!"#$%&'("&!)$'%%'$*$$* +$*'$*$$*'* " &,(-.///01$ -)'2 3%4)'5%) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 1 "! %$'* %(%$ $6$ $' $$$* '%%'(7$* 8 %7' )$) 6'8''%%'$9) $'%%'99) : %$''($* )$ '%%'9%$'%%''(,*%$%,*6'8' 9%2'$ $5,*'8' # ;000 )'< *(*$ (% Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 2 1
6$ $% 8($=6'*7>9$% 9%$6>9)$%$9)?' SOURCE (POWER MODULATOR) PE CONVERTER (POWER PROCESSOR) LOAD INTERFACE 9%2 =@'*7 =>9$% )'2$7 6'%7 + 7 9'' #9)2!'7: 98$:$ * 2, 7 )'7 9%'!/-71-"A07B0<& 2!6>9)$C=)' '%)5'$2(!@'*,*9$ $9%$9$%2/-,*>9$% >> A0< #%$ '2@8'!@'* '$(#2@8'@'*@8'>9$% "@@@& )92$-$9(9' "& %( )2@8'$$>9$% "@&,@! )27!!7 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 3 @ : %%'%%()=$* 9%$%$6$%$')$$ 98' ) %)8'(%9''% 7!!7!!7 7 6$ $' '$3 8($)%-7)'( '6''%$%%$'"$(%)9& $ 3'-7)*('6'%5 POWER SUPPLY SET POINT COMP PRE-AMPL PE CONVERTER PROCESS MONITORING OUTPUTS +!:# Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 4 2
:$9*)$9$' %$$ %$'*%'6'9$"'$DE& $% 6')$ $/FA.,G "& G A K #!!,:, #"(:$6/0 H & )*G,:G $' : $ G # :! #7! + ##! G ## Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 5 #I 2 :!"!&# -,#, :!:, :!, :!:, -@!@,@!G #7 @!,## "@&" / APF)! + #!@"!&C!:+! " )! 2,:,JG"5*5#& #!,:,JG"#!@ K Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 6 3
,@#,!@: :G@: D-! #G! # #@# + G :,:,J G# # + G #L##L+ G @# "D#6$'*$*$9$)$.AM '%%'(%$9)$5 )$N0M '%%(8$*% 9*))>9)$5=%8H0M 8 ;0/05 9$* 868 1AM& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 7 +/ : @,, G " /FB0& /.H1 O#!? "@ & /H0;!@G O!? "#& /H01 L!",#& /H1H : O@? "::!&O#?"!@& /H.B # "#7!#& /HH1! -,!# /HFB :--, +!: "& /HF.: P ",--,+!: &!@G ",#& /F0; -, #G- /F01, : ",#& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 8.CONTD. 4
)%$9%@'/.H1 $6 *$/H1H +*/H11 %5+*'3 /HFBQ:</HF. 9%2'/FHA 3 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 9 #%9 -%%-,( /F0; 9%2'/FHA $*'$' )/F01 9'$/F;1 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 10 5
+-/"!5& /F0N,#!! "7#:& /F0A # P,:,@ : :, : /F0.,#,#@# +!"! & /F// # #G :, :",& /F/; #: #!,G "L!:& /F/1!@G:! ":# 7& /F;; G@ "#G7,P & :! " &! ""L!& /F;1!,!,G D":#& ---------------------------------------------------------------- %$5 *(Thyratron- Greek derivative meaning a door that can be opened ) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 11 +/"!5& /F;N,"+ & /F;A @ ## "& /F;B,,!,G ",& /F1/ G@ G",!& /F11 :!J!#G,! : " :,& /F1N,G # +!!"L! :&#*$$$%' /F1A,@! #+ #,@!,!GG /F1F #!G!!"L!& #7,+!@ " L!7,& -G5#!@ ",& /FN;;0#JG,:;A7B0,< Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay CONTD. 12 6
$#(%9 '=$$/F1N 9%2'/FHA (% 8- $5% %/F/; Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 13 13 +/"!5& /FNH @ "#&"+! +,G++&8'<$/FAB /FA/ I ",G& /FA1 :##!!/00 /FAN!!Q! /FA.,G "&!"++& "-$--$(%#'/FAB& /FAH ##,G ": &!# "!/B0N /FAF!@# :! "& "+G7G& '8 8'<$;000 "!,/FB.& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 14 7
--- #!G,:G $%&'& $&$(& '& ('%$%!6%)$$$#' $6%9 '* '%%'#%$$( ) '$$* 9%$$6$% $' $' $)')$$ $'*7!*''%$% )9-!*$$)9'$ ' #%%7#%%)97! #%'%$%"@77& $9)$$$ $9% %$'* #$$'"#%$%& = )79<< '*%79'$(3 ($'$ '&( &$'('& ('$( (&$ ((&$'$%# (&)$' $%(&& $&(( ()%$9% -- #9%' >9)$:( #%-'%$% -- +$ 6 )( Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 15 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE EVOLUTION ---- (SILICON) POWER DIODES: SCHOTTKEY/ EPITAXIAL (P-I-N) / MPS (1992) / EmCon(2000) THYRISTORS : SCR (1958) TRIAC (1964) / BCT(1998) ASCR / RCT / GATT (1970) LASCR (1965) / LTT (1980) GTO (1961 / 1981) POWER TRANSISTORS: BJT (1970) DARLINGTON POWER MOSFET (1979) S-FET (1996) Cool MOS (1998) HYBRID: IGBT (1983/1988) NPT/PT/SPT/LPT/CSTBT TRENCH-GATE / HVIGBT RBIGBT (2000) BLIGBT (1998 Patent) SIT/ SITH (1987) MCT (1988) / BRT / EST (1992) IGCT / MTO / ETO (1996) PIC: SMART / IPM (1990) / HVIPM ASPIC / PEBB / IPEM (1996) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 16 8
9%2+$ $5 65;000 ($*%))%' 6'8'()%$9% Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 17 1995 6 kv, 6 ka GTO (Mitsubishi) 1999 12 kv, 1500A High Voltage Thyristor (Powerex) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 18 9
3.3kV HVIPM (Powerex / Mitsubishi) 6.5kV, 6kA IGCT (Powerex / Mitsubishi / ABB) 6.5 kv, 1.5 ka SGCT(Powerex / Mitsubishi) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 19 4.5 kv HVIGBT (Powerex / Mitsubishi) L : #! # :'9) $":&7:'9)":& '%$8"&!)$" $')& 9%$9%$* 29'2 *8$:,*(8',*#8',*>9$%,*'%%'$9%6 ($9%$! * )'$9%6,*I9$%$ )9 :$,$ '(%>9)$2,*$9)$%$*:!6 ($-#$)<$9%$ $$O? $%P3* 9$-$9$-$#$)<(%$* 8' ($*@":& $988-'$,*%9$$ (! (% 9%<,*)58' 9%,-$3 +''7+-%$'!6%9$ '(%') Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 20 10
)$)''%$"&'%$ 8"N,-&$!)$*-(6% N,-!)$ +$-* @/5/1A +3($' #@7%) 051 1/0 #=5'%$6'% /0. %)7/50;1 )'%$9%6 7%)/5AA;0 %$%'$'(6%%)(')!6%6'*A/0)* 9$$/0/00)* (%$*'/7/0 /7/00? 3$*)99A00 9 (!6%";00/& -/F3@N,---$! (# /H00@$--$ +I )$%/00)*$'%$ 15/3@/;:, 8#9'2 -:+ 7! :+ #9'":;000& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 21 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 22 22 11
IGBT SCENARIO!6%36$**6'*8' $(#* 6'9$$%$9%$$/FH1")3$ /FHH& $8*$( (9$988 )6%%%'39%'* *8'%3$*%8' %5( "9$% 9*& "$-9$%- 9*& "9$% 9*++& '-"-:+ $$$& + "#98& %$'*5 ---*(6%",@:+ &21513@/5;3 A3@05F3"B5A3@B00#9'& N *$$6%( $%*"'($- 6'*$$-'"10M '&$A0M * $1 *$$'$*6% Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 23 $ :+ %$"$5& -%3 %3*'%$(9$$ %$$%$ "% %%9 $ 9 $$%8 '9$7(6%& + $ '( $)9) ( '%$" 5*5 %$( :+? 6'%:?& $'*$ ()9'"#& 9 /;00@ H00";00 )& R) ( R %8' 1513@ /;00 "(=& 1#('6'(1-6'$6,@:+ $$*92%6%$'67 $7%6%')$*%%9')$$%6 %$ (6 * $- $ ' ' 98$' )'9'<$'%$%5) 6$*5 6 +'%3$* :+ "+:+ & $$9$% LG ;000 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 24 12
Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 25 25 : S: T:+ 6$* (%$*%$'* (%*>9$% ((%$*' ($-' 98')9)6'* $988'"$ :$& -%%9'9) (%%9 >9)$*$ $*$* 9$'(%9$ 98'''$ %$$%$ '(%)%)9' >9)$*$ '%$- )9' 9%%8'$*$ $%$$%$ Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 26 13
:$'2 7!2!7!2!72 7: POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS U7!- %U!7!- U!7$6U7 *9'7 %'%$6 %$'% /-71-%+"#& #% #"+9%37+7+9%3-+&?93$6 $)9'-' 8%37( $$*>9$% '$3 J9-$$'$3-P@P -@- - >9(67B-- - #",7(%$*&- -!98'#- # - $$!7'$3-!98'# -#9''6'-$$$3 -%$'*9' -%$' %'%$6,*>9$% 7!'$3%% #=%$6 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 27 #) /FHF 7!7 # /-Φ %(8%%6'$%9$(6 $*!' /FHF 1-Φ %(8%%6'$%9$(6 $* 7! # 1-Φ #%!6 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 28 14
@ "/FFN& 7! 1-71-6'71-(%# $9'$99$ $ (% '%$2 U '%))9$%$(9' U Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 29 DC / DC #89%3%$6$->9$%$' 9>9$69$*,-8* #89%3-8%$6(->9$%$' ( *('/FH0&!9 -% %')9'89%3-8%$6?93%$6"/FH;& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 30 ' 8%3!7!%$6(!7!%$6 15
!7! $$ *('/FHN (9' %)9 '%)$9)$$,'8*$6"@&"P@& "/FHF&, 8"#T$$& "P@& 5>5*$ (%$*>5 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 31!7 @ " ) " % & #S 7 % 2-level Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation ( SPWM ) /FH. Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 32 16
@ ##,! $9'#"#& '%,)$%')$$",&, +$",+&9$$'!'#9'$"!#& *)!'#9'$"!#& $)#"#& %@%#"@#&29-6$%%)9$$$6@!69 )$% -+$%$%$*%6% -+!+9'<$/AM *996'*$# - $$%$$)< )$%%)$$1-'$9'' - ((%$*>9$% ')5$8$%8 )' $*%)9$$9$*3-98'5-8 "+& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 33 9$$'# "#&$6!6 '->9$% $', +$ 9$$' Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 34 17
!7@ #9'$*$%*$' $66'* 8/FH. 1-6'"&#$6 "&%9*)"8&996'* '$6'* Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 35!7@ $$!6$"/FHF& $$!'$3$6( 9$$'$ %) +"/FF0& $$'$3%$6($* %$*9$(% "/FF0& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 36 18
,!@ 9%(%$*'89$-$$9$-Q,* $6%$% Q%'$*>9)$ $# 9%$988 < $988-'$ 9%*$)%$$9'$ %9%$8%9*>9$% ')$$#%$8$*%9$ ')$$#%$6'*8('$*%8' 6%Q)6'8',*%$9%$'$*@$$* (6% =*>9$% %)$$ )'=%$',' $ $9'6 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 37!7!$3"/FF0& ggggggggg iiiiiiiiiii gggggggg UPF $'$' $9'$ 9$ # V d Aug-03 A Compensator K Chattopadhyay 38 %@)$"%6'&'%%'( "/FFA& 19
DC / AC CSI LCI-Fed Synchronous Motor Drive ASCI-Fed Induction Motor Drive CSI-PWM Rectifier-PWM Inverter-Fed Drive,)89 "/FHA& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 39!7 /-%9$-''$$ $6$9%$$* 1-8*$6(' %))9$ '**$*55' %(</FH/ Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 40 $$-'$3%-$6 ) 20
7 1-6'*%$' ($-'' 1-1-9'% %'-%$6$9%$)6 "&(%%9"8&(6) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 41 7 1-1-)=%$6 "@$9$/FH0& Experimental waveforms for a matrix converter at 30 Hz form a 50 Hz input (a) Output line voltage (b) Output line current Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 42 21
#$!6!$9%$ $%$9# ))9-'#"#&7#2 U-#U!-# $%$9'9%$%#" #& +9'!#"+!#& )$$#*$#"### # (%'9%$%#"#&!6$' $7' @'7,<Q%'$' @%'$$' U!%7$%7$6' U '9=7'9=7-*'9=!% >9$'"! & $-'$' #$$' '%$: U 8%37-($'U ' 9$$*$' U 6"#&7)'$'U,-$$ "89&$' U '$*#"@8'9%9&$'U "9<< 7&8 $' U ))$7$%$7'))$$*# Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 43 $$@7,< $'('*9'$ #$6!6 '>9$% $' Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 44 22
'9=8%3!%@%$'%)#-$9%$#('9=86 @>9$27 D S D > %θ T D $θ Q 8D S" V D > 17; D &%θ T" 17; D > V D & D $θ 271 $)$ Q %D S" V D > T 17; D &%θ " 17; D > TV D & D $θ Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 45 ω ' S" )? 7? ψ? & > "''$& (L r /? &ψ? Tψ? S ) "'9=$'$& θ Sθ ' Tθ "'9=$& Aug-03 '9= $ $%@% A K Chattopadhyay $' %) 46 #-$9%$#"'9=(& 23
!% >9$'9=$'"! &$$9%$# Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 47 +-; +"!# #, -./0 /FB/ #: ": &, "I& /FBN ":&": G &,G -!!!@"/0-#& /FBA ":& /FB.,G,@! /FBF#" :! & /F.0 +I "+I & A00@;0"& /F./! "@ & "+,7,& /F.; N-+ #" & /F.1 :+#!@,G@ (SIEMENS) (CONTD). Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 48 24
TABLE-2 (CONTD.) /F.N H-+ # /F.A: 100@N00 /F.B/B-+ #" & /F.H # /00@;A /F.F ### @, @ ",!& /FH0# L@ "@ & :, ::!,G " &N3@/5A3,! # "& /0000,!@ /FH/ ;A00@/000: ",,7# +,7,+& G@ -!:#!@ /FH;? @ /FH1 :+!@!"+:& /FH1!-!@ " :!& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 49 CONTD. +-;"!5& /FHB!@ "!@& L+ #" &! ",:& /FH.!+-!!# -@ /FH. #-!,G "# &" #& @! "& 7,"I&! J "! & "!+7,& /FHF HA#@+-!#! :G # J- @ "& /FF0 R# W!@ /FF/ H0#@ @# "@& "# +,& CONTD. Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 50 25
+-;"! 1992 100#,@!,B3@;5A3 @@",+& L 5,+!!@ /FF1PPG:7!@"+& /FFN /-#@:+ ",+& 1H-#@: @ R#:@W G",+& N00-#@+!#! :"I& /FFA 1-@: 7:+ @ :#"/A7/5A#@ /00#@ # " @#& /FF. :!!!##!"++& 7#!@!"@*$ %7& /FFH A-#1-@@,! "/000++& /#A03,P -!@!, : "# ::& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay -----!. 51 +-;"!& 1998 100#: @ G #,@! - " G 5& B5A3@+!,G "+ &"++& #@!'# "& "±/B0#@&?P"#& + :+ "+:+ & "&! "!&# /FFF B5A3@B00:+ #! B5A3@:?$13@!# #+,"#+&" #%'%$%& ;000 @+::+ "+:+ &!"LG& NA#@!G#@ : "!@&, 1-@: @ "++& ;00/## L@ #!"7#& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 52 26
Emerging Applications in PE Application Description Typ. Power(MW) Segment STATCOM Static Syn. Compensator (SHUNT) 100 T&D Industry (Voltage control, VAR compensation) SSSC Static Syn. Series Compensator 100 T &D UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller 200 T&D (Shunt-series, Power flow, voltage and PF control) IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller T&D (Series-series linking multiple transmission lines) DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer 2-100 Power (Corrects the voltage dip instantly) quality SSTS Solid State Transfer Switch 5-30 -do- (to alternative lines) Static Breaker Interrupts faults with sub-cycle response 5-30 -do- Intertie Allows energy exchange between 2-300 Utility asynchronous 3-ph and/ or 1-ph. systems Traction VAR Speed Aug-03 Syn. Motor / Gen. Excitation A K Chattopadhyay control 30 Generation 53 A K Chattopadhyay (Contd.) 52 Emerging Applications in PE (Contd.) Application Description Typ. Power(MW) Segment Local/Dist. Fuel Cells or small Turbo-Gen. 2 Generation Generation (Distributed Generation) Energy Short term energy storage with 1-100 PQ, T&D Storage / UPS batteries, flywheels, SMES etc. Traction Active Filter Harmonic distortion compensation 1-30 PQ Short DC Short distance HVDC(100kV) from 50 T&D Link utility to load and from alt. Sources to grid DC Distribution Local network to DC processes or Distribution PE systems with a DC link on the customer s site EV/HEV Electric Vehicles / Hybrid Electric Vehicles Industry MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems, actuators Power Source for the Information age (Computers, Telecom, Instrumentation..) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 54 27
@'*9%$6-+ $)$$' Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 55 "$('($'& NA#@ : -+ ++";000& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 56 28
B00#@ : -8 )$ "/FFH&! $)%@'*"!@& Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 57 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 58 @'62100#;A03@/;00B3@;A00 " 8&/FF; 29
#'%%% $6$$'6@ Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 59 58 +1 - @ ('%$%'%$6 ( 9$$* 6$*8$6$)$ ) $*$$%3*$*%$'* )$%)6)$$%9%$ $6 %26$%$9)9%( )!6%($()'"5*5&=$$* >9$% ('6'$)9$*(<$ %9%$ : ($988' 9$-%8' )'9$- ' $%%*( '%$% $# 6)%)(: 6 *('%$ R# W)%$(#C)' %$') %)9(')69%6 $9%>9' (Contd.) Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 60 30
TABLE 3 (Contd.) #9''6'%$6 $)9'< ++ * ( %$6 %6$* 9' '%$ *$ "#= %$6&( 9% 6%)$$ 9'$* $ )' < $ (*$'% $' 6%%$'6($9'$(3$ 9<< '*%% * $* #*$-## 6( $' %$' = ) '%$ %6 ' ) )$% )<$ $ 9' '$%$'!6 '-%))$$* ( 9-9$$* %$' (' 8%)$$*'996 ) %$$'*(*'%%6%' 9) %6 ('$%$$ $ $% '%$ O? >9)$ $ $)$ $ 89$)6(>9' $(9' $5 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 61 TABLE 3 (Contd.) $%$* %'$ $* '%$ ( 6'% ) 9'%' ( '$ 8 9-%$9%$* )*$% * "#& $ ($ $* ) "!89*$$&! 89$ '$3( 9-%$9%$*!' % ( 9' *' 6% %9) %$ '%$$(++%$*%$%"#D& 6')$)9'9'%%')' $)%$%')$% 98$";0-#&6$*$$$9$ %$$99($)$98$($ *($ $$66$* %$%$9)9% )6%3*$*)=)<$*$*$%$% $ '8' D#'$%$$%'''9%9 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 62 31
%3*$*#9$*')$ )9'%#9'%%)% "@$ 3/FFF& #D%9 9"/-:+ ;-!1-@NA- B-%"5,>9'/FFH& #'$%$$% '''9%9 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 63 62 ('%$%+9'$*+'%3,(!!89$ ( ) "6 & Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 64 ++-8( )"@& 63 32
;0#6'? 98$#9'$%,* )5 9%$9%$*! +9 ( '' %$6! Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 65!$*!89$ )";0/0& ##G ('%$%)9'%'$ $<$* 6')$$ '%$%C'($*( $'" $)')$$&$9)$ $* $6$ )$6'8'$* 9%!6')$%8 *$ ()%$9%!6%$@ %$'* ($6 '*!*'$'$#$$' '%$7#3 '%$$%$*$'$%'9$* @ '(('%$2## @ *('%$2!9'( %$'%%!6K (9'$)$*2)9 '%)KK $9'($6$ ) '$*$9%$% $2 (-+$)%$9%#'": K& +$*$($%$'()6%3*$* Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 66 33
!:# $*' 9)$9'$( %$)%%)6$$$$99 )$%('%$%%$$8 6)< $;/ $9 (%$'*(')$2 )9 "%9'())9$%$ $ $)$ %$'* & 6$* $'*$%(-- ('%$%"%9'(#%'%$%& 6$*)$ 9()85 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 67 Aug-03 A K Chattopadhyay 68 34