, ' Θέμα: Ευφυείς και προγραμματιζόμενοι αισθητήρες - μεταδότες βιο- Εισηγητής: Διοv. Π. Τορτορέλης, μηχανικός συστημάτων αυτοματισμού.



Σχετικά έγγραφα
Capacitors - Capacitance, Charge and Potential Difference

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (Large Can Type)

[1] P Q. Fig. 3.1

the total number of electrons passing through the lamp.

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

ZLW Series. Single-stage Monoblock Centrifugal Pump ZL PUMP GROUP.,LTD

Surface Mount Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

38BXCS STANDARD RACK MODEL. DCS Input/Output Relay Card Series MODEL & SUFFIX CODE SELECTION 38BXCS INSTALLATION ORDERING INFORMATION RELATED PRODUCTS

Instruction Execution Times

UDZ Swirl diffuser. Product facts. Quick-selection. Swirl diffuser UDZ. Product code example:

Main source: "Discrete-time systems and computer control" by Α. ΣΚΟΔΡΑΣ ΨΗΦΙΑΚΟΣ ΕΛΕΓΧΟΣ ΔΙΑΛΕΞΗ 4 ΔΙΑΦΑΝΕΙΑ 1

TIME SWITCHES AND TWILIGHT SWITCHES

Overview: Relay Modules

Potential Dividers. 46 minutes. 46 marks. Page 1 of 11

SPBW06 & DPBW06 series

RSDW08 & RDDW08 series

Surface Mount Multilayer Chip Capacitors for Commodity Solutions

2R2. 2 (L W H) [mm] Wire Wound SMD Power Inductor. Nominal Inductance Packing Tape & Reel. Design Code M ±20%

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΗ ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ

Operating Temperature Range ( C) ±1% (F) ± ~ 1M E-24 NRC /20 (0.05) W 25V 50V ±5% (J) Resistance Tolerance (Code)

Thermistor (NTC /PTC)

ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ CYPRUS COMPUTER SOCIETY ΠΑΓΚΥΠΡΙΟΣ ΜΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ 19/5/2007

First Sensor Quad APD Data Sheet Part Description QA TO Order #

If error is detected the display will show the message "E" followed by the relative error code.

Digital motor protection relays

DATA SHEET Surface mount NTC thermistors. BCcomponents

2013 REV 01 ELECTRONICS CAPACITORS. DC Applications Metallized Polypropylene Film Self Healing

Daewoo Technopark A-403, Dodang-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-city, Gyeonggido, Korea LM-80 Test Report

SMD Transient Voltage Suppressors

Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) Data Sheet

Accessories 2-WIRE PROGRAMMABLE TRANSMITTERS. 5331D Features: 5333D Features: 5334B Features: Typical Applications: Mounting and Installation:

PS500 Rotatable Programmable Pressure Sensors

Lowara SPECIFICATIONS

with serial RS485/RS232 output RS485

Heat exchanger. Type WT. For the reheating of airflows in rectangular ducting PD WT 1. 03/2017 DE/en

65W PWM Output LED Driver. IDLV-65 series. File Name:IDLV-65-SPEC

Calculating the propagation delay of coaxial cable

Current Sensing Chip Resistor SMDL Series Size: 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206/1010/2010/2512/1225/3720/7520. official distributor of

Strain gauge and rosettes

Creative TEchnology Provider

Math 6 SL Probability Distributions Practice Test Mark Scheme

Output Power: W. Exclusively distributed by Powerstax

S /5000 BTU/Hr. 1000/1500 Watt

EE512: Error Control Coding

LS series ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS CAT.8100D. Specifications. Drawing. Type numbering system ( Example : 200V 390µF)

Thin Film Chip Resistors

Smaller. 6.3 to 100 After 1 minute's application of rated voltage at 20 C, leakage current is. not more than 0.03CV or 4 (µa), whichever is greater.

Summary of Specifications

DLG Series. Lowara SPECIFICATIONS APPLICATIONS ACCESSORIES MATERIALS. General Catalogue

HORIZONTAL MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL ELECTRIC PUMPS in AISI 304

Pb Chip Ferrite Inductor (MFI Series) Engineering Spec.

Specification. code ±1.0 ±1.0 ±1.0 ±1.0 ±0.5 approx (g)

Modbus basic setup notes for IO-Link AL1xxx Master Block

THICK FILM LEAD FREE CHIP RESISTORS

HOMEWORK 4 = G. In order to plot the stress versus the stretch we define a normalized stretch:

1. Ηλεκτρικό μαύρο κουτί: Αισθητήρας μετατόπισης με βάση τη χωρητικότητα

DC-DC Constant Current Step-Down LED driver LDD-300L LDD-350L LDD-500L LDD-600L LDD-700L CURRENT RANGE

Section 8.3 Trigonometric Equations

Anti-Corrosive Thin Film Precision Chip Resistor (PR Series)

Multilayer Chip Inductor

MS SERIES MS DESK TOP ENCLOSURE APPLICATION EXAMPLE FEATURE. Measuring instruments. Power supply equipments

Anti-Corrosive Thin Film Precision Chip Resistor-SMDR Series. official distributor of

NMBTC.COM /

MATRIX. EBARA PUMPS EUROPE S.p.A. HORIZONTAL MULTISTAGE PUMPS

High pressure centrifugal pumps

SEN TRONIC AG A AB 93 :, C,! D 0 7 % : 3 A 5 93 :

Electrical Specifications at T AMB =25 C DC VOLTS (V) MAXIMUM POWER (dbm) DYNAMIC RANGE IP3 (dbm) (db) Output (1 db Comp.) at 2 f U. Typ.

LR Series Metal Alloy Low-Resistance Resistor

Metal Oxide Leaded Film Resistor

QUICKTRONIC PROFESSIONAL QTP5

1000 VDC 1250 VDC 125 VAC 250 VAC J K 125 VAC, 250 VAC

Precision Metal Film Fixed Resistor Axial Leaded

High Frequency Chip Inductor / CF TYPE

2 Composition. Invertible Mappings

TRC ELECTRONICS, INC LED Driver Constant Voltage 45W MEAN WELL IDLV-45 Series

Return Line Filters Type RTF10/25

Datasheet * * Remotely Configurable Digital Pressure Transmitter. Application. Construction and mode of operation. Features.

Metal Oxide Leaded Film Resistor

MULTILAYER CHIP VARISTOR JMV S & E Series: (SMD Surge Protection)

HIS series. Signal Inductor Multilayer Ceramic Type FEATURE PART NUMBERING SYSTEM DIMENSIONS HIS R12 (1) (2) (3) (4)

65W PWM Output LED Driver. IDPV-65 series. File Name:IDPV-65-SPEC

15W DIN Rail Type DC-DC Converter. DDR-15 series. File Name:DDR-15-SPEC

15W DIN Rail Type DC-DC Converter. DDR-15 s e r i e s. File Name:DDR-15-SPEC

Data sheet Thick Film Chip Resistor 5% - RS Series 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206

ΑΚΑ ΗΜΙΑ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΥ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΜΑΚΕ ΟΝΙΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΘΕΜΑ : ΧΗΜΙΚΑ ΠΡΟΣΘΕΤΑ ΠΟΥ ΠΡΟΟΡΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΝΕΡΟ ΤΟΥ ΑΤΜΟΛΕΒΗΤΑ

SMD - Resistors. TThin Film Precision Chip Resistor - SMDT Series. Product : Size: 0201/0402/0603/0805/1206/1210/2010/2512. official distributor of

IDPV-45 series. 45W PWM Output LED Driver. File Name:IDPV-45-SPEC S&E

4 Way Reversing Valve

ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS LKG

4 Way Reversing Valve

C121. External Dimensions (L W) (mm) 0603 [0201] [0402] [0603] [0805]

Bulletin 1489 UL489 Circuit Breakers

Type 947D Polypropylene, High Energy Density, DC Link Capacitors

MSN DESK TOP ENCLOSURE WITH STAND / CARRYING HANDLE

Applications Water distribution

ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ CYPRUS COMPUTER SOCIETY ΠΑΓΚΥΠΡΙΟΣ ΜΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ 24/3/2007

3 V, 1500 MHz Si MMIC WIDEBAND AMPLIFIER

CSR series. Thick Film Chip Resistor Current Sensing Type FEATURE PART NUMBERING SYSTEM ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

(1) Describe the process by which mercury atoms become excited in a fluorescent tube (3)

BMA SERIES Subminiature Blind Mate Connectors

Transcript:

Θέμα: Ευφυείς και προγραμματιζόμενοι αισθητήρες - μεταδότες βιο-, ' μηχανικων εφαρμογων. Εισηγητής: Διοv. Π. Τορτορέλης, μηχανικός συστημάτων αυτοματισμού. Καλησπέρα σας. Ευελπιστώ ότι όλοι έχετε πάρει το φυλλάδιο ή ότι μέσα στα έντυπα που πήρατε, βρίσκονται οι αναλυτικότερες πληροφορίες για τα θέματα αυτά. Δυστυχώς, ο χρόνος δεν επιτρέπει ανάλυση θεωρητική και πρακτική των θεμάτων αυτών, έ τσι θα περιοριστώ μονάχα στα απολύτως αναγκαία, τα οποία χρειάζονται σ' αυτή την περίmωση. Θα έλεγα πολύ χαρακτηριστικά ότι είμαστε στην ε ποχή των μικροεπεξεργαστών. Αυτό δεν έχει αφήσει καμία απολύτως εφαρμογή στη βιομηχανία που να μην επιβάλλει τη χρήση μικροεπεξεργαστών. Κι αυτό, γιατί ένας μικροεπεξεργαστής μπορεί εύκολα να πάρει έ να οποιοδήποτε μέγεθος και να το υπολογίσει, εξοικονομώντας οπωσδήποτε χώρο, από πλευράς ηλεκτρονικής κατασκευής και ταχύτητα πολλές φορές. Οι ευφυείς αισθητήρες/μεταδότες είναι στην πραγματικότητα ένα σύνθετο κομμάτι Δηλαδή, συνήθως το αισθητήριο μέρος βρίσκεται μαζί με το ηλεκτρονικό εκείνο μέρος που θα αναλάβει τη μετάδοση του μετρούμενου μεγέθους. Ξεκινήσανε με την εφαρμογή των "smart transmittors" -των "έξυπνων", θα λέγαμε -που καταρχήν εισήγαγαν σαν καινοτομία την ικανότητα της επικοινωνίας του συγκεκριμένου μεταδότη, σε απόσταση μέσω των δύο καλωδίων μεταφοράς του σήματος. Κάτι καινούριο για κείνη την εποχή, διότι πάνω στο ίδιο το καλώδιο μεταφοράς του σήματος των4 20 mamρer, που α κούσαμε προηγουμένως, είχαμε πια τη δυνατότητα να επικοινωνούμε από απόσταση για λόγους τηλεμετρίας ή και για λόγους εξ αποστάσεως βαθμονόμησης του μεταδότη και αυτό έδωσε την αφορμή στο να εξελιχθεί αυτή η κατηγορία και να περάσουμε στα "brain transmittors", που δεν είναι τίποτε άλλο παρά η ίδια κατηγορία ευφυών αισθητήρων και μεταδοτών, μόνο που έχουν την ικανότητα να αναγνωρίζονται α πό συγκεκριμένα συστήματα- DCS, για παράδειγμασαν ενσωματωμένες από το λογισμικό, μονάδες μέτρησης. Σήμερα, υπάρχει μια καινούργια μορφή αυτών των ευφυών μεταδοτών. Θα έλεγα ότι τα inlelligent transmittors - κατά τον αγγλικό όρο- είναι aυτό που λέμε στην κυριολεξία "ευφυείς μεταδότες", διότι ε κτός από τις ικανότητες τοπικής αναγωγής της περιοχής μέτρησης σε άλλες μονάδες μέτρησ~ς. κατά βούληση, εκτός από τις ικανότητες υπολογισμού, έ χουμε τη δυνατότητα να συνδεθεί ένας τέτοιος αισθητήρας μεταδότης σε ένα δίκτυο βιομηχανικό- field αυτή bus, κατά τη διεθνή ορολογία - που μπορεί σ' την περίmωση να μας εξυπηρετήσει στη σι)γχρονη και πολλαπλή εικονογράφηση, αν θέλετε, και εξέταση ολόκληρου του πεδίου. Όμως, αυτή που είναι μια καινοτομία στην εποχή μας, είναι ότι αυτοί οι μεταδότες παρουσιάζουν και την ικανότητα να παρέχουν ενσωματωμένο και έναν PAD controller. Διαφάνεια: Πολύ γρήγορα, μπορούμε να δούμε τα ε ξής πλεονεκτήματα στις εφαρμογές. Αυτή είναι η μορφή τους. Ένα χειριστήριο είναι ικανό να μας εξασφαλίσει την επικοινωνία, τον προγραμματισμό και τη βαθμονόμηση αυτού του οργάνου. Όμως, εκείνο το οποίο μπορούμε να εκμεταλλευτούμε από ένα τέτοιο όργανο, είναι ότι η ικανότητά του, π.χ., εδώ να μετράει διαφορική πίεση, να μπορεί να μας δώσει στοιχεία πίεσης αυτής καθεαυτής ή στοιχεία ροής ή στοιχεία στάθμης ή στοιχεία μάζας ή στοιχεία πυκνότητας ή όγκου ή βάρους, μετρώντας μόνο τη διαφορά πίεσης μεταξύ δύο σημείων μπορούμε να έχουμε ό λες αυτές τις παραμέτρους, για τον απλούστατο λόγο ότι το ίδιο το όργανο έχει την ικανότητα πια, υπολογισμού. Διαφάνεια: Ένα άλλο παράδειγμα αυτής της κατηγορίας των οργάνων είναι οι μεταδότες εκείνοι οι οποίοι ασχολούνται με χαμηλό...

2η έκτακτη έκδοαη '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 79 Σ.Σ.: Μικρό κενό λόγω αλλαγής κασέτας. Τορτορέλης: (συνεχίζει)... από διάφορους τύπους αισθητηρίων, χωρίς να αλλάζουμε το μεταδότη, απλώς πληροφορώντας τον, τον τύπο του αισθητηρίου που θέλουμε να συνδέσουμε - όπως είναι τα θερμοστοιχεία, όπως είναι οι θερμομετρικές αντιστάαεις, όπως είναι τα πυρώματα που ακούστηκαν προηγουμένωςνα εκμεταλλευτούμε τη μεταβολή της αντίστααης, η οποία είναι εύκολα μετρήσιμη πλέον και να την ανάγουμε σε κάποιο άλλο είδος μονάδας μέτρηαης- π.χ. σε υγρασία, σε δύναμη, σε μετατόπιση κ.ο.κ. Το πλεονέκτημα σ' αυτές τις περιmώσεις είναι ότι έ χουμε- κι αυτό λέει πολλά από πλευράς οικονομικής και από πλευράς κατασκευαστικής - τη δυνατότητα να τοποθετήσουμε μια σειρά από τέτοιου είδους μεταδότες- αισθητήρες ευφυούς κατασκευής, πάνω σε δύο μονάχα αγωγούς. Αυτό λέγεται «σύνδεαη πολλαπλής λειτουργίας > ή multi drop επικοινωνία. Έχουμε, δηλαδή, τη δυνατότητα να έχουμε μια σειρά από τέτοιους αισθητήρες και μεταδότες, πάνω στο ί διο καλώδιο το οποίο θα μας οδηγήσει, με μια ψηφιακή σύνδεση ή με μια διεπαφή -ένα interface- σε ένα κεντρικό θάλαμο, για να μπορέσουμε να έχουμε την τελική καταμέτρηση και τον τελικό υπολογισμό. Πολύ σύντομα σας δίνω διάφορες λύσεις που μας δίνουν αυτοί οι μεταδότες: δύσκολες περιπτώσεις, όπως είναι η μέτρηαη... σ' ανοικτά κανάλια, δύσκολες περιmώσεις, όπως είναι η εύρεση του ό γκου σε μια σφαιρική δεξαμενή, δύσκολες περιπτώσεις, όπως είναι η εύρεαη ενός όγκου με άγνωστη σχέαη, γνωρίζοντας εμείς ίσως τη μαθηματική εξίσωαη, την οποία θα μπορούσε ο ίδιος ο μεταδότης να λύσει, για να μπορέσει να μας δώσει το αποτέλεσμα. Ακόμα περισσότερο, αυτόματη διόρθωαη της μέτρηαης που οφείλεται ίσως σε γήραναη του αισθητηρίου. Διαφάνεια: Και πάρα πολλές άλλες εφαρμογές, όπως για παράδειγμα, μέτρηαη της πυκνότητας ή της περιεκτικότητας... του χαρτοπολτού για μία χαρτοβιομηχανία. Ένα πέδιλο, συνδεδεμένο κατάλληλα με το μεταδότη αυτό, μπορεί να αντιληφθεί την πίεαη η ο ποία μεταβάλλεται λόγω της ροής της χαρτομάζας και να υπολογίσει, συναρτήσει αυτής της πίεαης, τη ροή που κινείται μέσα στη σωλήνα. Διαφάνεια: Μια άλλη πιθανή εφαρμογή είναι η εξεύρεαη πάρα πολλών στοιχείων για μία δεξαμενή. Για παράδειγμα, μπορούμε να προσδιορίσουμε πλέον τη μάζα των υγρών που βρίσκονται σε μία δεξαμενή, μπορούμε να προσδιορίσουμε την πυκνότητα των υγρών, κάνοντας την κατάλληλη τοποθέτηση μπορούμε να προσδιορίσουμε τη στάθμη, προφανώς- είναι μια παλιά αρκετά εφαρμογή, δεν είναι κάτι καινούργιο- μπορούμε να προσδιορίσουμε τον όγκο που βρίσκεται μέσα. Όλες αυτές οι εφαρμογές βασίζονται στην ικανότητα αυτών των οργάνων, όχι μόνο να υπολογίζουν επί τόπου και να ανάγουν το φυσικό μέγεθος σε άλλες μονάδες μέτρηαης, δικές μας, αλλά και την ικανότητα να επικοινωνούν- όπως βλέπετε- μεταξύ τους ή, καλύτερα, να οδηγούν τις μετρήσεις σε μία κοινή υπολογιστική μονάδα, η οποία θα αναλάβει από κει και πέρα να συνδέσει όλες αυτές τις πληροφορίες. Μιλώντας για χαμηλά σήματα και κατευθυνόμενοι στο χώρο των αναλυτικών αισθητήρων ή μεταδοτwν, θα πούμε ότι εκείνο που παρουσιάζει σήμερα η βιομηχανία σαν απαίτηση, είναι ακόμα και αυτοί οι αισθητήρες και οι μεταδότες να έχουμε κάποια μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα από την κοινή μετάδοση του σήματος. Έτσι, σήμερα πια έχουμε εξέλιξη και στους μεταδότες σημάτων, όπως είναι το ΡΗ και όπως είναι η αγωγιμότητα, αλλά και στα ηλεκτρόδια. Όλα τα άλλα μέρη -αυτός είναι ένα πλήρες, ας πούμε, σύστημα μέτρηση ΡΗ ή αγωγιμότητας - είναι τα γνωστά. Δηλαδή, ο μεταδότης θα πρέπει να συνδεθεί με τα κατάλληλα ηλεκτρόδια, τα ηλεκτρόδια θα πρέπει να έχουν τα κατάλληλα καλώδια, τα ηλεκτρόδια θα πρέπει να τοποθετηθούν σε κατάλληλους φορείς υποδοχής για προστασία, να υπάρξουν συστήματα καθαρισμού και, πιθανότατα, εξομοιωτές που θα βοηθήσουν τη βαθμονόμηση του μεταδότη. Διαφάνεια: Όμως, εκείνο το οποίο είναι ίσως καινούριο- και σαν απαίτηση και σαν εφαρμογή- είναι ότι σήμερα πια θα πρέπει ένα τέτοιο όργανο να είναι σε θέση να δεχθεί πλέον όλα τα τυποποιημένα αισθητήρια -τα τυποποιημένα ηλεκτρόδια, τα οποία γνωρίζουμε στη βιομηχανία - αλλά και αισθητήρια τα οποία είναι άγνωστα. Έτσι, χαρακτηριστικά σας λέω δύο, τρεις ι διότητες αυτών των μεταδοτών. Π.χ. μπορούν να δεχτούνε μια άγνωστης καμπύλης αισθητήρια και να μας δώσουν την ευκαιρία να περιγράψουμε αυτή την καμπύλη με ένα γραφικό τρόπο, που θα την aπομνημονεύσουν και στη συνέχεια θα τη χρησιμοποιήσουν σαν στοιχείο μέτρησης. Μπορούν να επικοινωνήσουν, ό πως βλέπετε, με συστήματα αυτόματου ελέγχου, με μονάδες καταγραφής, μπορούν επίσης να παρακολουθήσουν τη γήρανση των ηλεκτροδίων κατά τη διάρκεια του χρόνου, ή να προσδιορίσουν το χρόνο α ποκατάστααης που θέλει ένα ηλεκτρόδιο- αν μιλάμε για ΡΗ- από τη στιγμή που θα καθαριστεί από ένα αυτόματο σύστημα καθαρισμού, μέχρι την ώρα που θα είναι πάλι ενεργό και αξιόπιστο για τη μέτρηαη. Εξέλιξη στα ηλεκτρόδια τα αναλυτικά είναι η συμπύκνωση του όγκου τους και η τοποθέτηση όλων των επιμέρους ηλεκτροδίων που χρειάζονται σε ένα μονάχα πακέτο. Περνώντας σε μία άλλη κατηγορία αισθητήρων, είναι οι αισθητήρες οι οποίοι μετρούν την περιεκτικότητα του οξυγόνου. Σ' αυτή την περίπτωση, πρέπει πάντοτε, όταν έχουμε μπροστά μας μία τέτοια εφαρμογή, να ελέγξουμε όχι μόνο τις δυνατότητες που δίνει ένα τέτοιο όργανο, αλλά και ορισμένες βασικές λεπτομέρειες. Π.χ. ένα τέτοιο σύστημα αναλυτού αποτελείται, όπως οι περισσότεροι θα ξέρετε, κυρίως από μια υπολογιστική μονάδα και από έναν ανιχνευτή ή ένα αισθητήριο. Η αημασία στο αημείο αυτό είναι το πόσο καλά αυτά τα αισθητήρια είναι σε θέση να μας μεταδώσουν και αξιόπιστα το σήμα μέτρησης. Σημασία έ-

80 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 χει πώς διεγείρεται η βάση του αισθητηρίου, που είναι το ζιρκόνιο, και κατά ποιο τρόπο προθερμαίνεται, ώστε να διατηρείται περισσότερο και να μην καταστρέφεται κατά τη διάρκεια της βιομηχανικής χρή σης. Διαφάνεια : Τέλος, θα σας δείξω άλλη μία διαφάνεια για τα θέματα της ροής. Η καινοτομία στα θέματα της ροής είναι η εξής : Τα μαγνητικά ροόμετρο είναι γνωστά από πολύ καιρό. Όμως σήμερα, εμφανίζονται μαγνητικά ροόμετρο, τα οποία εφαρμόζουν μία δ ιπλή συχνότητα διέγερσης, έτσι ώστε να μπορεί πλέον κατά την εφαρμογή τους, να αποφεύγεται το σφάλμα μέτρησης που οφείλεται στο θόρυβο της λάσπης, ό πως λέγεται, δηλαδή σε εξαιρετικά χαμηλής ταχύτητας μάζες, να υπάρχει μία σταθερότητα γύρω από το Ο σ' αυτές τις περιπτώσεις και, βέβαια, να υπάρχει ά- μεση απόκριση από πλευράς χρόνου, χωρίς να ελαττώνει την αξιοπιστία. Κλείνοντας την παρουσίαση αυτή, θα ήθελα να καταλήξω στο εξής: Με τη βοήθεια των μικροεπεξεργαστών, όλα τα αισθητήρια και οι μεταδότες τείνουν να ενσωματωθούν σε μία ενιαία μονάδα, ακόμα και στην απλούστερη περίπτωση που είναι η μέτρηση του νερού. Είναι μια νέα, αν θέλετε, αντίληψη για την ελληνική πραγματικότητα, λειτουργεί όμως εδώ και 50 χρόνια στην Ευρώπη και στην Αμερική, είναι μετρητές νερού οι οποίοι μπορούν να εξασφαλίσουν αυτόματη μεταβίβαση της μέτρησης, είτε διά απλής επαφής κάποιου οργάνου, είτε με την τελευταία λέξη της τεχνολογίας, ασύρματα και ενσύρματα, σε πολύ μεγάλη απόσταση. Σας ευχαριστώ πάρα πολύ.

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 81 α. Ευφυείς αισθητήρες-μεταδότες ΔΡ και ασθενών σημάτων. (Πίεση, Ροή, Στάθμη, Πυκνότητα, Ογκος) (Θερμοκρασία, mv, Ω) Description The LD301 series uses, as its measuring principle, the well-known and field proνen technique of capacitance sensing, enhanced by a microprocessor based electronics. Designed for process control applications, these 2-wire transmitters generate a 4-20 ma signal proportional or characterized to the applied differential pressure. This signal can be transmitted oνer a pair of twisted wires through long distances {limited only by the wire resistance and load). Digital communication for remote calibration and monitoring is also proνided, superimposing a digital signal on the same pair of wires that carries the 4-20 ma signal. Remarkable features of the LD301 series are its Ο, 1% high accuracy, 40:1 rangeability, compactness adn lightweightiness, PID control capability, etc. The transmitter consists of two main parts: the sensor (a capacitance νariation cell) and the electronic circuit. The sensor is schematically shown in the aboνe drawing. Α sensing diaphragm (1) is shown at the center of the cell. This diaphragm deffects, as a result of the difference between the pressures applied to the left and right sides of the sensor. These pressures are directly applied to the isolating diaphragms (2), that proνide isolation and resistance against process fluid corrosion. The pressure is transmitted to the sensing diaphragm through the filling fluid (3). The sensing diaphragm is also a moνing capacitor plate, and the two metallized surfaces (4) are fixed plates. The sensing diaphragm deflection results in a νariation on the capacitances between the moνing and fixed plates. The Electronic Circuit measures the νariation of the capacitance between the moνing and fixed plates, and generates a 4-20 ma signal, that can be proportional to the differential pressure applied or characterized (square root, special function, etc.) to it. Being microprocessor based, the electronic circuit is extremely νersatile and accurate. Combined with the sensor precision, it proνides the high accuracy and rangeability peculiar of the LD301 series. Transmitter performance is improνed by continuous monitoring of the sensor temperature and corresponding corrections. The transmitter can also operate as a combination of transmitter plus controller. ln this case, the 4-20 ma Sensor Assembly Maln Processor Assembly '!.J I =. --... J

82 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 signal is used as the output ot a PID control tunction, while the digital signal may be used for remote monitoring and operation. Block Dlagram Constructlon Wetted parts of the sensor are aνailable in the followlng materials: 316L Stainless Steel Hastelloy CTM Monel 400ΤΜ Tantalum The isolating diaphragms are made of 316L stainiess steel in the standard νersions. They can optionally be proνided in Hastelloy, Monel or Tantalum. Process flanges and adapters are aνailable in plated carbon steel, 316 staniess steel, Hastelloy C or Monel. This ensurres compatibility of the transmitter with most industrial fluids. Electronic housing is aνailable in the following materials: Aluminum 316 Stainless Steel The electronic housing is a sturdy Expiosion Proof and Weather Proof construction. The electronlc circuit boards are tropicallized and are intrinsically safe tor use in hazardous areas. Versions The different νersions are obtained as follows: - Differential Pressure (ΔΡ) Applying pressure to both sides of the sensor. This is also used in many leνel applications. - Flow Measurement The 4-20 ma signal can be made proportional to the square root of the differential pressure applied. lt is normally used together with a primary flow element such as orifice plate, integral orifice, Venturi tubes, etc. Gage Pressure Pressure is applied to one side of the sensor while the other side is open to atmosphere. - Absolute Pressure Α chamber is weided on one side of the sensor and then νacuum sealed. Pressure is applied to the other side ot the sensor. - Leνel The transmitter is aνailable as a flange mounted unit with a flush diaphragm, for direct installation on νessels. Extended diaphragms are also aνailable. - Remote Seals

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 83 Separate diaphragm seals are installed in either one or in both sides of the sensor, proνid ing further chemical and thermal isolation. Programmlng and Adjustment The LD301 Pressure Transmitter can be programmed by a Hand-Heid Terminal, by a PC (Personal Computer) or by any man-machine interface featuring the HART Protocol such as seνeral DCS systems. Generally, the Hand-Heid Terminal is used. Programming, reranging, PID adjustment, setpoint changing, etc are performed by the ΗΗΤ that can be connected in parallel to any point of the 4-20 ma line. Worklng as a Conventlonal Transmltter Worklng as a Local Controller COHNEcτtON OIAGRAM + + SlιiAR HAHD-HEU) "fermiiw. For proper operation, Hand-Held Terminal requires a minimum load of 250 OHMS between it and the power supply. Α single Hand-Heid Terminal can be used for programming any number of transmitters. Local zero and span adjustment is aνailable as an option. Applicatlons TECHNICAL CHARACTERIS11CS FUNCfiONAL SPECIFICATONS Output slgnal Two-wire, 4.,20 ma with superimposed digital communication (Bell 202-HART Protocol)

84 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Γ - FLOW MEASUREMEHr WΠΗ ν h OIFFERENΠAL PRESSURE PRODUCERS Γ 3 - FLOW MEASUREMENT IN ν h ΟΡΕΝ CHANNELS CIPOLLErl WEIRS Γ 5 - V h FLOW MEASUREMENT IN ΟΡΕΝ CHANNELS V NOTCH WEIRS SPHERIC TANKS. WEIRD SHAPED TANKS ν LT V /(L) FLOW CORRECΠON 100'11 Q IAIAGINAJ/ON + I... EVEN ΒΕΠΕR MEASUREMENlS

2η έκτακτη έκδοαη '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 85 INTELLIGENT CONSISTENCV TRANSMIΠER LD 301 Cs CONNTROLLER Consistency range from 1... 15% 06.01.1992 Power Supply 12..45 νdc Load Llmitatlon 24 ν supply 500 ohm 45 ν supply 1650 ohm Process Pressure 10 bar lndlcator Optional 4-digit LCD indicator Ό ' ' : ' ' '. ΙtM,i.. ' '' ' ' '.,, ' : ', I - -- -.. Zero and Span Adjustments By Hand-Held Terminal, noninter-active Optional local adjustment Zero Adjustment Limits Calibrated span shall not be less than 0.025 URL and shall not exceed URL. Low range value shall not be bellow-url Upper range value shall not be greater than + URL. Temperature Llmlts Process: Ambient: Storage: Conslstency range min. 1% max. 15% consistency dead zone: 0,05% Cs Material Metal parts in contact with process medium AISI 316 Options: Hastelloy C-276 or τitanium. 0-ring: νiton or PTFE Span min. 1 Ν max. 18 Ν Performance repeatability: 0,02% Cs Damping Adjustment By Hand Held Terminal: Ο to 32 seconds in addition to intrinsic sensor response time (0,2s) Permissible νeloclty of flow in pipe min. 0,5 mls max. 5 m/s

86 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 MAIN PROCESSOA ASSEMBLY LCD INDICATOR ASSEMBL Υ Working as a Conνentional Transmitter Working as a Local Controller l When the Π301 is configured as a controller it replaces a separate controller, cutting cost and increasing reliability. Since the sensor and actuator are normally located relatively close to each other compared to a controller in the control-room, a lot of wiring can be saved. Working in a Multidrop Configuration With Computer Supervision From The Control Room Γ I I L ι.0ιιιd ------ - -----~-- ""' ' \

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 87 Electrίcal Connection 1/2" NPT/Pg 13,5/ Μ20χ1,5 mm The Smar Ττ301 is a powerful and extremely versalile programmable temperature transmitter, which can be used with practically all relevant temperature sensors as well as with load cells, resistance position indicators, etc. The same unit can be used for different measuring ranges and many types of sensors such as various lhermocouples and RTDs, mv or Ohm (see tabιe on Funclional Specifications). Hence, lhe planl can be slandardized using lhe Ττ301 in measuremenls where different lypes of convenlional (analog) lransmitters previously where necessary. This drastically reduces calibration and maintenance time, spare part requiremenls and training. ι1 also allows the Ττ301 to be purchased before measurement and control parameters are known. lnput/outpul isolation wilh high RFι and EMI immunity are standard featu res. The Ττ301 transmitter is suilable for direct field installalon, being wealher proof and expιosion proof, as well as intrinsically safe, for use in hazardous areas. As a two-wire lemperature Ιransmitter the ΤΤ301 generales a 4-20 ma oulput signal proportional to the desired temperature range. Togelher wilh lhe 4-20 ma signal on lhe same pair of wires, there is a digital singal for communication. With a Hand-Held Terminal (ΗΗη and using digital communicalion the Ττ301 can be programmed and raranged locally or remolely. The Hand-Held Terminal can be connecled in any poinl of lhe 4-20 ma line. τhe Ττ301 can operale as a convenlional analog transmitter. The user may choose not to use the digital communication capability if he so desires. Α unique feature of lhe Ττ301 is lhe PID control. Wilh one instruction via ΗΗΤ or the local adjustment, the transmitter start working as transmitter plus controller. The 4-20 ma is lhe outpul of a PID conlroller whose process variable is the measured temperature and the selpoint is adjusled by lhe operalor or a configurable selpoinl generalor. The oulpul signal can be connecled to a final control element, as a control valve, while the digilal parl of lhe signal inform lhe process variable, output, the setpoint, and all other transmitter and PID parameters. The Π301 operales as shown on lhe block diagram. General Specifications The ΕΧΑ ΡΗ400 converter is a user-programmable microprocessor based converter for ph or ORP (Redox) measurements in water treatment plants (drinkίng water, waste water, cooling water, boiler feed water), chemical processes (e.g. reaction control) and other exact polentiometric measurements. The robust cast aluminium housing with flexible polycarbonate window makes it the ideal mains powered converter for mounting directly on site under rough environmental conditions (IP 65 proteclion). The reliability is increased by advanced funclions like real-time sensor checking, automatic calibration, flexible range selection, a hold function, automatic safeguarding and a walch-dog limer. 11 uses a simple question and answer interface for operation. Two separate analogue output signals are provided, which can be programmed to represent the measured ph/orp value or lhe lemperature. ln addilion 4 vollage free conlacl oulputs are implemented. Two of lhese can be used as process alarms or to control the process ph/orp by connecling them Ιο a solenoid valve or dosing pump. The third contact output ίs pre-defίned as a wash tίmer, controιling lhe cleaning of lhe electrodes. An input is provided for a remole slart of lhe wash cycle. 11 is possible to program lhe third conlacl for a process alarm or control functίon too. The fourth contact ίs reserved to signal a malfunctioning in lhe ph/orp measuring Fealures Simple 3-level operation. Mulli-functional display. Automatic sensor check during measurement. Additional process temperature compensation can be activated. Automatic and manual calibration without opening the cover. β, Αναλυτικοί αισθητήρες ph και αγωγιμότητας, Προγραμματιζόμενοι μεταδότες. (Ηλεκτρόδια και υποδοχείς) (Μετρητές και ειδικά καλώδια) (Συστήματα καθαρισμού, εξομοιωτές)

88 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 SYSTEM CONFIGURAτiON... Flttlngι Conntc1ing Equlpmenl """'""'"'" Aecer (i't. r:- --.. -~~ ~ ' ~ 00 ΓJ -~j;i J Cobles -;; I Cleanlng Syιt ms ~ ~ Bruah, Uhraιonic, Chtmιcal ι.. =σ,.jι: 11 ~ π Μ I ' - - ' -rι_,, ι.~, I =',. ll,...'--~. -- - - ~ ' -Γ I I I - ' Miacιllι.neouι ~1 '. '~' ~ L:JίJ Free programmable ΙΤΡ (isothermal point of intersection), slope and asymmetry potential οι nonstandard electrodes. Flexibility in range selection. Programmable 'ΉOLD" tunction Programmable passcode protection οι each leνel. Two separate output signals (ma and V)_ Two (or three) νoltage free contact outputs for alarm or process control. Built-in wash timer with remote staή possibility. Fail contact output. Differential input amplifier with equipotential shiclding. ΙΡ 65 weather protection. Uniνersal mountlng possibilities. Three Level Operatlon The ΕΧΑ ΡΗ400 conνerter uses a 3-leνel operating system that was deνeloped to take full adνantage οι the micro-processor while retaining the traditional simplicity of an analogue conνeήers. The adνanced functions are separated from conνentional operatlon to aνoid confusion. They can be actiνated as required for each indiνidual application. 1. The normal maintenance functions are accessible through the flexible window by pushing the keys underneath. 2. Functions required to commission the instrument are hidder from νlew by the front coνerto discourage unauthorlzed tempering. The front coνer is remoνed to reνeal the commissioning menu and the hidden access key (marked ). 3. Το make extensiνe use of the micro-processor added features a speciallst leνel has been added and kept from interference with the other operation Ιeνels. This leνel for fine-tuning the measuring loop is called serνice. lt is accessed via the commissioning menu using selection codes. ΜΑΙΝτΕΝΑΝCΕ leνel: Use How : Normal operation and checking : Simple operation by dialog th'ough the closed front coνer. Example : Calibration with buffers COMMISSIONING level: Use How : For normal commissioning : Remoνal of the front coνer reνeals the access key and second menu Example :Setting alarm points SERVICE leνel: Use How : Only for specialist functions : Through special coded entries Example : Selecting process compensatior With this 3-leνel user-friendly approach, the iostrument can be operated by anyone. Commissioning ls straight-forward and needs no calibration equipment compared to analogue instruments. The specialist functions are placed behiod coded messages and are invisible at normal operaτion. ΑΙΙ three levels can be separately protected against unauthorised access by a password system using a three digit code. Sensor Checklng On-llne checks The real-time sensor checking is one οι the unique features of the ΕΧΑ ΡΗ400 converter. By special

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 89 SENSOR CΗΕCΚΙΝΟ UΩ ko MιiJNIENANCE circuitry on the input board an alternating voltage is sent over the liquid earth pin and the sensors. The impedance of the indicating electrode (ph-glass or ORP-metal electrode) and reference electrode are independently measured. The measured values are compared to limiting values. Faults The ph-sensor is checked for low impedance to detect breakage of the bulb and for high impedance to detect and open circuit. Th ORP-sensor is checked on high impedance to detect an open circuit. The reference electrode is also checked for high impedance to detect fouling of the diaphragm, poisoning of the reference liquid or ποπ immersion of the sensors. These faults are signalled by the FAIL contact output and can be signalled to the control room by a current output of 22 ma and 1100 mv. The fault is also signalled by a special marker field on the display, a LED on the front and an error code in the message display. 011-llne checks During calibration of a ph measuring system the response of the sensors is measured and checked. Also sensitivity and drift are calculated and checked. During calibration of an ORP measuring system the drift of the sensors is calculated and checked. lmmediately after washing the response time of the electrodes can be checked. lf any of these are outside the limits, an error is signalled. The comprehensive combination of on-line and off-line checking monitors all key aspects of the measurement to give an early warning should the reading be in doubt. System Configuratlon Alarm and control functlon The ΕΧΑ ΡΗ400 features 4 relay contacts to accommodate several functions. 1. Process alarm: The contact will be switched when the process value reaches a limit. This can either be a high ar Ισw limit. Adjustable parameters: Setpoint for the process value Hysteresis of the switching action Delay time of the relay (0.1 to 200 s) 2. Proporllonal Duly cycle control (see Fig. 1) The contact is used to control the time a solenoid dosing valve is opened. The proportional control is achieved by opening and closing the solenoid valve and vary the ratio of on and off time (ton, toff). Adjustable parameters: Setpoint for the process value Proportional range for control Total period of the duty cycle (5 to 100 s) 3. Propoήlonal pulse frequency control (see Flg. 2) The contact is used to control a pulse-driνen dosing pump. τhe proportional control is given by adjusting the frequency of pulses, which in turn varies the speed of the pump. Adjustable parameters: Setpoint for the process value Proportional range for control Maximum frequency of the pulses (50 to 120 per minute) 4. Chemlcal cleanlng οι sensors (also called washing, see Fig. 3) The third contact of the ΕΧΑ is pre-defined for the

90 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοαη '94 SYSTEM CONFIGURAτiON CONNECτiON DIAGRAMS 21 17 113 11 112 114 15 116 -- ~ ~.. ~ Star1 Wash Uquid ear1h Ag/AgCI Pt100 or or other Pt1000 ph Glass or other Output signals + + ma mν 31 32 41 42 51 52 71 72 Phase Ο 81 WASH 82 or 83 FAIL + control of a cleaning deνice (chemical cleaning). Adjustable parameters: Cleaning time or washing time (tw) Relaxation time or waiting time after washing (tr) lnterval time or repeat time for wash cycle Optionally an on-line dynamic response test of the electrode can be activated after each cleaning time. Within the tίme thalf the ph should be more than 4.5, other-wise aπ error message Ε11 will occur. 5. Slgnalling a malfunc1ion (FAIL) The fourth contact is fixed to function as an alarm, indicating that the ΕΧΑ has found a fault in the measuring Ιοορ. lf the self-diagnostic functions of the ΕΧΑ indic ates an error the FAIL-contact will be switched. ln mo"t cases this will be cuased by a malfunction of measuring loop as a total. The FAIL-contact is also switched on when power is remoνed. General Specificatlons τhe heart of a ph measuring loop is the elθctrode system. Eokogawa Flectrofact haνe designed a wide range of electrodes to ensure this heart keeps :Jeating under the most severe conditions. The dimensions and design meet the requireπ1ents of DIN 19263 (excluding the refillable types). Α high degree of standardisation makes it possible tσ mount any electrodes in the standard program of fittiι'lgs. Colour coded sirips on electrode and cable ar,d clear

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικό Χρονικά 91 Fig. 1. Duty cycle control Fig. 2. Pulse frequency control "' ;..,.,.,,, -.. -~ :~..,_,! ;... j... '! j ' ;! '.. 1---... -----1 -... ~... - - -- m m ο.:ι'... b ~...,,_llllty - m,_ Fig. 3. Dynamic response check after wash... \:.. - ' - ' I - Flttings Connecliπg Equφmeno eonνonoro Γil ~ Miιcellιneous Α I ;!

92 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 identification of sensor specifications make incorrect installation νirtualy impossible. The combination electrode plug and cable socket is watetight and temperature resistant up to 135 C. 11 meets the requirements of IP 65. The electrode cap is made οι Ryton R4. Th is is a chemically highly resistiνe material (to PTFE) with strong mechanical properties. This cap is joir ed to the glass body by a screw thead and secured with glue to guarantee waterproof sealing. Features Wide range of electrodes to suit all process conditions. Gold plated spring Ο connector parts, tor good electrical contact under the most severe conditions. Coaxial plug and socket with watertight se1liing that meets the requirements of ΙΡ 65. Colour coded strips for easy identification of electrodes and cables. High degree of standardisation for mountin!j in flowand immersion fittings. Compatlbility External Dimensions (KCI Fllllng Type) External Dlmenslons (Non-flow Type) Unit :mm 1341:10 C.:ιble Ltngttι!3mnr5m)!i ι ι Tubιιlηrh :~ιc. )!sι.t Ιdιιrd 3m or5ml 64 I 103 27.5 τ 308 G..,.81 PvrpoH KCI...wνoir 263 ~! έ' "' ό :a ;!. " z 'j 'j ~ι I 64 ι I 103 I I.J LQ\21, ~'!.

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικό. 93 ~~~ ) I /Ι I Ι I / 1'1" ι; Ι ι I Generally, the glass electrode (with red marking strip) is used in conjunction with a reference electrode (with yellow marking strip) and a temperature sensor (with green marking strip). The reference system of both glass- and reference electrode must be similar. Α glass electrode with aπ internal Tamal reference system should always be used in conjunction with a reference electrode with a similar reference system. General Specifications The combisensor is a combination of three separate sensors mounted in one unbreakable Ryton" holder. excellent chmeical properties of the holder τhe material and the easily replaceable glass electrode and junction make this combisensor unique. This sensor is the heart of stable pll measurement system with low maintenance costs. Features Strong chemical resistance of the holder. Easily replaceable glass electrode. Easily replaceable junction. Applicable oνer a wide range of temperatures. Suitable for ultrasonic, brush or jet cleaning. Non flow type for general use. Filling type for use in more polluted process liquids. Trade mark of Phillips petroleum Co. 4. Electrolyte reservolr The pressure on the reference liquid in an electrode and hence, the liquid outlet of the electrode can be increased by mounting an electrolyte reservoir a distance aboνe the electrode. This preνents penetration of the process liquid into the electrode. The reservoir can be connected to the electrode via a silicone tubing. For fixing on top οι an immersion fitting a screw thread 1/2" BSPP at the lower end οι the reserνoir is aνailable. Sρeclfications Material : hard PVC PVC (transparant)

94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοαη '94 e APPUCAτJON _y DIMEN&ION& ' ~ r-' "'..:' SIUCONE ru8ιnc ' '(..,_.) Υ. ' - Temperature : max. 70 C Dimensions Tube connection :06 Screw thread Orderlng lnstructions Type nr. : see fig. I : 1/2" BSPP Description Electrolyte reservoir 82895001 Tubing (per m) 82895003 5. Salt brldge, type SB20 VC This reference electrodel salt bridge combination allows the measurement of ph/orp (redox) potentials with normal electrodes in those cases when: a.excessive contamination of the ceramic flow diaphragm is expected. - the flow of the reference liquid through the diaphragm is increased by pressuring lhe container. Consequently, the contamination rate will decrease;. (01 "' "" I ι. I ο12- "" Α J I ' ;Ι Bl I ί ιl *-hb.the process to be measured cannot sthnd the contamination with KCI. - the salt bridge can be filled with several electrolytes; c. measurement haνe to be performed at procε~sses up to 10 bar and temperatures up to 100 C. - the container with reference liquid can be pressurised. Notes: 1. The dimensions of the flow tube equal to :hose of standard electrodes, so this reference sysτem can be used with the flow and immersion fittings of Yokogawa Electrofact. 2. The normal standard reference electrode!ξ can be mounted in the container. 3. Το observe the electrolyte level, the conlainer is SELECJION CRITERIA cleaning system Aρplications wfth: oils. fats mechenical u - acld chemic:al aoousticaι!jl ~ - emulιifίer ultraιonic χ χ resins (wood. pulp) χ χ emulsions of latex fihers lpaρer. tex1ile) aystalline ρrικ:ίρatίοnβ (carbonιιtes} amorρheus ρrecίρetions (hγdroxidesl χ χ χ χ "" 1111 χ χ

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 95 made of PVC (transparant). Selectlon Criteria cleaning system General Specifications This portable test instrument simulates the output of an electrode system for ph or ORP (Redox) measurement. lt is an excellent tool for field serνicing of ph and ORP equipment. With this instrument the correct functioning of all parts of the complete measuring Ιοορ (sensors, cables, connections or electronics) can be checked easily. This sensor simulator in carrying case has a CENELEC certificate for use in hazardous areas. Features Sensor simulator for quick and accurate checking of ph and ORP measuring equipment. Applicable in hazardous areas. 0-connectors for direct connection to sensor cables. Charging deνice for battery included. Leather carrying case complete with accessories. General Specifications The ΕΧΑ SC400 micro-processor based conνerter for conductiνity is designed to be used in water treatment (drinking water, cooling water, boiler feed water), chemical industry (concentration measurement), electronic industry (chip manufacturing), food anddairy industry, sea-water research and other fields where water quality is important. The robust cast aluminium housing makes it the ideal conνerter for mounting directly on site eνen under rough enνironmental conditions. lts small size and square front dimensions make it suitable for indoor panel mounting too (DIN size 144χ144 mm). The power requirements are minimal and can be selected from AC sources common all oνer the world. Α DC νersion is aνailable for low powered and mobile or battery powered installations. The ΕΧΑ SC400 has all the functions of a classic analog instrument with the added features of a microprocessor organized into a simple three leνel operation system. The reliability of the measurement system is increased by self-checks, automatic signal optimisation, fouling detection and polarisation check. On the output side the ΕΧΑ SC400 has two separate analog output signals (ma And V}, three programmable contact outputs and a fault signalling contact. The contacts can be used as process alarms or to execute simple control functions. During maintenace the output Senιorε Frt1ings Connectlno Tnιnιmltter Rocclvers "" ~., Equίρmenl [ " l:ξj.,..,j... nτ, Β ~ Cables M l sσellaneous Accoosoirω. '. ~'t; - r.

96 Τεχνικό Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 signals can be set on ''HOLD" until normal conditions have returned. The "FAIL:' until normal conditions have rreturned. The "FAIL" contact signals taults in the measurement to the control room. Features Wide llexibility incorporating lree programmable range settings, selection οι output signals and alarm lunctions. Programmable output table in 21 steps, giving user programmable output c.g. lincar according to concentration tables. Automatic temperature compensation according to standard NaCI curves lrom pure water to concentration measurements. Automatic measuring signal optimisation by switched lrequency, read pulse positioning and relerence voltage. Automatic display adaptation between μs/cm and ms/cm. Built-in proportional control possibilities on the contact outputs. Remote switching of range incorporated. Programmable 'ΉOLD" function during maintenance and error signal to the control room. Universal mounting possibilities, including 144χ144 DIN panel. Full dust and weather protection to IP65 even under maintenance. Four power supply versions coνering universal specifications. Optlmum temperature compensatlon from pure water to concentrated solutlons The micro-processor makes an accurate temperature compensation possible that perlorms well over the entire range of the instrument. - ln the low concentration area (e.g. demineralized water) a non-linear temperature correction is used to correct lor the ionisation οι water, assuming that the water contains traces of sodium chloride salt (NaCI). - ln the mid and high concentration areas the temperature correction for sodium chloride solutions is also used. Temperature compensation lor sodium chloride solutions will give sullicient accuracy in most measurements. ln that case no site adjustments are required. Το improve the temperature compensation on site it can be adjusted during commissioning. ln this case the calibration is carried out using actual process solutions. Both reference temperature aι1d linear temperature compensation lactor (a) a'e lreely programmable and can be matched to the process solution lor highest accuracy. Slgnal condltlonlng for hlghest accuracy The display continuously gives the best p"rceptive value through-out the whole conductivity rar,ge of the instrument. The optimum measuring lrequency, relerence voltage and sampling moment are calculated by the microprocessor from the measured process value. The ΕΧΑ SC400 accepts conductivity cells with cellconstants between 0.01 to 50 cm-1. Α two or fourelectrode measuring principle can be used to optimise results with a given cell. The temperature sensor can be a Νί100, a Pt100 or a Pt 1000 resistor. The Pt1000 gives a higher accuracy οι the temperature measurement. Slgnal monltorlng and alarm The ΕΧΑ SC400 has a continuous contamination check built-in. During measurement the signal is ιηonitored and when polarisation οι the cell is detected a lault is signalled and an error message is generated lt is possible to take action on the "FAIL:' contact or send a special signal οι 22 ma and 1.1. ν from the outputs to the receiving unit (e.g. control room controller) signalling errors and thus reduce mistakes ίn dosing expensive chemicals. The "FAIL:' contact is implemented as a lail-sale alarm. When the power to the ΕΧΑ SC400 is cut, lhh contact 8 ι:...,,,..,..,.,.. ι.ct... ιιι.. cι "', '""- ''"" _,...ιιι ' ' f... "'-,...-----4 lt,ιιsh ~.. Of'C'OnCΓuctiνity range Percentage of ma-output range νersus percentage of conductiνity range. Examples: A=bitinear C=logarithmic B=hyperbolic D=linear ιοι ltl\ Wλ'IEit ΝΙΟ RλJ!ICίE (:()ΝCΙ!ΗΊ'Ιtλτι.:Ο

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 97 SYSTEM CONFIGURAτiON Θ/Ε9 SELECτiON CRITERIA FOR SENSORS 2-ELECTRODE SYSTEM 4-ELECTRODE SYSTEM -- -ι.g. CEU. IUCτROOU CEU. ιιι:cmοοα Uw c.ιble YΛJ43.tH'. Μυ. rιeammιnόtd lιngth ~ο m. Use CιιΙs SC41 or SC42 AAHQE IELECΠON ι.g. UN cab1e W\J40..LH.. Μa.ι.. f8cqiiwι61ded ι.'lgch 10m. Uιe Ce8s SC41i1.._... cτιοιι IΓ#ΙSfcm 15/tm ΙμSfcm lms/r;m 1S/tm will close. Process alarm contacts The ΕΧΑ SC400 has three contact outputs at the attendance of the user. From the factory the first two contancts are pre-defined as a high and low alarm. The third contact is not activated as an alarm. The setpoints of the alarms are adjusted from the commissioning menu. The functioning of the contacts is set from the service level. Three possibilίties are given: - process alarm function on a high or low process value; - proportional duty cycle control with adjustable cycle period and control giνen by the proportional range and set-point; - proportional frequency control with adjustable maximum number of pulses and control given by the proportional range and set-point. Range switching ln many cases it is desirable to follow the signal of the ΕΧΑ SC400 oνer an extended range. The remote range switching giνes you the possibility to switch to a tenfold range without programing the instrument again. Example: lf a range of 0-1000 μs/cm was programmed, the closing οι the contact will immediately give a range

98 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 lioi...,... ~ - ""'- \ιιιt-,_..... C..~totιJ - Fig. ι. Duty c:ycle control..,.... _... _... ε-.ι..:"'""'...,.,., Fiι. 2. Pulιe frequeικy control of 0-100 μs/cm.... ~ -...,.~... -.,_ 1111111 ΙΙΙ ά,..._.r... _... _ '..... -1 ~- -,.,. ~ - 8oth ends of the range are multiplied with a factor 10 eνen if a zero-suppression was programmed (e.g. 2-20 μs/cm switched to 20-200 μs/cm). Programmable output functlon The signal output of the ΕΧΑ SC 400 can be programmed to giνe the range and function you need. Α. Α linear output signal to be selected oνer the desired range. This range can haνe a zero-suppression of up to 60% of the maximum range νalue. Β. One of the output signals can be selε cted to represent the actual measured temperatuιe of the process. C. Α non-lincar programmable output signal: The instrument has an output table whicr, can be programmed to giνe any desired output characteristics. Such non-linear outputs giνe ideal resolution oνer the normal operating range plus a good trend indication for νalues outside ttιe range (e.g. monitoring of ion-exchangers). As an example a bi-linear output signal oνer two decades of the range or a logarithmic output signal oνer the whole range examples are illustrated in the picture. Α non-linear output signal can also be used to make the conductiνity output linear to engineering units (e.g. % weight concentration). The output signals and contacts can be set on 'ΉOLD" when maintenance is performed at the measurιng spot. Alarms and control functlons The ΕΧΑ accomodate several functions. 1. Process alarm: SC400 features 4 relay contacts to The contact will be switched when the process νalue reaches a limit. This can either be a high or low limit. Adjustable parameters: Setpoint for the process νalue Hysteresis of the switching action Delay time of the relay (0.1 to 200 s) 2. Proportlonal duly cycle control (see Flg. 1) The contact is used to control the time a "olenoid dosing νalνe is opened. The proportional control is achieνed by opening and closing the solenoid νalνe and νarying the ratio of the on and off time (ton, toff). Adjustable parameters: CONNECτiON DIAGRAMS + - + - Α V Aaaloι m... "=' + Powιr fpiy -- 51 S2 11 ι~% 13 1~ 1, I., I SENSOR CONNECYIONS 4refιr to ιιaιοr ulκtloιι tllaιra ) C ataet oatjatι 53 FAIL

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 99 Setpoint lor the process value Proportional range for control Total period οι the duty cycle (5 to 100 s) 3. Proρoήional ρulse trequency control (see Fig. 2) The contact is used to control a pulse-driven dosing pump. The propor1ional control is given by adjusting the frequency of pulses, which in turn varies the speed οι the pump. Adjustable parameters: Setpoint tor the process value Proportional range for control Maximum lrequency οι the pulses (50 to 120 per minute) 4. Slgnalling a maltunction (FAIL) The fourth contact is fixed to function as an alarm, indicating that the ΕΧΑ has lound a lault in the measuring loop. 11 the sell-diagnostic lunctions οι the ΕΧΑ indicates General Specifications Conductiνity sensors for 2- and 4-electrode systems Genaral Specifications Conductiνity sensors for 2-electrode systems, with Pt 1000 RTD General Specifications Flow Fittings for conductiνity measuring loops General Specifications lmmersion fittings for conductiνity measuring loops General Specifications QT40G Sensor Simulator Test instrument for conductiνity equipment

100 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Dlrect ln Situ Type Zlrconla Oxygen Analyser

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 101

102 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 a fault or error the FAIL-contact will be switched. ln most cases this will be caused by a malfuntion of the measuring loop as such. The FAIL-contact is also switched on when power is remoνed. γ. Παραμετρικός αναλυτής οξυγόνου. (Ανιχνευτής ζιρκονίου) (Προγραμματιζόμενος μετατροπέας) Cell Zlrconla sensor and the measurement prlnclple Secret of the long llfe and rellablllty of our zlrconla sensor Platinum is molecularly bonded to the zirconia element leaνlng no possibility of separation. Due to a lead-loss electrode design there is no risk of wire damage due to corrosiνe flue gas. The plafinum is protected by a special coating to prevent sensor detenoration and possible failure. Cell easlly changed ln the fleld When required the cell is easi ly replaced by removing four bolts. Νο wires need to be soldered and down time is minimized to approximately 10 minutes because the probe does not haνe to be taken to the instrument shop for cell replacement. Hlgh temperature probe (process temperature Ο to 14oo c) Use a high temperature probe where the process gas temperature is aboνe 600 C. Probe and attachments for other special applications are also available. Please contact YOKOGAWA for further details. Prlnclple of Zlrconla Oxygen Analyser Principle of zirconia oxygen analyser. The prιnciple is as follows: At high temperatures, the zirconia element as a solid electrolyte shows conductiνιty with oxygen ions. Hence, attaching platinum electrodes on the interior and exterior of the zirconia, heating the zirconia and allowing gas whose partial oxygen pressures differ to contact the opposite sides of the element creates an oxygen concentration celf. ln other words, oxygen modecules gain electrons to form oxygen ions with higher partial oxygen concentration at the electrode and these lons traνel through the zirconia element to the other electrode. At this electrode, slections are released again to form oxygen molecules. (Refer to the chemical formula). Nernst' expression can be applied to the electromotive force Ε generated between the two electrodes and this electromotiνe force is measured. 2. Explanation of symbols used in Nernst' Expression: R= Gas constant; Τ= Absolute temperature; n= 4; F= Faraday's constant; Ρχ= Oxygen concentration of zirconia element on the measuring gas side (%); ΡΑ= Oxygen concentration of zirconia element on the reference air side (%); Atmospheric air 20,6(%); lnstrument air 21,0(%). 3. For the ΖΟ21 cell temperature is 7so c and the correspondingly reactiνe electromotiνe force. Ρ χ Ε= 50,74 log (ρ) [mv] Α Ε Ρχ-ΡΑ 10 S0, 74 δ. Υπολογιστές και αναγωγείς ροής. (Μαγνητικά Ροόμετρο διπλής διέγερσης) (Μονάδες flow-computers) Prlnclple of dual frequency excltatlon method ln ADMAG, the magnetic field coils are excited by current with a compound waνeform. One component has a rectangular waνeform with a frequency greater

2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 103 Slze: 2.5 mm to 200 mm Accuracy: 0,5% of flow rate Easy interactiνe data setting Microprocessor-based multi-function capability PFA or ceramic linlng than line frequency (>60Hz). This proνides a signal that is immune to the low frequency noises generated by electro-chemical reactions, high νiscosities, and/or in low conductiνity liquids. The second component is a rectangular waνeform with a frequency much less than line frequency. This proνides a signal with excellent zero stability. The low frequency component is integrated νίa a longtime constant to proνide smooth, stable flow signal. The high frequency component is conditioned by high frequency sampling and processed in a differentiating circuit with the same time constant as the integrating circult. By adding these two signals, a flow signal is obtained that is free from "slurry" noise; that has excellent zero stability; and excellent speed of response to changing flow conditions. All welded construction Highly reliable electrode design Compact or Remote conνerter type Unique Ceramic-Lined Admag ADMAG 's ceramic lining proνides excellent abrasion resistance as well as chemical resistance to a w ide range of chemical sotutions. Admag The tatest line of magnetic flowmeters with adνanced specifications for optimum industrial measurements. Α dual frequency exciting method takes care of an excellent zero stability, high speed of response to changing flow and a "slurry" noise-free signal. Operating temperatures to 1ao c are possible. The unique design of the ADMAG platinum-alumina cermet electrode eliminates the need for a mechanica/ seal between the e/ectrode and ceramic liner. This eliminates the posslbility of a leaking electrode

104 Τεχνικά Χρονικά 2η έκτακτη έκδοση '94 seal or liner crack and contributes to the unsurpassed reliability of ADMAG. VFCT Flow Computing Totaliser This field-mounting microprocessor-based totaliser receiνes 4-20 ma or pulse signals from a flowmeter and can perform pressure, temperature and density compensatlons. 8oth actual flow rate and totalised flow is displayed. lnstantaneous flow display Betch and cumulatiνe totaliser functions 12/24 νolt power distributor Self-diagnostic functions Communications Parameter setting method Self-diagnostic functions Built-in flow signal simulation for checking parameter settings Calorie calculation function (Energy) Compact, low-cost TST lntegral Totaliser for YEWFLO This totaliser is aνailable as an option for the YEWFLO with 4-20 ma or pulse output. Scale setting to display the totaliser νalue in any desired unlts Six digit LCD display Scaled or unscaled pulse output is selectable Pulse output or 4-20 ma output Totaliser νalue is held by battery back-up during a power failure Accuracy: ±0.05% STLD Flow Totaliser for panel mounting with compensation functions. lnput signal: pulse or 4-20 ma Added or subtracted flow Ιnput for pressure and/or temperature compensation ε. Αναλυτές πυκνότητας, χλωρίου, θολότητας (Μετρητές πυκνότητας υγρών) (χλωριόμετρα νερού) (θολόμετρα νερού) Turbldlty Transmltter ln the Τ/Β cell, light passing through the measurement liquid is scattered by any particles present. Α photo cell receiνes the scattered beams, and a second cell receiνes the transmitted beams. Turbidity is calculated from the difference between the two beams. ln principle, the measurement is free from influence of tinted liquids. This instrument is highly robust and has colour indicating desiccant cartridges to protect electronics and windows from condensatlon when chilled liquids are measured. Α transparent inspection window (normally coνered by a rubber case) allows the user to view the chamber condition and sample flow. The window can be remoνed for access to the chamber