitait à supposer que Rudolf Hess restait assez à l écart du banditisme hitlérien. une incarnation de la fatuité, de la prétention. No l, Polonia restituta,. 221. 95
Bene Beck,. 418 -.,, No l. Beck Pi sudski,, 1934, 1939. 419. Beck.,.,. 420,,. «;». 421 No l.,, -,. Léon No l.,.. 422 418 No l Kennard Beck,. Beck.. Beck, Hilter Chamberlain Godesberg (22-23 1938), - -. Anna Cienciala, The Munich crisis of 1938: Plans and strategy in Warsaw in the context of the western appeasement of Germany, The Munich crisis, 1938. Prelude to World War II (. Igor Lukes, Erik Goldstein), 1999, 48-81. 419 Beck. Konstantin von Weizsäcker, Gregore Gafencu, Galeazzo Ciano Stanislaw Mackiewicz. Samuel L. Sharp, Dernier Rapport: Politique Polonaise, 1926-1939, by Joseph Beck, The American Journal of International Law, 47/2 (1953), 164-166. Roberts, Beck,. 579. 420. 1932 1940., 1931 1940,,,. Andrew Thorpe, Britain in the 1930 s. The Deceptive Decade,, 1992,. 58-59. 421,, (. ),, 1996,. 66. 422 Ciencala,..,. 63. No l, Agression,. 197-198. Roberts, Beck,. 604. 96
.,, Howard Kennard,. Yves Beauvois, No l..,,. 423,.,., 1930. Quai d Orsay,. 424 William Howard Kennard (1878-1955) No l, Sir Howard William Kennard,, Moltke,. No l, Kennard. 1923 Royal Victorian Order (R.V.O.) 425,,,,,. 1934. 426, Kennard,,,..,, Beck «,». 427 No l 423 Beauvois,..,. 155-157. 424 Beauvois,... 157. Francia,..,. 31. 425, 1896., (1819-1901).. The Official website of The British Monarchy (www.royal.gov.uk/monarchuk/honours/royalvictorianorder.aspx) 426 Gilbert&Gott,..,. 366. D. G. Williamson, The Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939,, 2009,. 180. 427..de la cautèle, des dissimulations, de la mauvaise foi de Joseph Beck.. No l, Polonia restituta,. 265. 97
Kennard., Sir Howard Foreign Office.,. 428 Beck,, o Kennard, - No l -. Beck. Beck 429. 430, Halifax Kennard, Danzig. 431 428 Sir Howard Gazeta Polska,. No l, Polonia restituta,. 32. 429., Virgil Tilea,, Foreign Office,.,.. Tilea,,,,,.,,., status quo,,,.,,,.,. Hitler. (20 1939).,.....,....,. 21 Bonnet Halifax.,.. -, Hitler Mussolini.,, Foreign Office., Chamberlain.. 31,, Chamberlain. Chamberlain - -,......,,,.. 6 1939. Alan Alexandroff Richard Rosecrance, Deterrence in 1939, World Politics, 29/3 (1977), 407-413. Simon Newman, March 1939 : the British guarantee to Poland : a study in the continuity of British foreign policy,, 1976,. 130-137, 145-156, 205-207. 430 N.A. CAB 24/285 C.P. 83 (39): Visit of the Polish Foreign Minister, April 4-6, 1939, Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 8 Apr. 1939, f. 1. 431 DBFP, 3 rd series, IV, No 605, Kennard Halifax, 2 1939. 98
. No l, Kennard,.. Sir Howard,,,. 432,,. 25 1938,,. Sir Orme Sargent, Kennard,,. 433 Beck No l,. 434 No l,,. 435,. Beck,. 436, 7 - o,. 437, - Beck,. 438,, Hitler.,.. 439 Beck, 432 DBFP, 3 rd series, I,.46, Kennard Sargent, 25 1938. 433 Pra mowska,.,. 30. 434 DBFP, 3 rd series, IV, o. 139, Kennard Sargent, 22 1939. 435 DBFP, 3 rd series, IV, o. 498, Kennard Halifax, 22 1939. Carley, 1939,. 106-107. 436 polish and british aims in Northern Europe seem to more or less coincide. DBFP, 3 rd series, IV, o. 148, Kennard Halifax, 25 1939. 437 DBFP, 3 rd series, IV, o. 187, Kennard Cadogan, 7 1939. 438 N.A., CAB 23/98 Cabinet 17(39): 30 1939. 439 Francia,..,. 38. 99
.,. 440 O Kennard,,,. No l,, Halifax., o Beck. 441 Halifax Kennard, Beck. Kennard Beck. 442 25 o Henderson Jósef Lipski,, Hitler, Kennard,. «[ Lipski Hitler].,»,,. 443. «Hitler,». 444 Kennard.,,,,., 1938-1939,, 440 No l, 26 1939, Quai d rsay Sir Howard -. Beauvois,..,. 160. 441 DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No 70, Kennard Halifax, 19 1939. 442 absolutely obdurate DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No. 119, Kennard Cadogan, 21 1939. 443 I am extremely doubtful whether would really serve any useful purpose. Any such approach would be sure to be construed as a sign of weakness and it might even provoke the very ultimatum we seek to avoid DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No 270, Kennard Halifax, 25 1939. 444 If Hitler decides on war, it is for the sole purpose of destroying Polish independence. DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No 367, Kennard Halifax, 27 1939. 100
,.,. Halifax «,, Sir Howard Kennard»,, -. 445,. 30 1939 Halifax Kennard,. 28. 446 Kennard. Beck,., Kennard.,.,.,.,,,,. Kennard.,,. 4.45.. 1 1939 Léon No l, 445 Ausw rtiges Amt, German Library of Information, Documents on the events preceding the outbreak of war,, 1940 (, 1939),. 517-521. 446 Facts in Review, Documents on the Events Preceding the Outbreak of the War, (American edition), 1939[sic], 523. ( I shall naturally not volunteer any view to the Polish Government, neither shall I transmit Hitler s answer (this refers to the German answer of August 29, which expressed the German readiness to enter direct negotiations) until I have receiver instructions which I assume will be forthcoming at once.) 101
.,.,. Quai d Orsay,,., Bonnet Mussolini San Remo,, Quai d Orsay, Beck. Mussolini. Léon No l,. 447., Kennard.,,. 4... 1 Kennard,.,. 448, «[ ] [ ].». 449 Foreign Office. Kennard, San Remo, Hitler.. 450, Kennard Halifax. 451 O Halifax. 447 Beauvois,..,. 163-165. 448 DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No. 662, Kennard Halifax, 1 1939, 4.. 449 I earnestly hope that all possible will be done to expedite dispatch of war material. This would have excellent effect from moral as well as purely military point of view DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No. 705, Kennard Halifax, 2 1939, 4.20.. 450 DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No. 720, Kennard Halifax, 2 1939, 5.20.. 451 I trust I may be informed at the earliest possible moment of our declaration of war DBFP, 3 rd series, VII, No. 734, Kennard Halifax, 2 1939, 8.. 102
.., Kennard., Halifax, Kennard., Kennard. 452 Halifax. Kennard.,., Sir Howard.,.,,,.,. No l, 3.., Léon No l. 5,,. No l, Quai d Orsay,,, Tony Drexel Biddle. 453,. 454 452 DBFP,3 rd series, VII, No. 754, Kennard Halifax, 2 1939. 453 Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Poland and the coming of the Second World War: the diplomatic papers of A. J. Drexel Biddle, Jr, United States Ambassador to Poland, 1937-1939,, 1976,. 128-129. 454 Beauvois,..,. 166-167., Howard No l,., Sir Howard. No l,.,,,., 103
,,., No l Kennard.,. 1930 - No l Kennard. No l,,.,..,,.,. Kennard,,,,.., No l. 1941. No l, Agression,. 402, 406-407. Williamson,..,. 180-181. 104
:. «[ ], :,,.» 455 Adolf Hitler - -, Gustav Malher, Franz Kafka, Rainer Maria Rilke, Ludwig Wittgenstein Sigmund Freud.,.,.,,. : «O ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( SS), (Horst Wessel Lied), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( )». 456, Hitler. 455 The real opposition to the re-arming comes from the rich classes in the [Conservative] Party who fear taxation and believe Nazis on the whole are more conservative than Communists and Socialists: any war, whether we win or not, would destroy the rich idle classes and so they are for peace at any price. Harvey (.),..,. 222. 456 Griffin Roger, Modernism and Fascism,, 2007,. 274. 105
20.,,., 1870. 1930., o., 1937, Winston Churchill Hitler. «Hitler..,.». 1939., Hitler., Churchill 1937,.,. Churchill,,, 1930. «;»,. «, ;» 457.,,,,,. 1939.,,,,, 457 Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries,, 1947. 106
. 458,,, Neville Chamberlain. 459. 20 1938 Ida, «. [ ].,.,». 460, 1933. 1937.,. Hitler:,,.,.,,. -,,,. -. Édouard Daladier,, Georges Bonnet, Neville Chamberlain.,... Hitler.,.,., 458 David Redles, Hitler s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation,, 2005,. 14-16. Zizek Slavoj, ;, (. ),, 2002,. 103. 459 Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis,, 2000,. 224. 460,,, 2010,. 212. 107
.,.. Hitler,..,. status quo 1919..,.,.,,,. Adolf Hitler.,,. Winston Churchil : «.,,....»,. :., 1939..,. 1939. ;. -.,,.,.,,,. Nevile Henderson André Francois-Poncet, Hitler,. - - 108
,.. ; Eric Drummond, o Victor de Lacroix Quai d Orsay. Léon No l Howard Kennard,. Basil Newton, Robert Coulondre,,,. Henderson Francois-Poncet, - Hitler. Eric Phipps,,, Charles Corbin,.,,.,,,.,,. Henry Kissinger, «,..,,.. [...]...,,». 461.,., 461 Henry Kissinger,, (. ),, 1995,. 33. 109
,, :..,,,..,,,,.. ; 110
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1. Aimé de Fleuriau (1926-1933) Sir George Cleck (1934-1937) Charles Corbin (1933-1940) Sir Eric Phipps (1937-1939) Sir Ronald Campbell (1939-1940) Charles Hervé Alphand (1933-1936) Aretas Akers-Douglas (1933-1939) Robert Coulondre (1936-1939) Sir William Seeds (1939-1940) Paul- mile Naggiar (1939-1940) Sir Stafford Cripps (1940-1942) Eric Labonne (1940-1941) André François- Poncet (1931-1938) Sir Eric Phipps (1933-1937) Robert Coulondre (.-. 1939) Sir Nevile Henderson (1937-1939) 132
Jules Blondel (, 1936-1938) Sir Ronald Graham (1921-1933) André François- Poncet (1939-1940) Sir Eric Drummond (1933-1939) Sir Percy Loraine (1939-1940) Léon Noël (1932-1935) Sir Joseph Addison (1930-1936) Victor de Lacroix (1935-1939) Charles Bentinck (1936-1937) Sir Basil Newton (1937-1939) Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart (1939-1940) Jules Laroche (1926-1935) Sir William Erkshire (1928-1934) Léon Noël (1935-1940) Emmanuel Lancial (1942-1944) Sir Howard William Kennard (1935-1941) 133
., 1930. 25 1932: - -,., -. 26 1934: - -. 28 1939, Hitler. 7 1935: -,.,.,. 2 1935: -,. 16 1935: -.,.,. 18 1935: -. 35%, 45%. 25 1936: Anti-Commitern,. 6 1937. 2 1937: -, status quo. 29-30 1938:,,,,,.,,. 15 1939,,. 134
22 1939:.. Mussolini -, 1 1936. 23 1939: - Ribbentrop-Molotov... 22 1941,. 25 1939: -. Y - (31 1939). 19 1939:,., 1 1945, 1945 -. 27 1940:,.,,.,,, 1940-41..,, 1930. G. Doumerge: 13 1924-31 1931 P. Doumer: 31 1931-7 1932 A. Lebrun: 10 1932-11 1940. 27 1929 A. Briand 2 1929 A. Tardieu A. Briand 135
13 1930 M. Steeg 27 1931 P. Laval A. Briand 14 1932 P. Laval 20 1932 A. Tardieu A. Tardieu 3 1932 E. Herriot E. Herriot 18 1932 J. Paul- Boncour J. Paul- Boncour 31 1933 E. Daladier 26 1933 A. Sarraut 26 1933 B. Chautemps 9 1934 G. Doumergue L. Barthou 13 1934 P. Laval 8 1934 P.-E. Flandin 1 1935 F. Bouisson 7 1935 P. Laval 24 1936 A. Sarraut P.-E. Flandin 5 1936 L. Blum Y. Delbos 22 1937 B. Chautemps 13 1938 L. Blum J. Paul- Boncour 10 1938 E. Daladier G. Bonnet George V: 6 1910-20 1936 Edward VIII: 20 1936-10 1936. George VI: 10 1936-6 1952. 5 1929 J. R. MacDonald Sir A. Chamberlain 7 1929 S. Baldwin A. Henderson 25 1931 5 1931 Sir J. Simon 7 1935 S. Baldwin Sir. S. Hoare 22 1935 A. Eden 28 1937 N. Chamberlain 21 1938 Viscount Halifax 10 1940 W. Churchill 136
P. von Hindenburg: 26 1925-2 1934 28 1928 H. Müller 1 1930 H. Brüning J. Curtius 9 1931 H. Brüning Brüning 30 1932. 2 1932 F. von Papen K. von Neurath 4 1932 K. von Schleicher 30 1933 A. Hitler 5 1938 J. von Ribbentrop Victor Emmanuel III: 29 1900-9 1946 30 O 1922 B. Mussolini B. Mussolini 12 1929 C. Grandi 20 1932 B. Mussolini 9 1936 G. Ciano Tomas G. Masaryk: 14 1918-13 1935 Dr. Edvard Bene : 18 1935-4 1938 ( 16 1939. 1945 2 1945 7 1948) Dr Emil Hácha: 1 1938-1 1945. (14 1918: E. Benes) 137
29 1932. alypetr 18 1935 M. Hodza 29 1936 M. Hod a K. Krofta 22 1938 Gen. J. Syrový 4 1938 F. Chvalkovský 30 1038 R. Beran 18 1939 (Reich). I. Moscicki: 1 1926-29 1939 2 1926 Pilsudksi A. Zaleski 18 1928 K. Bartel 14 1929 K. Switalski 29 1929 K. Bartel 1 1930 W. S awek 30 1930 Pilsudksi 4 1930 W S awek 29 1930 K. Bartel 27 1931 A. Prystor 2 1932 J. Beck 10 1933 J. Jedrzejewicz 13 1934 L. Koz owski 28 1935 W. S awek 12 1935 M.Koscia kowski- Zyndram 16 1936 F. S. Sk adkowski 20 1939 W. Sikorski A. Zaleski. 138
2 Charles Corbin Eric Phipps Robert Coulondre Nevile Henderson 139
Eric Drummond William Kennard André Francois-Poncet Léon No l 140
Neville Chamberlain Viscount Halifax Édouard Daladier Georges Bonnet Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini 141
Galeazzo Ciano Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Ernst von Weizsäcker 142
Maxim Litvinov Vyacheslav Molotov Józef Beck Edvard Bene 143
3.. 144
, 1938-1939. Hitler, 1933-1939. 145
1942. 146