2000cm 3 (1) Derby m s m w m a V s. : w = m w /m s : θ= V w / V t (1)

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1 (1) (s) (w) (a) m s m w m a V s V w V a V t 000cm 3 00mm 600mm 590mm 1670mm Dery 00 : w = m w /m s : θ= V w / V t (1) (Dorrance 1995) : S r = V w / (V w V a ) i) ρ d (ρ d = m s / V t ) θ= w ρ d / ρ w ρ w 1.0 t/m 3 100cm 3 50mm 51mm 50mm 60mm 0mm mm 60mm 50mm, 80mm, 100mm 50mm 5m( 50mm ) 50 ( 100cm g ) ii) 10g 10 0 (1988) (,1994) iii) (199) m v (m s m w m v )(m s m v ) (Or and Wraith 00) 1

2 () H 41 Am-Be 41 Am-Be BF 3 5 Cf 1.1Me 3 He count/min (C R )(θ) -1(a) θ = a C R + () a, H 1981 (C R )(θ) (3)-1(a) H O CH - 3, NH - 3, OH () R R = (3) θ cm van Bavel θ=0.15 cm 3 /cm 3 30cm cm -1 (a) ()

3 (3) 0cm N R 0.01cm 3 /cm 3 ( 1974) N R = A exp (-B ρ t ) (4) A, B ρ t ρ d (t/m 3 ) ρ w (t/m 3 ) θ ρt ρ d θ = (5) 1994 ρ w (ρ d ) (θ) ρ t (N R ) 1983-() 50mm 80cm 30cm 1997 (4) a) (R E ), T (θ) -(c) 40cm cm (a) 60 Co NaI cm 1 6cm 50cm 60cm 1.(t/m 3 ).5(t/m 3 ) 3 a RE = ( 1+ α T ) (6) θ a,, α Kutilek ) -3

(5) 81 3 5 C C = G c (10) ( )G c f 1 f = (11) π L C C

4 e R V 1 V 1-3() e = (7) R e V 1988 e V e 1 = (8) V R R (7)(8) R = G c R (9) V 1 V G c (R ) R V 1 V V 1 V,1994 (5) C C = G c (10) ( )G c f 1 f = (11) π L C C L c [µh] H (10) C(11) f ( 1998) -3(a) 000 V 1 V 10mm 4

5 Kutilek MHz 150MHz ( ), 3, 4 c0 c0 t La = = = v L LV p (14) c 0 [ m/s] v [m/s] t [ns] L [m] L a [m] V p : V p =0.99 (14) t ns 10 FS = -5 A fa f s (1) fa f w B θ = a F S (13) t a A B t p f a t o t o f s f w a, Paltineanu 1997 t a (14) cm 30m 500m F S /F S max 99 10cm 5cm 10cm, 0cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm 5-4(c) (6) ( 5 ) 1 10 i) Time Domain Reflectometry Method 30MHz 3GHz Baker 1990, Heimovaara

6 w (T) = T T T 3 (17) Nissen mm 3.6mm w (T) = 78.54[ T T T-5 3 (18) cm 3 /cm cm 4dS/m Nadler 1991 ii) Frequency Domain Reflectometry Method 100MHz 1.7GHz Wraith and Or(1999) (003) c0 = (15) L f V) θ f: ( ) [Hz] 1996 Topp(1980) iii) Amplitude Domain Reflectometry Method θ = MHz (19) (19) Miyamoto (001) r = 60 ln θ = Z M r (0) Z M Z (16) Yu (1997) L v = = j v0 aρ a θ = a Z M + Z + (1) L a Z M Z L 1 r 1 r a Maxwell-De Loorv j v 0 ρ 1998 (1 n) s n θ = a iv) T w a () w n s a 0.5 Roth (1990)

7 -7 =0.5 s =4, =81, a =1 Dalton and van Genuchten, ds/m 0.4cm 3 /cm 3 θ = θ ( w w fw fw ) (1 n) a ρ d g/cm cm 3 /cm 3 Vii) -5 10cm 30cm cm 10cm 7 s 9cm (3) n=0.5 0<θ<0.4 Topp Nichol 00 (Dani Or 00) (1998) n (4) w fw Vi) Malicki (1996) g/cm 3 θ 0.5 ( n) θ = = A ρ 0.159ρ = s d d (5) B ρ d a NaCl 5000ppm 9 ds/m Viii) Nadler 1991 ix) 0.5mm 4 X) Topp (1980) Topp (1980) 100MHz (a)

8 (003) 7cm 00 DC 5 V 9 V 3 4 (Carlos, -8 (e) 001) (Carlos 00) (Ren 1999) ±0.03 cm 3 /cm () 150cm 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-60cm, 60-90cm, cm (Ren 1999) (7) RS3C [W/m] [K/m] [W/m/K] -8 (c) 3 3.mm 300mm 60mm cm cm -8 (d) 10cm, 0cm, 30cm, 40cm, 60cm, 100cm 10cm, 0cm, 30cm, 40cm 5cm 8

9 199 (8) ( 1987) (10) ( Ground Penetrating Radar) , 10 R -9 pf1.5 pf.9 0(V) 1(V) pf 0.1 (9) 10 (a) () (c) (d) 10 (a) 500MHz 1.m 10m 0m 0.08m 3 /m 3 0.4m 3 /m m 3 /m 3 10 () 100MHz 40m 500m 10 (c) 9

10 Measurements of Water Content and Electrical Conductivity of 10 (d) Layered Soil Columns, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, pp , 1991 Nissen, H. H., Moldrup, P. and Henriksen, K. High-Resolution Time Domain Reflectometry Coil Proe for Measuring Soil Water Content, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 6, pp , 1998 (Davis, 00) 93, pp.57-65,003. (00 Malicki, M. A., Plagge, R. and Roth, C. H. Improving the caliration of dielectric TDR soil moisture determination taking into account the 5MHz 450MH solid soil, European J. Soil Sci., 47, pp , , , cm Miyamoto, T., Koayashi, R. Annaka, T. and Chikushi, J. Applicaility of multiple length TDR proes measure water distriutions in an 1 Andisol under different tillage systems in Japan, Soil & Tillage Res. 60, pp.91-99, m 3 /m 3 40(4), pp (1998) Nichol, C., Beckie, R. and Smith L. Evaluation of Uncoated and Coated Time Domain Reflectometry Proes for High Electrical Conductivity () Systems, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, pp , , pp , 1995 K.J.J.L. 188, pp , 1997 Baker, J. M. and Allmaras, R. R. System for Automating and Or, D. and Wraith, M. Soil Water Content and Water Potential Multiplexing Soil Moisture Measurement y Time-Domain Relationships, Soil Physics Conpanion, CRC, pp.49-84, 00 Reflectometry, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, pp.1-6, 1990 Paltineanu, I. C. and Starr, J. L. Real-time soil water dynamics using Carlos, Manoel Pedro Vaz and Jan W. Hopmans Simultaneous multisensor Capacitance proes, Laoratory caliration, Soil Sci. Measurement of Soil Penetration Resistance and Water Content with Soc. Am. J., 61, pp , 1997 a Comined Penetrometer-TDR Moisture Proe, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Ren, T., Noorio, K. and Horton, R. Measuring Soil Water Content, 65, pp.4-1, 001 Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Properties with a Thermo-Time Carlos, M. P. Vaz, Jan W. Hopmans, Alvaro Macedo, Luis H. Bassoi, and Domain Reflectometry Proe, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, pp , Dorthe Wildenschild Soil Water Retention Measurements Using a 1999 Comined Tensiometer-Coiled Time Domain Reflectometry Proe, Roth, K., Schulin, R., Fluhler, H. and Attinger, W. Caliration of time Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, pp , 00 domain reflectometry for water content measurement using Dalton, F.N., and van Genuchten, M.Th.: The time-domain reflectometry composite dielectric approach, Water Resour. Res., 6, pp.67-73, method for measuring soil water content and salinity, Geoderma, 38, 1990 pp.37-50, , pp.1-5, 1989 Davis, J. L. and Annan, A. P. Ground penetrating radar to measure soil water content, pp ,in Dane, J. H. and Topp, G. C.(ed.) 30(3), pp , Methods of soil analysis. Part 4 Physical Methods, SSSA Book Ser ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI Dery, N. E., Knighton, R. E. and Montgomery, B. R. Construction and 36(1), pp.71-8, 1994 performance of large soil core lysimeters, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, Topp, G. C., Davis, J. L. and Annan, A. P. Electomagnetic Determination pp , 00 of Soil Water Content: Measurements in Coaxial Transmission Lines, Water Resources Research, 16(3), pp , 1990 pp.85-86, 1974 Dorrance, D. W., Wilson, L. G., Everett, L. G. and Cullen, S. J. A 7(), , 1997 Compendium of Soil Samplers for the Vadose Zone, Handook of Wraith, J. M. and Or, Dani Temperature effects on soil ulk dielectric Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring, LEWIS, pp , permittivity measured y time domain reflectometry: Experimental 1995 evidence and hypothesis development, Water Resources Research, 35(), pp , (4), pp , 1988 Heimovaara, T. J. and Bouten, W. A Computer-Controlled 36-Channel,pp.1-8,1983 Time Domain Reflectometry System for Monitoring Soil Water Contents, Water Resources Research, 6(10), pp , 1990 pp , , pp.11-18, 1981 Oyunaatar, D. 105, pp.19-6, (3), pp.46-54, ,pp , pp (), Yu, C., Warrick, A.W., Conklin, M. H., Young, M. H. and Zreda, M. Twopp.49-55, 1994 and three- parameter calirations of time domain reflectometry for soil moisture measurement, Water Resour. Res., 33, pp , 70 pp.3-8, (6), pp , 1998 pp.5-6, pp , 00 pp.44-45, 00 63(3),pp ,199. Kutilek, M. and Nielsen, D. R. Soil Hydrology, CATENA, pp.8-44, 1994 Nadler, A., Daserg, S. and I. Lapid Time Domain Reflectometry 10

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