LESSON TWENTY FIVE: THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS Memorization of Vocabulary 25 (also includes words from 1 John 3:1-10) ἁγνιζω ἁγνος ἀδελφος ἀδικια αἰρω αἰωνιος ἀληθης ἁµαρτανω ἁµαρτια ἀνθρωποκτονος ἀνοµια ἀρνεοµαι ἀρχη βαρυς γενναω γινωσκω διαβολος διδωµι δικαιουσυνη δοξα δυναµαι ἐλπις ἐρχοµαι ζωη καθαριζω καθως καλεω λυω µεγας µενω οὐδεις νικαω οἰδα ὁµοιος ὁµολογεω I cleanse pure, holy brother unrighteousness I take away (ἀρῃ is aorist subjunctive 3 rd person singular) eternal true I sin sin murderer lawlessness I deny beginning heavy, weighty; figuratively: burdensome, difficult I beget I know (future: γνωσοµαι; aorist: εγνων; perfect: εγνωκα) devil I give (perfect form: δεδωκα) righteousness glory I am able hope (genitive form: ελπιδος) I come, go life I cleanse just as I call (future: καλεσω; aorist indicative: ἐκαλεσα. Τhere is variation in the stem for perfect and aorist passive (κεκληµαι and ἐκληθην, respectively). The form κληθωµεν is aorist, passive, subjunctive 1 st person plural. also means destroy (λυσῃ is subjunctive, 3 rd person, sing.) large, great I remain, abide no one (the feminine: οὐδεµια; the neuter: οὐδεν) µηδεις, µηδεµια, µηδεν (used with moods other than the indicative) I conquer, overcome I know like I confess 1
ὁραω οὐπω οὐχ πατηρ πλειων ποιεω πολυς ποταπος σαρξ σπερµα φανερος ψευδος αἱµα αἰων αἰτηµα ἀρην ἀρχων ἀστηρ βασιλευς βους γενος θεληµα ἐαν ἐξ εἰ ἐλπις ἱµας ἰχθυς κολασις κρισις λαιλαψ νυξ νυν ὀνοµα οὐς παρρησια παρουσια πατηρ ποιµην πολις σαρξ I see (future: ὁψοµαι; aorist indicative: εἱδον; aorist imperative: εἱδων) not yet (adverb of time) negative (same as οὐ, οὐκ) used before rough breathing father (comparative of πολυς - see below) - more I do much, many what manner, what sort or kind. flesh seed clear lie blood age, eternity request lamb ruler star king ox race will if (introduces a condition. See conditional sentences, under miscellaneous) out of (a form of εκ. The form, ἐξ is used before a vowel or rough breathing while εκ is used before a consonant if (introduces condition, see under conditional sentences ) hope strap fish punishment judgement whirlwind night now name ear courage, confidence, boldness, fearlessness coming, appearing father shepherd city flesh 2
σπερµα σωµα σωτηρ ὑδωρ φως χειρ χρισµα seed body saviour water light hand anointing 1. As indicated earlier, Greek nouns fall into three declensions: first declension with nouns ending in α, η, ας, and ης; second declension with nouns ending in ος and ον; and third declension nouns ending with a consonant. First and second declensions have been discussed in earlier lessons. We now turn to third declension nouns. 2. Within the third declension group of nouns, there are two basic patterns. a. A pattern followed by masculine and feminine nouns. b. A pattern followed by neuter nouns. 3. While the forms of the 1 st and 2 nd declension nouns can be remembered with help from the forms of the Greek article (ὁ for masculine, ἡ for feminine and το for neuter OR λογος for masculine nouns, αρχη/ηµερα for feminine nouns and εργον for neuter nouns) the forms of the 3 rd declension may be memorized, for the most part, with help from the forms of the interrogative pronoun τίς. Its forms, apart from the accent, is the same as that of the indefinite pronoun, anyone τις. 4. Looking at the masculine feminine pattern, the endings of τίς (masculine feminine) are: Nominative: τίς τίν/ες Accusative: τίν/α τίν/ας Genitive: τίν/ος τίν/ων Dative: τίν/ι τί/σιν 5. As the 3 rd declension neuter nouns follow closely the forms of τί, the endings are: Nominative τί τίν/α Accusative τί τίν/α Genitive τίν/ος τίν/ων Dative τίν/ι τί/σιν 3
Note: This means: a. Nothing added in the nominative singular and α added in the plural b. Nothing added in the accusative singular and α in the plural c. In the genitive ος in the singular and ων are added to the stem d. In the dative ι is added in the singular and σι(ν) in the plural e. Such word as σωµα (body, whose stem is σωµατ, see below) the stem is usually the genitive form less the ending. For example, σωµατ is σωµατος less the ος. So also, for πνευµα (spirit) which is frequently found in the New Testament, the stem is the genitive πνευµατος less the ending ος. 6. Based on gender (masculine/feminine or neuter) and the consonant that ends the stem, we may divide the 3 rd declension nouns into seven classes 1 : a. Masculine and feminine nouns that end in a mute (the 3 labials [π, β, φ], the three gutturals [κ, γ, χ], and the three dentals [τ, δ 2, θ]). These nouns will show change in the nominative singular and dative plural due to the effect ς (σ, sigma) has when added to them. That is, labial plus ς (σ) becomes ψ, guttural plus ς (σ) becomes ξ, and dental plus ς (σ) ends up as ς (σ) 1) Take, for example, the noun σαρξ (flesh) whose stem is σαρκ (you can get the stem by removing the ending in the genitive and its genitive is σαρκος - see below). The forms are: Singular Plural Nominative σαρξ (σαρκ + ς) σαρκ/ες Accusative σαρκ/α σαρκ/ας Genitive σαρκ/ος σαρκ/ων Dative σαρκ/ι σαρξιν (σαρκ+σιν) Note: The dative plural is σαρκ plus σιν (σαρκ/σιν) ending as σαρξιν 2) An example of one ending with a dental is νυξ (night) whose stem is νυκτ. The resultant forms are: Nominative νυξ (νυκτ+ς) νυκτ/ες Accusative νυκτ/α νυκτ/ας Genitive νυκτ/ος νυκτ/ων Dative νυκτ/ι νυξιν (νυκτ+σιν) 1 Knowledge of the classes is not as crucial a detail and being able to identify the cases of the forms. This can be done by way of relating it to the forms of τίς as shown above. 2 An example of a word whose stem ends with δ is παις (boy, also girl) whose genitive is παιδος. The full forms are παις παιδες; παιδα παιδας; παιδος παιδων; παιδι παισιν. Also ἐλπις (hope, whose genitive is ἐλπιδος) and πους (foot, whose genitive is ποδος) 4
Note: The nominative singular is formed from νυκτ plus ς ending. From here, νυκτ/ς, the τ is dropped leaving the κ and ς to result in ξ. Thus νυξ. The same happens in the dative plural. νυκτ/σιν results in the τ being dropped and the κ and σ bring about ξ. Thus the form νυξιν. 3 3) An example of one with a labial ending is λαιλαψ (whirlwind) whose stem is λαιλαπ. The forms are: Nominative: λαιλαψ (λαιλαπ+ς) λαιλαπ/ες Accusative λαιλαπ/α λαιλαπ/ας Genitive λαιλαπ/ος λαιλαπ/ων Dative λαιλαπ/ι λαιλαψιν (λαιλαπ+σιν) Note: The nominative singular begins as λαιλαπ/ς, with the π and ς resulting to ψ. The dative also begin as λαιλαπ/σιν and the same things happens with the π and σ, resulting in λαιλαψιν. 4 b. Masculine nouns in -ντ This category includes nouns whose nominative singular has no ending and those with ς as ending in the nominative singular. 1) An example of a noun with no ending in the nominative singular is ἀρχων (ruler) whose stem is αρχοντ. The forms are: Nominative ἀρχων ἀρχοντες Accusative ἀρχοντ/α ἀρχοντ/ας Genitive ἀρχοντ/ος ἀρχοντων Dative ἀρχοντ/ι ἀρχουσιν Notes: a). In the nominative, it starts as αρχοντ. Since τ cannot stand at end of a word, it is dropped leaving ἀρχον. To compensate for the loss of the τ the vowel ο is lengthened to ω resulting in ἀρχων 3 Other nouns in this class include σαρξ (flesh, whose genitive is σαρκος and so the stem is σαρκ), γυνη (whose genitive is γυναικος and so the stem is γυναικ), φυλαξ (guard, whose genitive is φυλακος and so the stem is φυλακ) and κηρυξ (herald, whose genitive is κηρυκος and so the stem is κηρυκ). An example of one ending with γ is σαλπιγξ (trumpet, whose genitive is σαλπιγγος and so the stem is σαλπιγγ) 4 Other words in this class are φλεψ (vein, whose genitive is φλεβος and so the stem is φλεβ) and Αραψ (Arab, whose genitive is Αραβος) 5
b) In the dative plural, it starts as αρχοντ/σιν and similar process starts. The τ drops before σ, then the ν drops before σ and then there is compensation for that loss by lengthening the ο to ου. 5 2) An example of a noun whose nominative singular ends with ς is ἱµας (strap) whose stem is ιµαντ. The forms are: Nominative ἱµας ἱµαντ/ες Accusative ἱµαντ/α ἱµαντ/ας Genitive ἱµαντ/ος ἱµαντ/ων Dative ἱµαντ/ι ἱµασιν Notes: a) The nominative singular starts as ἱµαντ/ς, the τ is dropped, then ν before ς is dropped, ending with ἱµας. b) The dative begins as ιµαντ/σιν, and then follows dropping of τ, then ν. For compensation the α lengthens to α. So the α in the dative plural would be said to be long. c. Neuter Nouns in -τ In this category, we have words ending in µα and some other ones that are irregular in the nominative and accusative singular. 1) An example of one that ends in -µα is σωµα whose stem is σωµατ. Since these are neuter, they will follow the ending pattern of τί which includes no ending for nominative and accusative singular. In other words, the bare stem is the form of these two cases in the singular. The forms are: Nominative σωµα σωµατ/α Accusative σωµα σωµατ/α Genitive σωµατ/ος σωµατ/ων Dative σωµατ/ι σωµασιν Notes a) The singular is meant to be the bare stem. It is σωµα since τ at end of the stem σωµατ cannot be the final result in the word formation. It does not end a word, otherwise the word would be σωµατ. 6 5 Another word in this class is γερων (old man, whose genitive is γεροντος) 6
b) The dative plural begins as σωµατ/σινand then the τ drops due to the σ. 2) Examples of a noun with irregular forms in the nominative and accusative singular are: οὐς (ear) whose stem is ωτ and ὑδωρ (water)whose stem is υδατ. Their forms are: Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative οὐς ὠτ/α ὑδωρ ὑδατ/α Accusative οὐς ὠτ/α ὑδωρ ὑδατ/α Genitive ὠτ/ος ὠτ/ων ὑδατ/ος ὑδατ/ων Dative ὠτ/ι ὠσιν ὑδατ/ι ὑδασιν Note: The dative plural for ους begins as ωτ/σιν and that of ὑδωρ as ὑδατ/σιν. Following the dropping of the τ, we have ὠσιν and ὑδασιν, respectively. d. Masculine and Feminine nouns ending in a liquid (particularly, λ and ρ 7 ) We have in this group of words, some that have no vowel changes in the stem (one grade), others combine long and short vowels in their stem (two grades), while others have short vowel in some forms, long vowels in others and even others of its forms do not have a vowel (three grades) 1) An example of a word that makes no vowel change in the stem is σωτηρ (saviour) whose forms are: Nominative σωτηρ σωτηρ/ες Accusative σωτηρ/α σωτηρ/ας Genitive σωτηρ/ος σωτηρ/ων Dative σωτηρ/ι σωτηρσιν 2) An example of a noun that combines long and short vowels in its stem is ἀστηρ (star) whose stem is ἀστερ. The forms are: Nominative ἀστηρ ἀστερες Accusative ἀστερ/α ἀστερ/ας Genitive ἀστερ/ος ἀστερ/ων Dative ἀστερ/ι ἀστερσιν 6 Other nouns in this class include αἱµα (blood, whose genitive is αἱµατος and so the stem is αιµατ), ὀνοµα (name, whose genitive is ὀνοµατος and so the stem is ονοµατ), πνευµα (spirit, Spirit, wind, whose genitive is πνευµατος and so the stem is πνευµατ), στοµα (mouth, whose genitive is στοµατος and so the stem is στοµατ) and ρηµα (word, saying, whose genitive is ῥηµατος and so the stem is ρηµατ). Still others include βρωµα (food), θεληµα (will), and σπερµα (seed) 7 Some of these words (apart from the three whose form is provided here) include χειρ (hand, genitive is χειρος), µητηρ (mother, whose genitive is µητρος), συγατηρ (daughter, whose genitive is συγατηρος 7
Notes: In the nominative singular, the η is lengthening for compensation since nouns ending in nominative singular in ν, ρ, or οντ do not take the ending. That is, there is no ς. This calls for compensation, done by lengthening the ε to η. 3) An example of a noun that combines short vowel, long vowel, and no vowel in the stem is πατηρ (father) whose stem is πατερ (even though the genitive singular is πατρος). The forms are: Nominative πατηρ πατερ/ες Accusative πατερ/α πατερ/ας Genitive πατρ/ος πατερ/ων Dative πατρ/ι πατρ/ασιν The α in the dative case assists in pronouncing the word f. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -ν This group of nouns fall in three categories: nouns whose stem show no vowel change (no vowel gradation), nouns whose stem combine short vowel and long vowel (variation between middle and strong grades), and nouns that combine no vowel and long vowel (weak and strong grades 8 ). 1) An example of a noun with no vowel change in the stem is αιων (age) whose stem is also αιων. Its forms are: Nominative αἰων αἰων/ες Accusative αἰων/α αἰων/ας Genitive αἰων/ος αἰων/ων Dative αἰων/ι αἰωσιν Note: The dative plural, αἰωσιν, started as αιων + σιν (αἰων/σιν) and the ν before the σ disappears. 2) An example of a noun whose stem varies vowel between short and long is ποιµην (shepherd). Its forms are: Nominative ποιµην ποιµεν/ες Accusative ποιµεν/α ποιµεν/ας Genitive ποιµεν/ος ποµεν/ων Dative ποιµεν/ι ποιµεσιν 8 Strong grade stands for presence of long vowel (e.g. -ηρ, ωρ), middle grade for short vowel presence (e.g. -ερ, ορ) and weak grade, no vowel (e.g. ρ) 8
Notes: a) In the dative plural, it begins as ποιµεν + σιν (ποιµεν/σιν and then the ν drops out. b) Strong grade (long vowel) is found in nominative singular stem but the rest of the forms have middle grade (short vowel). 3) An example of a noun that combines no vowel gradation and long vowels is ἀρην (lamb) whose stem is αρεν. Its forms are: Nominative ἀρην ἀρν/ες Accusative ἀρν/α ἀρν/ας Genitive ἀρν/ος ἀρν/ων Dative ἀρν/ι ἀρν/ασιν Note: The α in the dative plural ending is for assisting in pronunciation. f. Nouns with stems in -σ This group includes masculine nouns ending in ης and ους all of which are proper names, and neuter nouns which end in ος. An example of such neuter nouns is γενος (race) whose stem is γενεσ and its forms are: Nominative γενος γενη Accusative γενος γενη Genitive γενους γενων Dative γενει γενεσιν Notes: a) The nominative and accusative singular are the mere stem. That is, no ending. Remember, it is a neuter comparable to τί (see above) b) The nominative and accusative plural start as γενεσα, but then the σ is dropped because of being between two vowels. The ε and α then contract. Thus: γενεσα > γενεα > γενη. c) The genitive singular form starts as γενεσος. The σ between two vowels is dropped and ε contracts with ο. Thus: γενεσ/ος > γενε/ος > γενους c) The genitive plural is γενεσ/ων > γενε/ων > γενων d) The dative singular is γενεσ/ι > γενει 9
e) The dative plural is γενεσ/σιν but the double sigma is simplified to single sigma. Thus: γενεσιν 9 g. Masculine and feminine nouns with stems ending in consonantal ι or υ. These may be put into four classes: 1) Nouns with stems ending in υ. An example is ἰχθυς (fish). Its forms are: Nominative ἰχθυ/ς ἰχθυ/ες Accusative ἰχθυ/ν ἰχθυ/ας Genitive ἰχθυ/ος ἰχθυ/ων Dative ἰχθυ/ι ἰχθυ/σιν Note: Endings are as those of τις except for the accusative singular where we have ν instead of α. 2) Nouns with stems ending in ι. Most of these are feminine and form the largest single group in the third declension. An example of these is πολις (city) whose stem is πολε. Its forms are: Nominative πολις πολεις Accusative πολιν πολεις Genitive πολεως πολεων Dative πολει πολεσιν Notes a) Unlike most masculine and feminine nouns, the nominative and accusative plural are the same. That is, πολε plus ες. Thus: πολεις b) Like ιχθυς, the accusative singular has ν and not α as is the case with most nouns in this declension. c) Interestingly, the genitive singular has ως and not ος for ending. A possible explanation is that πολεως comes from ποληος, but there is transfer of the length of the vowel the length of η being given to ο and that of ο being given to η. That is length of ηο interchanged with εω. d) This is an important form because our word for faith (πιστις) follows this pattern. 10 9 Other nouns in this class include ἐθνος (nation), ἐτος (year), µελος (member), ἐλεος (mercy), ὀρος (mountain), πληθος (multitude), σκοτος darkness), τελος (goal), µερος (part, share), ἐθος (custom), σκευος (vessel), στηθος (breast), ψευδος (falsehood), σκελος (leg) and εἰδος (appearance) 10
3) Nouns with stems ending in ευ. All nouns in this group are masculine. An example is βασιλευς (king) whose stem is βασιλε and its forms are: Nominative βασιλε/υς βασιλεις Accusative βασιλε/α βασιλεις Genitive βασιλε/ως βασιλε/ων Dative βασιλε/ι βασιλευσιν Notes: a. ευ is found in nominative singular and dative plural; otherwise all other forms have ε b. the pattern is what we find in πολις except for three places: nominative singular (ευ for ι) accusative singular (εα for ιν) and dative plural (ευ for ε) c. The nominative plural begins as βασιλε/ες and then ε and ε contracts to ει. 11 4) Nouns with stems ending in ου. An example is βους (ox) whose forms are: Exercise 25.1 Nominative βους βοες Accusative βουν βοας Genitive βοος βοων Dative βοι βουσιν Parse the following nouns found in 1 John, giving case and number and vocabulary form (for example, λογου [word]: genitive, singular, λογος) 1. χειρες (1:1) 21. χρεια (3:17) 2. φως (1:5) 22. ὀνοµατι (3:23) 3. σκοτει (1:6) 23. πνευµατος (3:24) 4. φωτι (1:7) 24. πνευµατα (4:1) 5. αἱµα (1:7) 25. πνευµα (4:2) 6. πατερα (2:1) 26. σαρκι (4:2) 7. σκοτιᾳ (2:9) 27. πατηρ (4:14) 8. σκοτια (2:11 28. σωτηρα (4:14) 9. ὀνοµα (2:12) 29. κρισις (4:17) 10. πατερες (2:13) 30. κολασις (4:18) 10 Other nouns in this class include αναστασις (resurrection), δυναµις (power), συνειδησις (conscience), κρισις (judgment), θλιψις (suffering, oppression), παρακλησις (encouragement, exhortation) and γνωσις (knowledge). 11 Other nouns in this class include ἀρχιερευς (high priest), γραµµατευς (scribe), ἱερευς (priest) 11
11. πατρος (2:15) 31. πιστις (5:4) 12. σαρκος (2:16) 32. ὑδατος (5:6) 13. θεληµα (2:17) 33. αἱµατος (5:6) 14. αἰωνα (2:17) 34. ὑδατι (5:6) 15. ὡρα (2:18) 35. αἱµατι (5:6) 16. χρισµα (2:20) 36. ὑδωρ (5:7) 17. ψευδος (2:21) 37. αἰτηµατα (5:15) 18. πατρι (2:24) 19. ἐλπιδα (3:3) 20. σπερµα (3:9). Exercise 25.2 Translate 1 John 3:1-10, applying all the knowledge gained so far. 3:1 ἴδετε ποταπὴν ἀγάπην δέδωκεν ἡµῖν ὁ πατὴρ ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶµεν καὶ ἐσµέν. διὰ τοῦτο ὁ κόσµος οὐ γινώσκει ἡµᾶς ὅτι οὐκ ἔγνω αὐτόν. 2 Ἀγαπητοί, νῦν τέκνα θεοῦ ἐσµεν, καὶ οὔπω ἐφανερώθη τί ἐσόµεθα. οἴδαµεν ὅτι ἐὰν φανερωθῇ ὅµοιοι αὐτῷ ἐσόµεθα, ὅτι ὀψόµεθα αὐτὸν καθώς ἐστιν. 3 καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἔχων τὴν ἐλπίδα ταύτην ἐπ αὐτῷ ἁγνίζει ἑαυτὸν καθὼς ἐκεῖνος ἁγνός ἐστιν. 4 Πᾶς ὁ ποιῶν τὴν ἁµαρτίαν καὶ τὴν ἀνοµίαν ποιεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἁµαρτία ἐστὶν ἡ ἀνοµία. 5 καὶ οἴδατε ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ἐφανερώθη ἵνα τὰς ἁµαρτίας ἄρῃ, καὶ ἁµαρτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν. 6 πᾶς ὁ ἐν αὐτῷ µένων οὐχ ἁµαρτάνει πᾶς ὁ ἁµαρτάνων οὐχ ἑώρακεν αὐτὸν οὐδὲ ἔγνωκεν αὐτόν. 7 Τεκνία, µηδεὶς πλανάτω ὑµᾶς ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δίκαιός ἐστιν, καθὼς ἐκεῖνος δίκαιός ἐστιν 8 ὁ ποιῶν τὴν ἁµαρτίαν ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου ἐστίν, ὅτι ἀπ ἀρχῆς ὁ διάβολος ἁµαρτάνει. εἰς τοῦτο ἐφανερώθη ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα λύσῃ τὰ ἔργα τοῦ διαβόλου. 9 Πᾶς ὁ γεγεννηµένος ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἁµαρτίαν οὐ ποιεῖ, ὅτι σπέρµα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ µένει καὶ οὐ δύναται ἁµαρτάνειν, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ γεγέννηται. 10 ἐν τούτῳ φανερά ἐστιν τὰ τέκνα τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὰ τέκνα τοῦ διαβόλου πᾶς ὁ µὴ ποιῶν δικαιοσύνην οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ὁ µὴ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ. Some further help 1. ὁραω - I see (future: ὀψοµαι; aorist indicative: εἰδον; aorist imperative: ἰδετε, perfect: ἑωρακα) 2. ποταπος - what manner, what sort or kind (ποταπος, ποταπη, ποταπον) 3. διδωµι - I give (perfect form: δεδωκα) 4. πατηρ - father 5. καλεω - I call (future: καλεσω; aorist indicative: ἐκαλεσα. Τhere is variation in the stem for perfect and aorist passive (κεκληµαι and ἐκληθην, respectively). The form 12
κληθωµεν is aorist, passive, subjunctive 1 st person plural. 6. ἐσµεν - form of εἰµι 7. γινωσκω - I know (fut.: γνωσοµαι; aorist: ἐγνων; perfect ἐγνωκα) Its 2 nd aorist forms are: ἐγνων ἐγνωµεν, ἐγνως ἐγνωτε, ἐγνω ἐγνωσαν 8. νυν - now 9. οὐπω - not yet (adverb of time) 10. φανεροω - I reveal, make known, manifest. ἐ/φανερω/θ/η - aorist passive indicative. The other form, φανερω/θ/η (note, no augment) is aorist passive subjunctive. 11. ὁµοιος - like 12. ἐσοµεθα - form of ειµι 13. ὀψοµεθα - see οραω above 14. καθως - just as 15. ἐλπις - hope (genitive form: ἐλπιδος) 16. ἁγνιζω - I cleanse 17. ἁγνος - pure, holy 18. ἁµαρτια - sin 19. ἀνοµια - lawlessness 20. αἰρω - take away (ἀρῃ is aorist subjunctive 3 rd person singular) 21. ἁµαρτανω - I sin 22. ἑωρακαµεν - perfect form of ὁραω. See ὁραω above 23. ἐγνωκεν - perfect of γινωσκω. See γινωσκω above 24. µηδεις - no one (the feminine: οὐδεµια; the neuter: οὐδεν) 25. πλανατω - imperative form of πλαναω (I deceive, lead astray) 26. δικαιουσυνη righteousness 27. διαβολος - devil 28. λυω - also means destroy (λυσῃ is subjunctive, 3 rd person singular) 29. γενναω - I beget 30. σπερµα - seed 31. δυναµαι - I am able. Its forms are: δυναµαι δυναµεθα, δυνασαι δυνασθε, δυναται δυνανται. Infinitive is δυνασθαι 32. φανερος - clear (φανερος, φανερα, φανερον) 33. ἀδελφος - brother 34. ποιεω - I do Samuel M. Ngewa Africa International University 13
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