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1 146 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /0 No. -.0 /. (**3) 28 MRI * ** * ** Examination of the Tissue Water in Cucumber Fruit by Small Dedicated Magnetic Resonance Imaging with a -T Permanent Magnet Mika Koizumi Shigehiro Naito Hiromi Kano* and Tomoyuki Haishi** National Food Research Institute Tsukuba Ibaraki -*/ 20. * Oak-Hill Georgic Patch-Work Laboratory. - * Miyamoto Funabashi Chiba 1- ***- ** MRTechnology Inc. Tsukuba Ibaraki -*/ 2/1- The morphology and physical state of tissue water of cucumber fruit were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared using a -Tesla (T) permanent magnet that was devised for food research and a 1-T high-resolution magnet. Then the distribution and mobility of water were analyzed between tissues by the relaxation time-weighted imaging methods. Sarcocarp placentas seeds and vascular bundles of the fruits in di# erent physiological conditions were distinguishable by -T small MRI while clear morphology was observed by 1-T high-resolution MRI. However while low mobility of water in the tissues of low water content such as the placentas was not detected due to the fast T decay of the signals in the high magnetic field of 1 -T MRI it was detected by -T MRI which had slower T decay of the signals. Moreover the T signal recovery was faster in the -T MRI than in the 1-T MRI. These results indicate that the small -T MRI is suitable for analyzing the physical conditions of water in respect to the detection of the low mobility of water and also for obtaining a strong T contrast of morphology despite the lower quality of the images compared to the high-resolution images. The -T small MRI is therefore an e# ective method for studying the properties of food materials with a wide range in the amount and mobility of water. (Received Aug. **2 ; Accepted Dec. 0 **2) Keywords : -T small magnetic resonance imaging T -weighted images T -weighted images cucumber fruit 1-T highresolution magnetic resonance imaging : T T T 1T Magnetic resonance imaging MRI : MRI MRI MRI / MRI Tesla T -*/ 20. MRI * 1- ***-. - * ** -*/ 2/1- - m Corresponding author mkoizumi@a# rc.go.jp

2 29 : MRI 147 MRI -* mm 1 T MRI * mm MRI / T MRI -. m 1T.** kgm MRI /0 m T MRI -0. mm 1 T MRI *. mm ** V / A T MRI Fig. T MRI NMR MRI SE repetition time : TR echo time : TE MRI TR T MRI.1. T T T TE T T 3 T T MRI TR / s - s s s *2. s */. s 2 1 T MRI T MRI *-. s *. s TE 1 ms.* ms 2* ms * T MRI ms 0* ms T T TE 1 ms SE 1T MRI TE 0 ms TR / s s /. s s */. s *-. s *. s *. s T T TR / s TE Cucumis sativus * ms * ms ** ms * mm - cm gradient echo : GE three-dimensional : -D GE SE T* T* T MRI TR - MRI *./ s TE. 2 ms T MRI 1T. FOV -* mm MRI Bruker DRX-** - -. m 1T MRI MRI H T TR *. s TE / ms / MHz 1T -** MHz T MRI /0 /0 /0 2 mm FOV -* mm -* mm radio frequency RF - 1 m 1 TMRI mm MRI / mm RF. MRI Image J JAVA ver --. ; http: //rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ T T two- Scion Image NIH Image Windows dimensional : D spin echo : SE ; NMRv b SE 2 2 T field of view : FOV T MRI T TR

* ms and accumulated transient acquisitions by a -T small MRI. Scale bar is / mm. Symbol E indicates epidermis ; P placenta ; S seed ; and SC sarcocarp.

3 148 /0 - **3-30 T T ImageJ T TE MIP maximum intensity projection : ImageJ T MRI Fig. TR s TE.* ms -0. mm 2. mm TR s TE.* ms 2* ms. Fig. TR / s *.- s TE 1 ms* ms T MRI Fig. The diagram (A) and the D image (B) showing the tissues of a cucumber fruit A D image (B) was measured by the spin-echo method with TR of s TE of.* ms and accumulated transient acquisitions by a -T small MRI. Scale bar is / mm. Symbol E indicates epidermis ; P placenta ; S seed ; and SC sarcocarp. Symbols VR VEX VEN and VFA indicate vascular bundles of receptacle exocarp endo- carp and fruit axis respectively. Fig. The e# ects of TR and TE on the image contrast measured by the -T small MRI The column indicates the change in image contrast by changing of TR and the row that by changing of TE. The measurements were carried out by the D spin-echo method with -0. mm slice thickness and. accumulated transient acquisitions. P VR VEX VEN and VFA are the same as Fig.. Scale bar is * mm.

4 31 : MRI 149 Fig. - The e# ects of TR and TE on the image contrast measured by a 1-T high-resolution MRI A and B indicate T -weighted images with TE of 0 ms and C and D T -weighted images with TR of / s. A and C are the images indicating the signal decrease by shortening TR or by elongating TE. B and D are the images adjusted brightness and contrast suitable for the individual images. Scale bar is / mm. TR / s TE 1 ms Fig. / Fig. TE 2* ms * ms TR s P TR T SC E VEX TR TE S 1T MRI TE 1 ms TR s */. s *-. s TR Fig. -A B T Fig. -C D T A B C D TE T 2* ms * ms TR / s s A C TR TE VR VEN VFA TR TE T T Fig. - B D Fig. T TR TE T MRI

5 150 /0 - **3-32 Fig.. Comparison of the images measured by the - D gradient-echo method using the -T small MRI (A-C) with those using the 1-T high-resolution MRI (D-F) A and D are slice images selected from the - D image data. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images using. slices (B) and 2 slices (E) are presented. C and F show the MIP images using whole slices of -D image data. Measurements were carried out with TR of */. s and TE of 2. ms for the -T small MRI (A-C) and with TR of *. s and TE of / ms for the 1 -T high-resolution MRI (D-F). E P VR VEX and VFA are the same as Fig.. Scale bar is / mm. *. mm MRI -0. TE * ms T TE Fig. - B D Fig. Fig. Fig. - T MRI TR T T 1T MRI T MRI TE 1ms TE T TR - -D MIP Fig. TE 1ms 1T MRI Fig. -B TR T Fig.. A-C T MRI TR */. s TE 2. ms MRI Fig.. D-F 1 T MRI TR *. TR s TE / ms GE -D 3* MRI TE 0ms T Fig. - Fig.. A D -D B MRI TE.* ms Fig. TE D T MRI Fig..* ms MRI. A E VEX TE 0 ms MRI VFA TE.* ms T T P 1T Fig. - D MRI TE * ms MRI T Fig.. D Fig.. B E TE. Fig.. B TE /* ms 2 Fig.. E MIP VEX T VR Fig.. C F -D MIP

6 33 : MRI 151 Fig. / Vasculature in a cucumber fruit observed by an optical microscope (A and B) and measured by the relaxation time-weighted images (C and D) Transverse sections of sarcocarp at vascular bundles of exocarp (A) and receptacle (B). The upper sides face to epidermis. The symbol v indicates phloem and x xylem. Scale bars are */. mm. A T -weighted image (C) was measured with TR of *./ s and TE of 1 ms and a T -weighted image (D) with TR of / s and TE of * ms by the -T small MRI. VEX indicates a vascular bundle of exocarp and VR that of receptacle. Scale bar is / mm. T MRI MIP Fig.. C / D TR / s TE * ms T 1T T VEX MRI Fig.. F T T MRI T 1T MRI T *. T MRI TE Fig. Fig. - T T Fig. ; TR / s TE * ms TR T T Fig. ; TR */. s T TE 1 ms Fig. 0A B T Fig. / A VEX Fig. / B Fig. 0C D VR T T x T T MRI 1T v MRI Fig. 0A Fig. / B T 1T MRI -*.* ms T MRI 1* 2* ms ** ms Fig. / B Fig. / C T MRI Fig. 0C TR */. s TE 1ms T Fig. D T T

7 152 /0 - **3-34 Fig. 0 Comparison of the T and T value images and their histograms measured by the -T small MRI and the 1-T high-resolution MRI A and B are T value images and their histograms and C and D T value images and their histograms. The values were calculated using the relaxation time-weighted images measured by the -T small MRI in Fig. (A and C) and by the 1-T high-resolution MRI in Fig. - (B and D). Scale bars are / mm. T Fig. -C D T MRI 3 Fig. Fig. -B D T T MRI Fig. 0A 1T MRI Fig. 0B T * T MRI Fig. 1T MRI Fig. -B T 1T MRI TE Fig. -C TE 0ms T Fig. - A T MRI T Fig. T MRI Fig. 0C 1T MRI Fig. 0D T T MRI TE Fig. -C MRI TE ms FLASH fast low angle shot. / - SPI single point map- ping imaging 0 Heracleum mantegazzianeum 1 MRI T -3 2 T MRI 1T MRI -* Fig. Fig. - T T Fig. / T MRI T MRI 1T MRI T MRI T T Fig. 0 T Fig. T MRI 1T MRI Fig. Fig. - 1T MRI T

8 35 : MRI 153 T T MRI * T* SE T Tesla T MRI T* Fig. Fig. -C 1T MRI T * GE 1T MRI MRI T* Fig.. D F T MRI 1T T MRI Fig.. A C T T MIP T MRI Fig.. B C E F T 2 T T. MRI 1T MRI T MRI T Fig. 0A B T T T MRI T MRI MRI GE Fig.. A C T Fig. 0C D 1T MRI Morris P.G. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medicine and biology. Clarendon Press Oxford ( 320). Fig. 0 Chudek J.A. and Hunter G. Magnetic resonance imaging Fig. Fig. - of plants. Progress Nuclear Magn. Reson. Spectrosco- py -.-0 ( 331). - Faust M. Wang P.C. and Maas J. The use of magnetic MRI resonance imaging in plant science. Hortic. Rev. * / 00 ( 331). 2 1T MRI Fig. -. Clark C. J. Hockings P.D. Joyce D.C. and Mazucco R. A. Application of magnetic resonance imaging to preand post-harvest studies of fruits and vegetables. MRI Postharvest Biol. Technol. ( 331). / / **0 0 Koizumi M. Naito S. Haishi T. Utsuzawa S. Ishida N. T MRI and Kano H. Thawing of frozen vegetables observed T by a small dedicated MRI for food research. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 3 (**0). T* 1 Koizumi M. Naito S. Ishida N. Haishi T. and Kano H. Fig. Fig. / T A dedicated MRI for food science and agriculture. Food MRI 1T MRI Sci. Technol. Res (**2). 2 Horigane A.K. Engelaar W.M.H.G. Maruyama S. T Yoshida M. Okubo A. and Nagata T. Visualisation of Fig.. A moisture distribution during development of rice Fig. ; TR s TE 1ms caryopses ( Oryza sativa L.) by nuclear magnetic reso-

9 154 /0 - **3-36 nance microimaging. J. Cereal Sci. -- */. (**). harvested rice seeds on MRI. Magn. Reson. Imaging 3 Ishida N. Koizumi M. and Kano H. The NMR micro / (**.). scope : a unique and promising tool for plant science. / Kikuchi K. Koizumi M. Ishida N. and Kano H. Water Annals Bot. 20 /3 12 (***). uptake by dry beans observed by micro-magnetic reso- * Dobre M.C. Uğurbil K. and Marjanska M. Determina- nance imaging. Annals Bot. 32 /./ //- (**0). tion of blood longitudinal relaxation time (T ) at high 0 Donker H.C.W. Van As H. Edzes H.T. and Jans A.W. magnetic field strengths. Magn. Reson. Imaging / 1-- H. NMR imaging of white button mushroom ( Agaricus 1-/ (**1). bisporis) at various magnetic fields. Magn. Reson. Imaging Terskikh V.V. Feurtado J.A. Ren C. Abrams S.R. and. */ / ( 330). Kermode A.R. Water uptake and oil distribution 1 Edzes H.T. van Dusschoten D. and Van As H. Quanti- during imbibition of seeds of western white pine ( Pinus tative T imaging of plant tissues by means of multimonticola Dougl. ex D. Don) monitored in vivo using echo MRI microscopy. Magn. Reson. Imaging 0 2/ 30 magnetic resonance imaging. Planta 1 1 (**/). ( 332). Horigane A.K. Takahashi H. Maruyama S. Ohtsubo K. and Yoshida M. Water penetration into rice grains 2 MRI during soaking observed by gradient echo magnetic / -3.3 **2 resonance imaging. J. Cereal Sci... -*1-0 (**0). 3 Callaghan P.T. Clark C. J. and Forde L.C. Use of static - Ruan R. Litchfield J.B. and Eckho # S.R. Simultaneous and dynamic NMR microscopy to investigate the origins and nondestructive measurement of transient moisture of contrast in images of biological tissues. Biophys. profiles and structural changes in corn kernels during Chem. /* / -/ ( 33. ). steeping using microscopic nuclear magnetic resonance * imaging. Cereal Chem. 03 0** 0*0 ( 33 ).. Ishida N. Naito S. and Kano H. Loss of moisture from * 2 * 0

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