Άλλες Ονομασίες Chalcedonia, Kalchedon, Kadiköy. Γεωγραφική Θέση Northwestern Asia Minor, modern northwestern Turkey. Ιστορική Περιοχή Bithynia

Περίληψη : A Byzantine city, well known as the birthplace of Sainte Euphemia and the place where the Fourth Ecumenical Council was held (A.D. 451). It was already built during the Antiquity on the Asian coast of Bosporos, across Byzantium. Chalcedon was for centuries the target of invaders. In the 7 th century the city met with destruction by the Persians, in the 8 th century by the Arabs and in the 11 th century suffered from Seljuks raids. In 1203, Chalcedon was occupied by the Latins, who proceeded to plundering, whereas in 1350 fell on the Ottomans hands. Άλλες Ονομασίες Chalcedonia, Kalchedon, Kadiköy Γεωγραφική Θέση Northwestern Asia Minor, modern northwestern Turkey Ιστορική Περιοχή Bithynia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Province of Bithynia, theme of Opsikion, theme of Optimatoi 1. Foundation - Appelation Chalcedon, an ancient colony of Megara, was founded in 685 B.C. on the Asian coast of Bosporos, across Byzantium. According to Dagron, the choice of Chalcedon s location denotes the right estimation of the economical importance of a harbor at the mouth of the Black Sea, which remained unexploited because of the ignorance of the passers by who avoided the south shore of Propontis. 1 The preference of the European coast of Bosporos and the supremacy of Byzantium against Chalcedon because of its geographical position was already known during the Antiquity and remained as such during the Byzantine period. The Chalcedonians were characterized as blinds 2, because they were the first to settle in a colony and they chose the south side, which was the worst one according to the ancient perception. During the Roman times, Chalcedon is reported as a city frontier for the division of the Roman Empire into two almost equal halves. 3 Chalcedon was one of Constantine s the Great choices for the foundation of New Rome. Kedrenos and Zonaras preserve the tradition of the simultaneous foundation of the cities of Byzantium and of Chalcedon on the legend about the foundation of New Rome. According to this legend, although Chalcedon had been chosen as the Byzantine capital and its building had commenced, eagles grabbed the builders ropes while they were working and threw them on Byzantium s side. Chalcedon was known as Kalchedon or Prokeratis, because it was laid before the Golden Horn, or Kolpousa, because it possessed two natural harbors on Bosporos, east and west of the settlement. Janin has the opinion that the naming Chalcedon or Kalchedon is of a Phoenician origin and meant New City (Karkhi Don). 4 In 1350, the Ottoman conquerors named the city Kaleca Dünya, land of the carpet, a name that, according to Janin, rendered the beautiful view of the countryside around the city. It received its modern name, Kadiköy (=house of kadi), after 1453, because it was granted as a present to the first kadi or judge of Constantinople. 5 2. Historical information Chalcedon is known more from the historical sources and less from archaeological findings or monuments. The initial Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 1/10

city was built on a hill that extended all along the sea, a little before the location Altiyol, at northeast, between two natural harbors nowadays fully covered by alluviums. 6 The foundation of Constantinople overshadowed probably the development of Chalcedon. It is known, however, that its eastern harbor expanded during the 4 th century with the addition of a new harbor, receiving the name of the eunuch praepositos and eparch (praefectus urbi) of Constantinople, Eutropios, on whose initiative it was constructed. In the 5 th century, during the reign of Zeno (473 474) and of Anastasios I (491 518), works were done on the harbor and the city was embellished with palaces and churches. 7 During the early Christian times, it was a place of persecution and of martyrdom of the Christians. By far the most well known and characteristic case is that of Sainte Euphemia who suffered her martyrdom at her birthplace Chalcedon, on the 16 th of September 303, under Diocletian (285 305). In 399 Chalcedon is attested as the place of execution of the eunuch praepositus and eparch of Constantinople, Eutropios, by the order of the empress Eudoxia. 8 The next mention of Chalcedon is made by Theophylaktos Simmokates, upon the occasion of the mission of Probus, bishop of Chalcedon, for negotiations from the emperor Maurice (582 602) to Chosroes at Ctesiphon. 9 In 451 the Fourth Ecumenical Council was held at Chalcedon, instead of Nicaea, by the initiative of the emperor Marcian (450 457) and the empress Pulcheria, with the aim of refuting the non orthodox views of the Council of Ephesus of 449. 10 In 608, during the years of Maurice, when the Avars besieged Constantinople, 11 the Persians, according to Theophanes, reached until Chalcedon. 12 What makes impression, however, is the absence of such important information from a contemporaneous historical source of the 7 th century, such as the Life of Theodore of Sykeon. 13 According to Mango and Scott, it must be about the moving forward of the Persians towards Chalcedon, in 615, a fact that is recorded in Chronicon Paschale as well. 14 Another invasion of the Persians in 626 is mentioned by Theophanes. 15 The Persians, then, under the leadership of general Sahrvaraz occupied Chalcedon and they wintered there, proceeding to plundering the towns of Asia Minor. 16 The information for this event is confused. Theodore Synkellos reports on the contrary that after the unsuccessful attempt of the Avars to capture Constantinople, Sahrvaraz abandoned Chalcedon and according to Sebeos went to Alexandria. 17 Chalcedon was connected with the history of the heirs of emperor Herakleios I (610 641). The drier climate of the region of Chalcedon in relation to the humidity of Constantinople was offered for the healing of illnesses such as tuberculosis. For health reasons, in 641, the tubercular Constantine II or III, son of Herakleios I, built a palace on the suburbs of Chalcedon, where he settled. 18 During the same year, Chalcedon became the base of the troops of the military officer Valentinos who was in charge of protecting the children of Constantine II or III after his death, against Martina and Herakleios II (or Heraklonas). 19 According to the patriarch Nikephoros, on September 641, the inhabitants of Constantinople that were owners of vineyards at Chalcedon, forced patriarch Pyrrhos (638 641, 654) for the coronation of the son of Constantine II or III, when they were informed that the forces of Valentinos reaped the fruits of their product and that their transition to Chalcedon was forbidden to them. 20 The troops withdrew from Chalcedon after the coronation by Heraklonas (or by Herakleios II) of the son of Constantine II or III, Constans II. Another version of the sources mentions the agreement between Herakleios and Valentinos after the coronation as Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 2/10

well. 21 In 666, according to Theophanes, Chalcedon came up against new invasions from the Arabs, when a great proportion of its population was captured. 22 In 781/782, during the years of the reign of Constantine VI (780 791) and of Eirene (797 802), the Arabs invaded as far as Crysopolis and Chalcedon. 23 In 803 Chalcedon was a well known imperial suburb that is referred on the occasion of an accident of the emperor Nikephoros I (802 811). 24 Around 955 956, Hosios Loukas the Stylite went to Chalcedon, where according to his Life he led an ascetic life for a period of 44 years. He resided at the estate of Eutropios on a column from an ancient temple of the region, which he used as the pillar of ascetism. 25 After his death, in 979, a monastery was founded on this location. The pillar, according to Leo the Deacon, was destroyed by tidal waves caused by the earthquake of 979. 26 During the times of Michael VII Doukas (1071 1078) the Seljuks plundered the surrounding area of Chalcedon and of Chrysopolis. 27 In the same region, a few years later, in 1078, the soldiers of Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078 1081) encamped. According to Attaleiates, the presence of the Byzantine troops in a region that suffered a lot from the invasions of the Seljuks, being described as desolated and impassable, bent back the moral of the inhabitants. 28 In 1182, Andronikos I Komnenos (1183 1185), while coming to Constantinople in order to occupy the throne, encamped at Chalcedon. 29 In 1203, the Latin Crusaders were disembarked at Chalcedon, which soon they captured. 30 There are no testimonies for the fate of the city during that period. It is not known either if it returned to the possession of the Byzantines after the victory of John III Vatatzes (1221 1254) at Poimanenon against the Latins, in 1224. In 1350, the Ottomans captured Chalcedon. 3. Chalcedon as a naval station Chalcedon seems to have functioned as a naval station for the transitions of the population from and to the Byzantine capital. In 730, the family of Stephan the Younger disembarked at Chalcedon from Constantinople heading to the Mount Auxentios. 31 A century later, the transition of Hosios Theodore and Hosios Nikolaos, both of Stoudios, at Chalcedon is known during the reign of Michael II (820 829). 32 In 969, the later emperor John I Tzimiskes (969 976) reached the city after an invitation of the empress Theophano, wife of Nikephoros II Phokas (963 969). 33 Chalcedon is mentioned as well on the occasion of the hasty arrival of Alexios III Angelos (1195 1203) after a storm. 34 4. Monuments In our days a systematic archaeological survey has never taken place. On the neighboring modern location Haydarpaşa, outside ancient Chalcedon, Byzantine pottery has been located. Neither findings nor monuments in the ancient city have become known. 35 In the sources are attested a palace, a hippodrome, churches and monasteries. Villehardouin describes a luxurious imperial palace at the city of Chalcedon, where those in charge of the Crusades of 1203 resided. 36 Inside the city are reported the church of Sainte Euphemia, of Sainte Vassi and of Saint George, the monasteries of Eutropios, of Michaelitzes, of Malelias and of Pelamydios. Chalcedon was known for the martyrion of Sainte Euphemia, which was decorated with wall paintings of her life s scenes, built outside the city walls and was the seat of the Fourth Ecumenical Council in 451. According to the Life of Euphemia, her body was buried right after her martyrdom by her parents Philophronas and Theodoriana. 37 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 3/10

1. Dagron, G., H γέννηση μιας πρωτεύουσας (transl. from french, Λουκάκη Mαρίνα) (Athens 2000), p. 35. 2. Ηρ. 4.144 Strabo, Geography 3 (transl. Jones, H.L., London 1928/repr. 1969), pp. 280-282 (7,6,2) Dagron, G., H γέννηση μιας πρωτεύουσας (transl. by french, Λουκάκη Mαρίνα) (Athens 2000), p. 35, not. 91. 3. Ηρωδιανός, Herodian 1, Warmington, E.H. (ed.) (The Loeb Classical Library, London Cambridge Mass. 1969), p. 386 Dagron, G., H γέννηση μιας πρωτεύουσας (transl. by french, Λουκάκη Mαρίνα) (Athens 2000), pp. 20-21. 4. Dictionnaire d' Histoire et de Géographie Ecclesiastique XII, see Chalcedon (R. Janin), columns 270-277, esp. column 270. 5. Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια 12, lines 51-52, see «Χαλκηδόνος μητρόπολις» (Β. Σταυρίδης). 6. Janin, R., Les Eglises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins (Paris 1975), p. 30 (map). 7. Dictionnaire d' Histoire et de Géographie Ecclesiastique XII, see Chalcedon (R. Janin), columns 270-277, esp. column 270. 8. Ζώσιμος, Zosimus, Historia Nova, Mendelssohn, L. (ed.) (Leipzig 1887), 17.5-18.3. See Ζώσιμος, Zosimus, New History, Ridley T.R. (ed.), Byzantina Australiensia 2 (Canberra 1982), p. 107 (17.5-18.3) Σωκράτης, Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica (Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Greca, Paris 1857-1866) 67, VI 5. Σωζομενός, Sozomenus, Historia Ecclesiastica, Bidez, J. - Hanson, G.C. (ed.) (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte 50, Berlin 1960), VIII 7.2-5 Martindale, J.R. (ed.), The Prosopography of Later Roman Empire 2 (AD 395-527) (Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney 1980), pp. 440-444, esp.p. 443 The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2, Kazhdan, Al. (ed.) (New York London 1991), p. 758, see Eutropios (T.E. Gregory) Iστορία του Eλληνικού Έθνους 7 (Athens 1978), p. 97-98 (Τ. Λουγγής). 9. Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης, Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, De Boor, C. (ed.) (repr. Stuttgart 1972), p. 217, lines 8-9 (V, 15). 10. Concilium Universale Chalcedonense, Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum, Schwartz, E. (ed.), II/I, 2 (Berolini et Lipsiae 1933/repr. Berolini 1962), pp. 121-130, 158-163 Dagron, G., H γέννηση μιας πρωτεύουσας (transl. from french, Λουκάκη Mαρίνα), (Athens 2000), p. 586 Xριστοφιλοπούλου Aικατερίνη, Bυζαντινή Iστορία A (Thessaloniki 1992), pp. 212-214. 11. Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης, Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, De Boor, C. (ed.) (repr. Stuttgart 1972), p. 271, lines 5-6. (VII,15). 12. Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 296, lines 6-10. See in an anonymous chronicle, closer to the Chronography of Theophanes, there is a reference to the crossing of Euphrates from the Persians, their marching towards Cappadocia, Galatia and the outskirts of Constantinople under the leadership of general Sahrvaraz (Sarvaros) in the year of the Hellenes AG 922, Chronicon anonymum ad AD 1234 pertinens 1 (CSCO Scr. Syr. 3Rd ser. 14) (transl. Chabot, J.B. (Louvain 1937) v. 2, transl. 154 (Louvain 1974). The source was inaccessible and it is cited according to Theophanes Confessor The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Mango, C. Scott, R. (ed.) (Oxford 1997), p. 425, n. 3. 13. Βίος Θεοδώρου Συκεώνος, Vie de Theodore de Sykéon 1-2, Festugière, A-J. (ed.) (Subsidia Hagiographica 48, Bruxelles 1970) Histoire d'heraclius par l' évêque Sebeos, Leroux, E. (ed.) (transl. Macler, F., Paris 1904), p. 63. In the work of Sebeos, a Persian invasion is mentioned in Cappadocia, and not as far as Chalcedon, under the leadership of Sahin, in the 20th year of the reign of Chosroes (609-610). 14. Πασχάλιον Χρονικόν, Chronicon Paschale, Dindorf, L. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1832), p. 706. 15. Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 316, lines 16-17, 25-27 Πασχάλιον Χρονικόν, Chronicon Paschale, Dindorf, L. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1832), p. 716. 16. Howard-Johnston, J.D., The Siege of Constantinople, in Constantinople and its Hinterland, Mango, C. Dagron, G. (ed.)(cambridge 1995), pp. 131-142, esp. p. 132. 17. Histoire d'heraclius par l' évêque Sebeos, Leroux, E. (ed.) (transl. Macler, F., Paris 1904), p. 88 Σύγκελλος, Synkellos, Ecloga Chronographica, Mosshammer, A.A. (ed.) (Leipzig 1984), p. 313. 22 Θεοφάνης Ομολογητής, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Mango, C., Scott, R. (ed.) (Oxford 1997), pp. 447-448, n. 8. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 4/10

18. Νικηφόρος πατριάρχης, Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History, Mango, C. (ed.) (CFHB XIII, Washington, D.C. 1990), 29.10. 19. Νικηφόρος πατριάρχης, Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History, Mango, C. (ed) (CFHB XIII, Washington, D.C. 1990), 30-32. 20. Νικηφόρος πατριάρχης, Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History, Mango, C. (ed.) (CFHB XIII, Washington, D.C. 1990), 30-32 Στράτος, A.N., Tο Bυζάντιον κατά το Z αιώνα 3 (Athens 1969), pp. 200-208. 21. Στράτος, A.N., Tο Bυζάντιον κατά το Z αιώνα 3 (Athens 1969), pp. 200-208. 22. Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 351, lines 3-5 Θεοφάνης Ομολογητής, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Mango, C. Scott, R. (ed.) (Oxford 1997), p. 490. 23. Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 456, lines 2-6 Θεοφάνης Ομολογητής, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Mango, C. Scott, R. (ed.) (Oxford 1997), pp. 628-629 Βραχέα Χρονικά, Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, Schreiner, P. (ed.) (CFHB 12/1, 2, Wien 1975), n. 2/10. 24. Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 479 Θεοφάνης Ομολογητής, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Mango, C. Scott, R. (ed.) (Oxford 1997), p. 657. 25. Βίος Λουκά Στυλίτου, Vogt, A. (ed.), Vie de Saint Luc le Stylite, Analecta Bollandiana 28 (1909), p. 11-56, esp. p. 23. 26. Λέων Διάκονος, Leonis Diaconi Historiae, Hasii, Caroli Benedicti (ed.) ( CSHB, Bonnae 1828), p. 176. 27. Ατταλειάτης Μιχαήλ, Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, Bekker, I. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1853), p. 200, lines 5-12. 28. Ατταλειάτης Μιχαήλ, Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, Bekker, I. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1853), p. 267 onwards. 29. Χωνιάτης Νικήτας, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Van Dieten, I. (ed.) (CFHB 11/1, Berolini et Nova Eboraci 1975), p. 246. 30. Χωνιάτης Νικήτας, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Van Dieten, I. (ed.), (CFHB 11/1, Berolini et Nova Eboraci 1975), p. 542 Βιλεαρδουίνος, La Conquete de Constantinople, Faral, E. (ed.) v. 1 (Paris 1938), p. 134-138, 134-136. 31. Βίος Στεφάνου Νέου, Auzépy, M.-F. (ed.), La Vie d' Etienne le Jeune par Etienne le Diacre (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs 4, Hampshire 1998), p. 101, 11, p. 195, n. 80, p. 115, 21, p. 208 Ahrweiler, H., Byzance et la mer (Paris 1966), p. 421, n. 5. 32. Βίος Θεοδώρου Στουδίτου, Latyschev, B. (ed.), Vita S. Theodori Studitae in codicae Mosquensi musei Rumianzoviani 520, Vizantijskij Vremennik 21 (1914), pp. 255-240, esp. p. 298 (BHG 1755d). Βίος Νικολάου Στουδίτου, Anonymi Vita S. Nicolai Studitae, Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Greca (Paris 1857-1866), v. 105, columns 864-926, esp. 889 (BHG 1365). 33. Σκυλίτζης Ιωάννης, Ioannis Scylitzae, Synopsis Historiarum, Thurn, I. (ed.) (CFHB 5, Berlin-New York 1973), p. 279, 22. 34. Χωνιάτης Νικήτας, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Van Dieten, I. (ed.) (CFHB 11/1, Berolini et Nova Eboraci 1975), p. 530. 35. Mason, R.B. Mundell-Mango, M., Glazed 'Tiles of Nicomedia, at Mango, C. - Dagron, G. (ed.), Bithynia, Constaninople, and elsewhere, Constantinople and its Hinterland (Cambridge 1995), pp. 313-331, esp. p. 315-316. 36. The emperors possessed, already by the year 450, a number of mansions outside Constantinople, on different cities of the empire, among them on Chalcedon. Dagron, G., Η Γέννηση μιας Πρωτεύουσας (transl. from french, Λουκάκη Μαρίνα, Athens 2000), p. 114. 37. Halkin, F. (ed.), Euphémie de Chalcédoine (Subsidia Hagiographica 41, Bruxelles 1965), p. 49 ( La Passion abregée de Sainte Euphemie, BHG 619e). Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 5/10

Βιβλιογραφία : Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis 1: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium, Padova 1988 Janin R., Les églises et les monastères des Grands Centres Byzantins. Bithynie, Hellespont, Latros, Galésios, Trébizonde, Athènes, Thessalonique, Paris 1975 Brandes W., Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Amsterdam 1989, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten 56 Βρυώνης Σ., Η παρακμή του μεσαιωνικού ελληνισμού στη Μικρά Ασία και η διαδικασία του εξισλαμισμού, ΜΙΕΤ, Αθήνα 1996, Γαλαταριώτου, Κ. (μτφρ.) Lefort J., "Les communications entre Constantinople et la Bithynie", Mango, C. Dagron, G. (επιμ.), Constantinople and its Hinderland, Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford April 1993, London 1995, 207-218 Mason R.B., Mundell-Mango M., "Glazed 'Tiles of Nicomedia'", C. Mango - G. Dagron (eds.), Constantinople and its Hinterland, London 1995, 313-332 Σταυρίδης Β., "Xαλκηδόνος Mητρόπολις", Θρησκευτική και Hθική Eγκυκλοπαίδεια 12, στήλες 51-54 Dagron G., H γέννηση μιας πρωτεύουσας. Η Κωνσταντινούπολη και οι θεσμοί της από το 330 ως το 451, ΜΙΕΤ, Αθήνα 2000, Λουκάκη, Μ. (μτφρ.) Dagron G., "Poissons, pecheurs et poissonniers de Constantinople", Mango, C. Dagron, G. (επιμ.), Constantinople and its Hinderland, Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford April 1993, London 1995, 57-73 Howard-Johnston J.D., "The Siege of Constantinople in 626", Mango, C. Dagron, G. (ed.), Constantinople and its Hinterland, Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford April 1993, London 1995, 131-142 Karlin-Hayter P., "A note on bishops and Saints, Constantinople and its Hinterland", Mango, C. Dagron, G. (επιμ.), Constantinople and its Hinderland, Papers from the 27th Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford april 1993, London 1995, 397-409 Naumann R., Belting H., Die Euphemia-Kirche am Hippodrom zu Istanbul und ihre Fresken, Berlin 1966, Istanbuler Forschungen 25 The Prosopography of Later Roman Empire 2 (AD 395-527), Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney 1980 Foss C., "Chalcedon", A. Kazhdan (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 1, New York - Oxford 1991 Λουγγής Τ., "Το Ανατολικό Χριστιανικό κράτος (395-518)", Iστορία του Eλληνικού Έθνους 7, 1978 Αθήνα, 92-149 Ruge W., "Kalchedon", RE, X, Stuttgart 1910, στήλες 1555-1559 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 6/10

Janin R., "Chalcedon", Dictionnaire d histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, Paris, στήλες 270-277 Δικτυογραφία : Das 4. Ökumenische Konzil http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/glossar/konzil_von_chalkedon.htm Δ Οικουμενική Σύνοδος http://tovima.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=b&f=13958&m=y12&aa=1 Γλωσσάριo : Fourth Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon, 451) The Fourth Ecumenical Council assembled in 451 at Chalcedon in order to retract the interpetation of the council of Ephesus (449) on the nature of Jesus Christe. kadi Office that combinbed judicial, notarial and administrative duties. The kadi, who held court at the kaza's seat, registered all legal acts and documents in the court's codices (sicil). The kadi passed judgement based on the saria (the holy law of Islam), taking also into consideration the kanun (sultanic law) and the customary law (örf). Resort to his court had all the subjects of the Empire. The kadi had also administrative duties, which he performed in collaboration with the officials of the kaza., and he had to supervise tax collection. praefectus urbi (prefect of the city) (later referred to as the eparch of the city) Αdministrator and virtual governor of Constantinople in the Early/Middle Byzantine Era. He was responsible for the surveillance and the harmonius life of the Capital. One of his responsibilities was to control the commercial and manufacturing activities of Constantinople. After 1204, however, the office began to diminish, while from the 14th century, his responsibilities were assumed by two officers, the so-called kephalatikeuontai of the capital. praepositos (from lat. praepositus sacri cubiculi) The praepositos or praipositos (πραιπόσιτος του ιερού κουβουκλίου or του ευσεβεστάτου κοιτώνος) was a grand chamberlain by the Early Byzantine period the highest official, usually Eunuch, in the imperial service. After the 6th C. his functions were assumed by the parakoimomenos. The dignity involved in palace ceremony and disappeared until the end of 11th C. Πηγές Ατταλειάτης Μιχαήλ, Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, Bekker, I. (ed) (CSHB, Bonnae 1853), p. 200, lines 5 12. Ηρόδοτος, Herodotus 2, Warmington, E.H. (ed.) (London 1925, 1969), p. 344 (IV.44). Ηρωδιανός, Herodian 1, Warmington, E.H. (ed.) (The Loeb Classical Library, London Cambridge Mass. 1969), p. 386. Νικηφόρος πατριάρχης, Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History, Mango, C. (ed.) (CFHB 13, Washington, D.C. 1990), p. 29, line 10, pp. 30 32. Συνέκδημος Ιεροκλή, Le Synekdemos d Hierokles et l Opuscule Geographique de Georges de Chypre, Honigmann, E. (ed.) (Bruxelles 1939). Θεοφάνης, Theophanis Chronographia 1, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Lipsiae 1883), p. 296, lines 6 10, p. 316, lines 1 7, 25 27, p. 351, lines 3 5, p. 456, lines 2 6, p. 479. Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης, Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae V, VII, De Boor, C. (ed.) (pepr. Stuttgart 1972), p. 217, lines 8 9 (V,15), p. 271, lines 5 6 (VII,15). Βιλεαρδουίνος, Villeardouin, La Conquete de Constantinople 1 2, Faral, E. (ed.) (Paris 1938), pp. 134 138. Βίος Στεφάνου Νέου, La Vie d' Etienne le Jeune par Etienne le Diacre, Auzépy, M. F. (ed) (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs 4, Hampshire 1998), p. 101, n. 11, p. 195, n. 80, p. 115, n. 21, p. 208 (BHG 1666). Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 7/10

Histoire d'heraclius par l' évêque Sebeos, Leroux, E. (ed.) (transl. Macler, F., Paris 1904), p. 86. Χωνιάτης Μιχαήλ, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Van Dieten, I. (ed.) (CFHB 11/1, Berolini et Nova Eboraci 1975), pp. 246, 542, 530. Βίος Ευφημίας, Euphémie de Chalcedoine, Halkin, F. (ed.) (Subsidia Hagiographica 41, Bruxelles 1965), p. 49 (La Passion abregéε de Sainte Euphemie, BHG 619e). Βίος Λουκά Στυλίτου, Vogt, A. (ed.), Vie de Saint Luc le Stylite, Analecta Bollandiana 28 (1909), p. 23. Βίος Θεοδώρου Στουδίτου, Latyschev, B. (ed.), Vita S. Theodori Studitae in codicae Mosquensi musei Rumianzoviani 520, Vizantijskij Vremennik 21 (1914), pp. 255 240, esp. p. 298 (BHG 1755d). Βίος Νικολάου Στουδίτου, Anonymi Vita S. Nicolai Studitae, Migne, J.P. (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Greca105 (Paris 1857 1866),, columns 864 926, esp. column 886 onwards (BHG 1365). Λέων Διάκονος, Leonis Diaconi Historiae, Hasii, Caroli Benedicti (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1828), p. 176. Πασχάλιον Χρονικόν, Chronicon Paschale, Dindorf, L. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1832), pp. 206, 716. Στράβων, The Geography of Strabo 3 (transl. Jones, H.L.) (London 1928, repr.1969), pp. 280 282 (7, 6, 2). Σωζομενός, Sozomenus, Historia Ecclesiastica, Bidez, J. Hanson, G.C. (επιμ.) (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte 50, Berlin 1960), VIII, 7, lines 2 5. Θεοφάνης Ομολογητής, Mango, C. Scott, R. (ed.), The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (Oxford 1997), pp. 425, 447, 448, 490, 628, 629, 657. Ζώσιμος, Zosimus, Historia Nova, Mendelssohn, L. (ed.) (Leipzig 1887) 17, lines 5 18, line 3 = Ζώσιμος, Zosimus, New History, Ridley T.R. (ed.), (Byzantina Australiensia 2, Canberra 1982), p. 107. Ζωναράς, Ioannis Zonarae Epitomae Historiarum 3, Buttner Wobst, Th. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1897), pp. 13 14. Σωκράτης, Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica, Migne, J., (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Greca 67 (Paris 1857 1866), VI 5. Σύγκελλος, Synkellos, Ecloga Chronographica, Mosshammer, A.A. (ed.) (Leipzig 1984), pp. 313 322. Σκυλίτζης Ιωάννης, Ioannis Scylitzae, Synopsis Historiarum, Thurn, I. (ed.) (CFHB 5, Berlin New York 1973), pp. 279, 22. Concilium Universale Chalcedonense, Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum, Schwartz, E. (ed.), II/I, 2 (Berolini et Lipsiae 1933/repr. Berolini 1962), pp. 121 130, 158 163. Βραχέα Χρονικά, Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, Schreiner, P. (ed.) (CFHB 12/1, 2, Wien 1975), n. 2/10. Παραθέματα 1. Chalcedon was one of the choices of Constantine the Great (324-337) for the establishment of New Rome. Κατὰ δέ θεῖον χρησμὸν βουληθεὶς ἀνεγεῖραι πόλιν, ὡς ἂν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ τῷ οἰκείῳ καλέσῃ ὀνόματι, πρότερον μὲν ἐν Σαρδικῇ ταύτην κτῖσαι προέθετο. εἶτα ἐν Σιγαίῳ (τὸ δὲ τῆς Τρωάδος ἐστὶν ἀκρωτήριον), ἔνθα καὶ θεμελίους αὐτὴν καταβαλέσθαι φασι. καὶ αὖθις ἐν Χαλκηδόνι τὴν πόλιν ἤρξατο ἀνιστᾶν. λέγεται δὲ καθίπτασθαι ἀετοὺς καὶ τὰ τῶν οἰκοδόμων ἁρπάζειν σπαρτία. τὸν μεταξὺ δὲ διϊπταμένους πορθμὸν ρίπτειν αὐτὰ κατὰ τὸ Βυζάντιον. τοῦτο γοῦν πολλάκις γενόμενον ἀπηγγέλθη τῷ βασιλεῖ. καὶ Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 8/10

οὐκ ἐδόκει τυχαίως γίνεσθαι τὸ γινόμενον, ἀλλά τι διὰ τούτου τὸ θεῖον παραδηλοῦν. ἐφίσταται γοῦν αὐτὸς τῷ Βυζαντίῳ ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ, τὸν τόπον κατασκοπῶν ἀρέσκεται, μετατίθησι τὸν σκοπόν, μετάγει τοὺς τεχνίτας ἐκ Χαλκηδόνος ἐκεῖ, τὴν πόλιν φιλοτίμως οἰκοδομεῖ, Κωνσταντινούπολιν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ οἰκείῳ καλεῖ, καὶ ἀνατίθησιν αὐτὴν τῇ παρθένῳ καὶ θεομήτορι. Ζωναράς, Ioannis Zonarae Epitomae Historiarum 3, Buttner Wobst, Th. (ed.) (CSHB, Bonnae 1897), pp. 13 14. 2. The burial of Sainte Eufumia in 303. Καὶ ἐλθοῦσα ἡ μήτηρ αὐτῆς Θεοδωριανὴ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῆς Φιλόφρων ἔλαβον αὐτῆς τὸ ἅγιον σῶμα καὶ κηδεύσαντες ἐπιμελῶς ἔθαψαν ἀπὸ μιλίου ἑνὸς Καλχηδόνος. Βίος Ευφημίας, Euphemie de Chalcedoine, Halkin F. (επιμ.) (Subsidia Hagiographica 41, Bruxelles 1965) (La Passion abregee de Sainte Euphemie, BHG 619e), p. 49. 3. In 608 A.C. the people of Constantinople abandoned the city because of the Avars' danger. Ἐς τηλικοῦτο τοίνυν κάκου τὰ τῶν Βυζαντίων ἐχώρει, ὡς καὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην καταλιπεῖν ὃν δοκιμάζειν αὐτοὺς καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίαν μεταφοιτᾶν πρός τε χαλκηδόνα ποιήσασθαι τὴν μετάστασιν. ἡ δὲ Χαλκηδὼν πόλις καθέστηκεν εἰς τὸ ἀντιπέρας τοῦ βασιλείου πολίσματος. ἐνομίζετο γὰρ ὁρμητήριον εὔθετον ὑπεῖναι τοῖς Βυζαντίοις ἡ Χαλκηδών. Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης, Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, De Boor, C. (ed.) (Stuttgart 1972), VII 15, pp. 271 2, lines 5 6. 4. Constaintine II or III (641) moved to Chalcedon for health reasons. ἐπεὶ δὲ νόσῳ χρονίᾳ Κωνσταντῖνον συνείχετο καὶ εὐκρασίας ἀέρων ἕνεκεν ἐν Χαλκηδόνι διέτριβεν ἐν τῷ ὑπ αὐτοῦ κτισθέντι παλατίῳ... Νικηφόρος Πατριάρχης, Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History, Mango, C. (επιμ.) (CFHB XIII, Washington, D.C. 1990), 29.10. 5. Transference of Sainte Euphemia's relics to Constantinople by the empress Eirene (797-802) Σπουδὴν τοίνυν μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων, μᾶλλον δὲ πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων, ποιεῖται ἡ βασιλὶς τὸν τῆς πανευφήμου ναὸν ἀνορθῶσαι καὶ ἀναποιήσασθαι μεγαλοπρεπέστερον καὶ τῇ Χαλκηδόνι διὰ τὸν πρὸς τὸν μάρτυρα ἔρωτα εὐμενῶς καὶ βασιλικῶς χρήσασθαι. ἃ καὶ εἰς ἔργον ἐκβάντα κατ οἰκείαν αὐτῆς βούλησιν οὔμενουν τὸν φλογμὸν αὐτῆς τοῦ φίλτρου διαναπαύειν καὶ καταψύχειν οἷά τε ἦν, ἀλλ εἰ μὴ καὶ τὸ θεῖον αὐτῆς εὕροι λείψανον, ἕωλον τι χρῆμα καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτὴν ὤετο... Ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ τοῦτο παραλαβόντες, εὐτυχῶς τὸν ἀνάπλουν ἀνύσαντες προσέσχον τῷ λιμένι τῆς πόλεως, διαμηνυθείσης αὐτίκα τῇ βασιλίδι τῆς τοῦ θείου λειψάνου ἀφίξεως, αὐτῇ τε συνάμα θυγατράσι τε καὶ υἱεῖ καὶ πάσῃ τῇ συγκλήτῳ ἐξήει ὑπαντήσουσά τε καὶ προσκυνήσουσα τὸ ποθούμενον. Βίος Ευφημίας, Euphemie de Chalcedoine, Halkin, F. (ed.) (Subsidia Hagiographica 41, Bruxelles 1965) (L Opuscule de Macaire Macres sur les miracles et les translations d Euphemie, BHG 622), pp. 180 181, 10. Χρονολόγιο 399: Death of the eunuch praepositos and eparch of Constantinople, Eutropios by the order of the empress Eudoxia. 451: Convocation of the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon, by the initiative of the emperor Marcian (450 457) and the empress Pulcheria. During the period 582-602: The mission of the bishop of Chalcedon Probus for negotiations from the emperor Maurice (582 602) to Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 9/10

Chosroes at Ctesiphon. 608: During the years of Maurice, the Persians, according to Theophanes, reached until Chalcedon 615: The Persians reached until Chalcedon 626: New persian attcak to Chalcedon 641: Constantine II or III, son of Herakleios I, settled in a palace on the suburbs of Chalcedon, for haelth reasons. After his death, Chalcedon became the base of the troops of the military officer Valentinos who was in charge of protecting the children of the dead emperor against Martina and Herakleios II (or Heraklonas) 641 September: The forces of Valentinos reaped the fruits of the vineyards of Chalcedon, while the transition to Chalcedon was forbidden to the inhabitants of Constantinople, owners of vineyards at Chalcedon. As a result, the patriarch Pyrrhos was forced for the coronation of Constans II (641 668) 666: According to Theophanes, the Arabs invaded in Chalcedon. In 781/782, new invasion of Arabs to Crysopolis and Chalcedon during the years of the reign of Constantine VI (780 797) and Eirene (797 802) 730: The family of Stephan the Younger disembarked at Chalcedon from Constantinople heading to the Mount Auxentios During the years 820-829: Hosios Theodore and Hosios Nikolaos, both of Stoudios, disembarked at Chalcedon 803: Chalcedon is a well known imperial suburb that is referred on the occasion of an accident of the emperor Nikephoros I (802 811) During the reign of Constantine VII (945-959): The relic of John the Baptistʹs hand is sent to Chalcedon from Constantinople 969: The later emperor John I Tzimiskes (969 976) reached the city after after an invitation of the empress Theophano, wife of Nikephoros II Fokas (963 969) During the reign of Michael VII Doukas (1071-1078): The Seljuks plundered Chalcedon 1078: The soldiers of Botaneiates encamped at Chalcedon 1182: Andronikos I Komnenos (1183 1185), while coming to Constantinople in order to occupy the throne, encamped at Chalcedon (1183 1185) 1203: The Latin Crusaders captured Chalcedon 1350: The Ottomans captured Chalcedon Δημιουργήθηκε στις 12/10/2017 Σελίδα 10/10