Μεταδεδοµένα στο ψηφιακό περιβάλλον: Πολιτιστικά και άλλα έργα

Ιόνιο Πανεπιστήµιο Τµήµα Αρχειονοµίας Βιβλιοθηκονοµίας Μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραµµα σπουδών Στην Επιστήµη της Πληροφορίας Μεταδεδοµένα στο ψηφιακό περιβάλλον: Πολιτιστικά και άλλα έργα Κατερίνα Τοράκη Μάιος 2004 1

Πολιτιστικά και άλλα έργα και Εικόνες «Εκείνο που µας εξουσιάζει είναι οι εικόνες του παρελθόντος. Και συχνά οι εικόνες αυτές είναι τόσο ισχυρά δοµηµένες και επιλεκτικές όσο και οι µύθοι. Εικόνες και συµβολικές κατασκευές του παρελθόντος εντυπώνονται, σχεδόν µε τον τρόπο της γενετικής πληροφορίας, στην ευαισθησία µας. Κάθε νέα ιστορική εποχή καθρεφτίζεται στην εικόνα και τη δρώσα µυθολογία του παρελθόντος της ή ενός παρελθόντος που δανείζεται από άλλες κουλτούρες» (George Steiner, Στον πύργο του Κυανοπώγωνα: Λίγες σηµειώσεις για ένα νέο ορισµό της κουλτούρας. Αθήνα: Scripta, 2002 (µεταφρ. Σεραφειµ Βελέντζας) 2

Πολιτιστικά και άλλα έργα Περιλαµβάνονται έργα και αντικείµενα καλλιτεχνικά και µη, καθώς και οι αναπαραστάσεις τους σε διάφορες µορφές φωτογραφίες, σλάϊντς, ψηφιακά αρχεία, σχέδια, καρτποσταλ κλπ Στην οργάνωση και περιγραφή των αντικειµένων αυτών λαµβάνονται υπόψη τα παρακάτω* : περιγραφή δεδοµένων (αυτό που αντικειµενικά δείχνει - ofness) περιγραφή περιεχοµένου (αυτό που υποκειµενικά αναπαριστά - aboutness) Περιγραφή του πλαισίου στο οποίο χρησιµοποιείται η εικόνα * Angeles, M. (1998). Information Organization and Information Use of Visual Resources Collections. VRA Bulletin, 25 (3), 51-58. (Πρόσβαση 1/5/2004, ιαθέσιµο στο ιαδίκτυο: http://studioid.com/pg/information_organization_and_information_use_of_visual_resources.php) 3

Πολιτιστικά και άλλα έργα Μερικά στοιχεία για την περιγραφή µίας συλλογής εικόνων: Τίτλος έργου Ονοµασία καλλιτέχνη Χρονολογία, ιστορική περίοδος Γεωγραφικός τόπος Ρυθµός, καλλιτεχνική σχολή Μέσον ιαστάσεις Αλλά, το πολιτιστικό έργο µπορεί επίσης να αφορά γεγονότα, ανθρώπους, τόπους, καθώς και τις σχέσεις µεταξύ τους. 4

CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/ Tony Gill, Making sense of cultural infodiversity: The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model http://www.rlg.org/events/metadata2002/gill/gill.ppt 5

CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Πηγή: http://www.rlg.org/events/metadata2002/gill/gill.ppt 6

Πρότυπα VRA Core Categories (Visual Resources Association) http://www.vraweb.org/vracore3.htm CIMI http://www.cimi.org/index.html (σταµάτησε 31/12/2003) CIDOC Reference Model SPECTRUM UK Museum Documentation Standard http://www.mda.org.uk/spectrum.htm AMICO (Art Museum Image Consortium) http://www.amico.org/ (η δοµή δεδοµένων στο: http://www.amico.org/amicolibrary/docs/amico.dataspec.1.2.pdf) NISO Draft Standard (2000): Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images http://www.niso.org/pdfs/datadict.pdf 10

Πρότυπα CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art) http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/cdwa/ Creating Digital Resources for the Visual Arts: Standards and Good Practice http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/guides/creating_guide/sect42.html 11

CDWA (1) Categories for the Description of Works of Art http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/cdwa/ Χρησιµοποιούνται για την περιγραφή έργων τέχνης και αρχιτεκτονικής αντικείµενα και εικόνες αυτών. Γίνεται καταχώριση 2 κατηγοριών πληροφοριών: Object, Architecture or Group (αναφέρονται στο ίδιο το έργο που περιγράφεται) Authorities/Vocabulary control (αναφέρεται σε πληροφορίες, εξωτερικές προς το έργο, αλλά που έχουν συµβολή σε αυτό - µπορούν να χρησιµοποιηθούν σε πολλά έργα) 12

CDWA (2) Object, Architecture or Group Object/Work Χρησιµοποιούνται οι παρακάτω υποκατηγορίες: CATALOG LEVEL (π.χ. group, volume, item) QUANTITY TYPE (*) (π.χ. painting, installation, sketchbook, performance, basilica) COMPONENTS COMPONENTS QUANTITY COMPONENTS TYPE (*) REMARKS CITATIONS 13

CDWA (3) Object, Architecture or Group Άλλες κατηγορίες: Classification Orientation/arrangement Titles or names State Edition Materials and techniques Conservation/treatment history Ownership/collecting history. 14

CDWA (4) Authorities/Vocabulary control Κατηγορίες: Creator identification Place/location identification Generic concept identification Subject identification 15

VRA Core Οι οπτικοί πόροι (visual resources) καλύπτουν τόσο τα πρωτότυπα αντικείµενα (όχι κείµενα) όσο και τις αναπαραστάσεις τους σε ψηφιακή ή άλλη µορφή (π.χ. σλάϊντς, φωτογραφίες). Κάθε σύνολο στοιχείων του προτύπου VRA Core (έκδοση 3.0) περιλαµβάνει 17 στοιχεία, που χρησιµοποιούνται για την περιγραφή χωριστά των αντικειµένων και των εικόνων τους, καθώς και για τη συσχέτιση µεταξύ τους. 16

Ορισµοί Στο VRA Core διακρίνονται δύο βασικές κατηγορίες εγγραφών: το έργο (work) και η εικόνα (image) Εργο (work) είναι η φυσική οντότητα που υπάρχει, υπήρξε στο παρελθόν ή µπορεί να υπάρξει στο µέλλον. Μπορεί να είναι καλλιτεχνική δηµιουργία (πίνακας ζωγραφικής, γλυπτό), παράσταση, σύνθεση, λογοτεχνικό έργο, κτίριο, υλικό αντικείµενο. Μπορεί να αποτελείται από ένα ή περισσότερα µέρη. Εικόνα (image) είναι µία οπτική αναπαράσταση του έργου (σλάιντ, φωτογραφία, ψηφιακό αρχείο). 17

Εγγραφές Στοιχεία δεδοµένων Ένα έργο (work) µπορεί να έχει πολλές εικόνες (images) ηµιουργούνται χωριστές εγγραφές στοιχείων για κάθε έργο και για κάθε εικόνα. Για το ίδιο «πράγµα», µπορεί να περιγραφούν, σε διαφορετικές εγγραφές, παραπάνω από ένα έργο (π.χ. για ένα κτίριο, τα έργα µπορεί να είναι: α) κτίριο, η δοµή του και β)σχέδιο κτιρίου, όπως αρχιτεκτονικό σχέδιο) ηµιουργούνται οι σχέσεις ανάµεσα στα έργα και στις εικόνες (π.χ. η σχέση ανάµεσα σε έναν πίνακα και µία αντίστοιχη φωτογραφία, ένα κτίριο και πολλά σχέδια όψεων σε ψηφιακή µορφή). 18

Σχέσεις ανάµεσα σε Έργα Οι σχέσεις ανάµεσα σε έργα (works) διακρίνονται σε: Θεµελιώδεις (essential): όταν το περιγραφόµενο έργο περιλαµβάνει και το αναφερόµενο, φυσικά ή λογικά Ενηµερωτικές (informative): όταν κάθε έργο µπορεί να υπάρξει και ανεξάρτητα του άλλου Οι σχέσεις αντιστοιχούν στο στοιχείο δεδοµένων Relation του Dublin Core 19

Στοιχεία VRA Core Categories 3.0 Record Type Type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Date Location ID Number Style/Period Culture Subject Relation Description Source Rights 20

Record Type Qualifiers: None Definition: Identifies the record as being either a WORK record, for the physical or created object, or an IMAGE record, for the visual surrogates of such objects. Data Values (controlled): work, image CDWA*: None Dublin Core: TYPE 21

Type Qualifiers: None Definition: Identifies the specific type of Work or Image being described in the record. Data Values (controlled): recommend AAT CDWA: Object/Work - Type; Related Visual Documentation-Image Type Dublin Core: TYPE 22

Title Qualifiers: Title.Variant Title.Translation Title.Series Title.Larger Entity Definition: The title or identifying phrase given to a Work or an Image. For complex works or series the title may refer to a discrete unit within the larger entity (a print from a series, a panel from a fresco cycle, a building within a temple complex) or may identify only the larger entity itself. A record for a part of a larger unit should include both the title for the part and the title for the larger entity. For an Image record this category describes the specific view of the depicted Work. Data Values: formulated according to data content rules for titles of works of art CDWA: Titles or Names-Text; Related Visual Documentation-View; Related Visual Documentation-View- Indexing Terms Dublin Core: TITLE 23

Measurements Qualifiers: Measurements.Dimensions Measurements.Format Measurements.Resolution Description: The size,shape,scale,dimensions,format,or storage configuration of the Work or Image. Dimensions may include such measurements as volume, weight, area or running time. The unit used in the measurement must be specified. Data Values: formulated according to standards for data content (e.g., AACR, etc.) CDWA: Measurements-Dimensions; Measurements-Shape; Measurements-Format; Related Visual Documentation-Image Measurements Dublin Core: FORMAT 24

Material Qualifiers: Material.Medium Material.Support Description: The substance of which a work or an image is composed. Data Values: AAT CDWA: Materials and Techniques-Materials-Name,Materials and Techniques-Materials-Role Dublin Core: FORMAT 25

Technique Qualifiers: None Description: The production or manufacturing processes, techniques, and methods incorporated in the fabrication or alteration of the work or image. Data Values: AAT CDWA: Materials and Techniques-Processes or Techniques- Name Dublin Core: FORMAT 26

Creator Qualifiers Creator.Role Creator.Attribution Creator.Personal name Creator.Corporate name Description: The names, appellations, or other identifiers assigned to an individual, group, corporate body, or other entity that has contributed to the design, creation, production, manufacture, or alteration of the work or image. Data Values (controlled): recommend ULAN and AAAF (LC authority files). Comment: Controlled list for role (e.g., artist, engraver, architect, etc.) and attribution (e.g., school of, workshop of, circle of, style of, follower of, attributed to, etc.) in development. CDWA: Creation-Creator-Identity-Names, Creation-Creator-Identity- Qualifier, Creation-Creator-Identity-Roles Dublin Core: CREATOR, CONTRIBUTOR 27

Date Qualifiers: Date.Creation Date.Design Date.Beginning Date.Completion Date.Alteration Date.Restoration Description: Date or range of dates associated with the creation, design, production, presentation, performance, construction, or alteration, etc. of the work or image. Dates may be expressed as free text or numerical. Data Values: formulated according to standards for data content (e.g., AACR, DC dates, etc.) CDWA: Creation-Date Dublin Core: DATE, COVERAGE 28

Location Qualifiers: Location.Current Site Location.Former Site Location.Creation Site Location.Discovery Site Location.Current Repository Location.Former Repository Description: The geographic location and/or name of the repository, building, or site-specific work or other entity whose boundaries include the Work or Image. Data Values (controlled): BHA index, AAAF (LC), Grove's Dictionary of Art Location Appendix CDWA: Current Location-Repository Name, Current Location- Geographic Location, Context-Architectural-Building/Site, Context- Architectural-Building/Site-Place, Context-Archaeological-Excavation Place; Related Visual Documentation-Image Ownership-Owner's Name Dublin Core: CONTRIBUTOR, COVERAGE 29

ID Number Qualifiers: ID Number.Current Repository ID Number.Former Repository ID Number.Current Accession ID Number.Former Accession Description: The unique identifiers assigned to a Work or an Image. CDWA: Current Location-Repository Numbers; Related Visual Documentation-Image Ownership-Owner's Number Dublin Core: IDENTIFIER 30

Style/Period Qualifiers: Style/Period.Style Style/Period.Period Style/Period.Group Style/Period.School Style/Period.Dynasty Style/Period.Movement Description: A defined style, historical period, group, school, dynasty, movement, etc. whose characteristics are represented in the Work or Image. Data Values (controlled): Recommend AAT CDWA: Styles/Periods/Groups/Movements-Indexing Terms Dublin Core: COVERAGE, SUBJECT 31

Culture Qualifiers: None Description: The name of the culture, people (ethnonym), or adjectival form of a country name from which a Work or Image originates or with which the Work or Image has been associated. Data Values (controlled): Recommend AAT, LCSH CDWA: Creation-Creator-Identity- Nationality/Culture/Race-Citizenship; Creation-Creator- Identity-Nationality/Culture/Race-Culture Dublin Core: COVERAGE 32

Subject Qualifiers: None Description: Terms or phrases that describe, identify, or interpret the Work or Image and what it depicts or expresses. These may include proper names (e.g., people or events), geographic designations (places), generic terms describing the material world, or topics (e.g., iconography, concepts, themes, or issues) Data Values: recommend AAT, TGM, ICONCLASS, Sears Subject Headings CDWA: Subject Matter-Description-Indexing Terms; Subject Matter-Identification-Indexing Terms; Subject Matter-Interpretation-Indexing Terms, Related Visual Documentation-View-Indexing Terms Dublin Core: SUBJECT 33

Relation Qualifiers: Relation.Identity Relation.Type Description: Terms or phrases describing the identity of the related work and the relationship between the Work being cataloged and the related work. Note: If the relationship is essential (i.e. when the described work includes the referenced works, either physically or logically within a larger or smaller context), use the Title.Larger Entity element. CDWA: Related Works-Relationship Type; Related Works- Identification Dublin Core: RELATION 34

Description Qualifiers: None Description: A free-text note about the Work or Image, including comments, description, or interpretation, that gives additional information not recorded in other categories. CDWA: the "Remarks" section for various categories; Physical Description Dublin Core: DESCRIPTION 35

Source Qualifiers: None Description: A reference to the source of the information recorded about the work or the image. For a work record, this may be a citation to the authority for the information provided. For an image, it can be used to provide information about the supplying Agency, Vendor or Individual; or,in the case of copy photography, a bibliographic citation or other description of the image source.in both cases,names,locations,and source identification numbers can be included. CDWA: Related Visual Documentation-Image-Source- Name; Related Visual Documentation-Image-Source Dublin Core: SOURCE 36

Rights Qualifiers: None Description: Information about rights management; may include copyright and other intellectual property statements required for use. CDWA: Related Visual Documentation-Copyright Restrictions Dublin Core: RIGHTS 37

Παράδειγµα: Σλάιντ από αντικείµενο µουσείου Record Type = work Type = sculpture Title = Standing Buddha Measurements.Dimensions = 64.5 cm Material.Medium = bronze Date.Creation = 5th cent. Location.Current Repository = New Delhi (IND), National Museum of India Location.Former Site = Phophnar (IND) Style/Period.Dynasty = Vakataka dynasty Style/Period = Gupta Culture = Indian Subject = Buddha Record Type = image Type = slide Title = detail of head Creator = Nikon, Bill Creator.Role = photographer Date.Creation = 1995 Location.Current Repository = Northampton (MA, USA), Smith College Image Collections ID Number.Accession = 400061 Source = Indian bronze masterpieces: the great tradition: specially published for the Festival of India Rights = publisher 38

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (work) Record Type = work Type = architectural furniture Type = seating furniture Type = dining chair Type = tall back chair Type = spindle-back chair Title = Frederick C. Robie House dining chair Measurements.Dimensions = 52.5 x 18 x 19.25 cm Material. Medium = oak Material.Medium = leather Technique = cabinet making Technique = upholstering Creator.Personal Name = Wright, Frank L. (1867-1959) Creator.Role = designer Date.Design = 1906 Date.Completion = 1909 39

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (work) Location.Current Repository = Chicago (IL,USA),University of Chicago,David & Alfred Smart Museum of Art Location.Former Site = Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, IL, US ID Number.Current Repository = 1965.2.14furn Style/Period = Arts and Crafts Culture = American Relation.Part of = Frederic C. Robie House Description = The dining chair is part of a set of six designed specifically for the dining room of the Frederick C. Robie House. Rights = David & Alfred Smart Museum of Art, University of Chicago, IL, US 40

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (work) Record Type = work Type = photograph Type = gelatin silver print Title = interior view of Frederic C. Robie House dinning room with furnishings Measurements.Dimensions = 8x10 Material.Medium = gelatin Material.Medium = silver Material.Support = photo paper Technique = photography Technique = gelatin silver process 41

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (work) Creator.Personal name = Fuermann, Henry Creator.Role = photographer Date.Creation = 1910 Location.Current Repository = Scottsdale (AZ, US), Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Taliesin West ID Number.Current Repository = 0908.018 Culture = American Subject = Frank C. Robie House Subject = dining room Subject = dining table Subject = dining chair Subject = stained glass window Rights = Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Taliesin West, Scottsdale, AZ, US 42

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (image) Record Type = image Type = slide Title = interior view of Frederick C. Robie House dining room with furnishings Measurements.Dimensions = 2x2" Measurements.Format = 35 mm Measurements.Format = horizontal Technique = photography Creator = Mole, Christopher Creator.Role = copy photographer Date.Creation = 1985 Location.Current Repository = Albuquerque (NM, US), University of New Mexico, Bainbridge Bunting Slide Library ID Number.Current Repository = UNM d000614 ID Number.Current Repository = FURN/AMER/Wright/Robie.383787 Source = gift of Christopher Mole Rights = Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Taliesin West, Scottsdale, AZ, US 43

Παράδειγµα: Φωτογραφία καρέκλας (image) Record Type = image Type = digital Title = interior view of Frederick C. Robie House dining room with furnishings Measurements.Dimensions = 72dpi Measurements.Format = jpeg Technique = scanning Creator.Personal Name = Gopher.Mary Creator.Role = scanner Date.Creation = 1997 Location.Current Repository = Albuquerque (NM, US), University of New Mexico, Bainbridge Bunting Slide Library ID Number.Current Repository = 1977-4.ar302.jpeg Source = UNM dooo614 Rights = Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Taliesin West, Scottsdale, AZ, US 44

Παράδειγµα: Εργο ζωγραφικής και σλάιντ µε λεπτοµέρεια (work) Record Type = Work Type = Painting Type = Mural Title = Tribute Money Measurements.Format = Panel Material.Medium = Buon fresco Material.Medium = Fresco a secco Material.Support = Plaster Technique = Fresco Creator.Personal name = Tomasso Masaccio Creator.Role = Painter Date.Creation = ca. 1427-1428 Location.Current Site = Florence (ITA), Brancacci Chapel, Church of the Carmine Style/Period.Period = Renaissance Culture = Italian Subject = Christ Subject = St. Peter Relation.Larger entity = Brancacci Chapel Description = One of the panels in the Brancacci Chapel generally attributed to Masaccio, other panels are attributed to Masolino and others. 45 Rights Ιόνιο ΤΑΒ ΜΠΣ = 2004/Μεταδεδοµένα Public domain & Πολιτιστικά ατικείµενα/κατερίνα Τοράκη

Παράδειγµα: Εργο ζωγραφικής και σλάιντ µε λεπτοµέρεια (image) Record Type = Image Type = Color slide Title = Detail, St. Peter taking money from fish Measurements.Format = 35 mm Material = Film Technique = Photography Location.Current Repository = Hanover (NH, USA),Visual Resources Coll., Dartmouth College Art History Department ID Number.Current Accession = 5304.10 Subject = St. Peter Subject = Fish Subject = Animals Source = Scala Rights = Scala 46

Παράδειγµα: Κτίριο Record Type = work Type = architecture Type = museums Title = J. Paul Getty Museum Title.Variant = Getty Museum Creator.Personal Name = Meier, Richard Creator.Role = architect Creator.Personal Name = Olin, Laurie Creator.Role = landscape architect Date.Creation = 1994-1997 Location.Current Site = Los Angeles, CA, US Culture = American Subject = art museums Subject = research centers Relation.Part of = Getty Center, Los Angeles, CA,US Record Type = image Type = slide Title = entry level plan Creator.Personal Name = John Cook Creator.Role = photographer Date.Creation = 1998 Location.Current Repository = Cambridge, MA, US, Harvard Design School, Loeb Library, Visual Resources Department ID Number.Current Accession = 121401 Subject = entrances Subject = floor plans Source = Architeture, Dec.,1997, p.92 Rights = publisher 47

Amico Library - Παράδειγµα 1 48

AHDS Visual Arts http://vads.ahds.ac.uk 51

Kent State University Museum 54

Kent State University Museum http://dept.kent.edu/museum/costume/ Template http://circe.slis.kent.edu/mzeng/vratemplate.htm 58

North Carolina Art Museum Πηγή: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cria/climb/vra-slides.ppt 59

North Carolina Art Museum 60

Penn State University - VIUS project 61

Penn State VIUS project 62

Θησαυροί ελεγχόµενα ευρετήρια 63

Crosswalks VRA 3.0/MARC (from VRA) http://php.indiana.edu/~fryp/marcmap.html VRA 2.0/VRA 3.0/Dublin Core/EAD and others (Getty) http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/3_crosswalks/index.html 64

Και άλλες διευθύνσεις DIGICULT Gateways to Cultural Heritage Resources http://www.digicult.info/pages/resources.php?t=-1 XML, Interoperability, semantic web http://www.digicult.info/pages/resources.php?t=10 TASI Technical Advisory Service for Images http://www.tasi.ac.uk/ 65

Ανάκτηση εικόνων - Ζητήµατα Can we compare CBIR and metadata-based image retrieval? How do we compare different methods of CBIR? How do we compare different methods of metadata-based retrieval? Howe do we evaluate new methods? What are the optimum levels of metadata for description of images (e.g., most cost-effective)? What are the costs of creating effective metadata? What is the most effective balance between description and retrieval metadata? What needs to be described in images? Πηγή: Trant Jennifer, Image Retrieval Benchmark Database Service: A Needs Assessment and Preliminary Development Plan, Jan. 2004 http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/trant04/tranttext.pdf 66