The 7 Wonders of the Ancient World Glossary. (p. 36) (p. 40) (p. 38)

Transcript

1 (p. 36) wonder (n) = sth amazing / θαύμα represent (v) = to be an example of / αντιπροσωπεύω, αποτελώ δείγμα wondrous (adj) = wonderful, fantastic / θαυμαστός human achievement (phr) = a great thing that people have managed to do / ανθρώπινο κατόρθωμα architecture (n) = the art of designing and constructing buildings / αρχιτεκτονική engineering (n) = using science and technology to design, build, and use engines, machines, etc. / μηχανική be located (v) = (of a building, etc) to be situated / (για κτίριο κ.λπ.) βρίσκεται huge (adj) = very large / τεράστιος impressive (adj) = attracting attention so that sth is remembered / εντυπωσιακό inspire (v) = to bring out a feeling / δημιουργώ κάποιο συναίσθημα awe (n) = a feeling of respect and wonder / φόβος και θαυμασμός, δέος admiration (n) = a feeling of wonder and approval / θαυμασμός poem (n) = a piece of writing which expresses feelings and emotions, sometimes written like a song / ποίημα poet (n) = a person who writes poems / ποιητής sadly (adv) = unhappily, unfortunately / δυστυχώς history books (phr) = books which give facts about the past / βιβλία ιστορίας survive (v) = to exist after other things are gone / διασώζομαι, δεν καταστρέφομαι destroy (v) = to damage completely so that it no longer exists / καταστρέφω earthquake (n) = shaking of the ground, often causing damage / σεισμός fire (n) = burning flames and heat / πυρκαγιά in ruins (phr) = destroyed, but with some parts that can still be seen / ερειπωμένο travel guide (n) = a book for tourists that gives interesting information about where to go and what to see / ταξιδιωτικός οδηγός (το βιβλίο) (p. 38) suburb (n) = an area where people live on the outskirts of a city / προάστιο sight (n) = sth you really should see / αξιοθέατο rise (v) = (of a building) to stand above / (για κτίριο) υψώνεται, βρίσκεται desert (n) = a dry sandy place where little rain falls / έρημος structure (n) = a type of building or construction / κατασκευή, οικοδόμημα tower (v) = (of a building) to stand very high above / (για κτίριο) υψώνεται, ξεχωρίζει στο ύψος surroundings (pl n) = things around a place or thing / ο χώρος και τα κτίσματα γύρω από κάτι individual (adj) = single, one / ξεχωριστός block of stone (phr) = a large piece of stone that has been made to a certain size / κομμάτι πέτρας researcher (n) = sb who tries to find new facts about a subject / ερευνητής puzzled (adj) = not sure how sth happened and thinking about a solution / μπερδεμένος, προβληματισμένος enormous (adj) = very big, huge / τεράστιος masterpiece (n) = a piece of work that needed a lot of skill and care to do or make / αριστούργημα complete (v) = to finish / ολοκληρώνω, τελειώνω ages (pl n) = many hundreds or thousands of years / αιώνες curiosity (n) = wanting to know more about sth / περιέργεια outside forces (phr) = activities which come from sb or somewhere else / εξωτερικές δυνάμεις (οτιδήποτε άλλο εκτός από τη φυσιολογική φθορά) despite (prep) = in spite of, regardless of / παρά, ανεξάρτητα από construction (n) = the act of building, how sth was built / δόμηση, κατασκευή, χτίσιμο purpose (n) = the reason for sth / σκοπός definitive answer (phr) = a final answer which covers all the points of a question / οριστική/τελειωτική απάντηση limestone (n) = a type of rock that is made of things that were once alive (e.g. shells) and is used in building / ασβεστόλιθος layer (n) = one part of a covering material / στρώση, στρώμα smooth (adj) = not rough / λείος polished (adj) = made to shine / γυαλισμένος capstone (n) = the highest point of the pyramid, or the final stone / η πέτρα στην κορυφή μιας πυραμίδας gold (adj) = made of a yellow colored metal that is expensive / χρυσός, από χρυσό base (n) = the bottom part / βάση remain (v) = to still exist / παραμένω, υπάρχω ακόμη man-made (adj) = artificial, not natural / κατασκευασμένο απ τον άνθρωπο, όχι φυσικό chamber (n) = a room for official purposes / θάλαμος, αίθουσα air shaft (n) = a long vertical passage of air / αεραγωγός, μακρόστενο άνοιγμα για τον αερισμό κτιρίων, χώρων κ.λπ. ascending (adj) = moving or going upwards / με κατεύθυνση προς τα πάνω descending (adj) = coming down or downwards / με κατεύθυνση προς τα κάτω passage (n) = a way through / δίοδος, πέρασμα entrance (n) = the way into a place / είσοδος (p. 40) Pharaoh (n) = the title of the ancient Egyptian Kings / Φαραώ (βασιλικός τίτλος της αρχαίας Αιγύπτου) tomb (n) = a place to put dead people / τάφος BCE (abbr) = Before the Common Era, before the birth of Christ / π.χ., προ Χριστού stack (v) = to put things on top of each other / στοιβάζω perfectly (adv) = with no errors, in the best possible way / τέλεια average weight (phr) = the weight of a number of things added together and divided by their total number / μέσο βάρος, ο μέσος όρος του βάρους (όλων των κομματιών) ton (n) = an American measurement of weight; 2,000 pounds / τόνος (μονάδα βάρους) weigh (v) = to have a particular weight / ζυγίζω, έχω βάρος quarry (n) = a place where stone can be found and removed from / λατομείο it is likely (phr) = it is probable; it could very well be true, but there is no absolute proof / είναι πιθανόν να inclined (adj) = at an angle, sloping / κεκλιμένος, που έχει κλίση, που γέρνει ramp (n) = a structure that connects two things that are at different heights or levels / ράμπα 1

2 in place (phr) = where sth fits, in position / στην κατάλληλη θέση, εκεί που ταιριάζει place (v) = to put / τοποθετώ sled (n) = a type of vehicle on runners (not wheels) used to carry things / έλκηθρο wet (v) = to put water on / βρέχω, μουσκεύω rope (n) = a thick cord in a long line used to pull things or tie them in place / σκοινί papyrus twine (n) = string or cord made from a tall plant that grows near the Nile River / νήμα/σπάγκος από το φυτό πάπυρος upwards (adv) = to a higher place, up / προς τα πάνω lever (n) = a strong tool used to move sth heavy / μοχλός, λεβιές allow (v) = to let, to permit / επιτρέπω, δίνω τη δυνατότητα lift (v) = to raise, to carry upward / σηκώνω workforce (n) = all the people who work in a place or on a project / εργατικό δυναμικό, το σύνολο των εργαζομένων interior (n) = the inside of sth / εσωτερικός χώρος narrow (adj) = small in width (Opposite: wide) / στενός passageway (n) = a way that connects one place to another / δίοδος, διάδρομος lead (v) = to go in the direction of / οδηγώ, καταλήγω deep (adv) = going a long way down / βαθιά treasure (n) = money, gold, jewels, etc. / θησαυρός capital city (phr) = the main city in a country, usually where the government is / πρωτεύουσα royal (adj) = of kings and queens / βασιλικός necropolis (n) = a cemetery, an area of land used for burials / νεκρόπολη, τόπος ταφής έξω από τις αρχαίες πόλεις bury (v) = to place or hide in the ground / θάβω afterlife (n) = the life we have after we die / η μετά θάνατον ζωή god (n) = a supernatural being / θεός above ground (phr) = on top of the ground / πάνω απ το έδαφος below ground (phr) = under the ground / κάτω απ το έδαφος possessions (pl n) = what we own, our belongings / τα υπάρχοντά μου, τα πράγματα που μου ανήκουν raid (v) = to make a sudden surprise attack / κάνω επιδρομή σε, εισβάλλω σε CE (abbr) = Common Era, after the birth of Christ / μ.χ., μετά Χριστόν sarcophagus (n) = a stone coffin, like a box, where the dead are placed / σαρκοφάγος, πέτρινο κιβώτιο για την τοποθέτηση των νεκρών dead body (phr) = a corpse, a lifeless person / νεκρό σώμα empty (adj) = with nothing in it (Opposite: full) / άδειος personal belongings (phr) = things that belong to a person, their possessions / προσωπικά είδη sign (n) = a trace / σημάδι, ένδειξη thief (n) = (plural: thieves) a person who steals things from others / κλέφτης presume (v) = to suppose that sth is true because of facts you know, although it might not be true / υποθέτω rob (v) = to steal sth from a place / ληστεύω suggest (v) = to put forward an idea / προτείνω μια ιδέα, λέω μια γνώμη outsmart (v) = to be cleverer than / αποδεικνύομαι πιο έξυπνος από prevent (v) = to stop sth from happening / εμποδίζω impassable (adj) = not allowing sb to pass or get over / αδιαπέραστος granite (n) = a type of hard rock / γρανίτης, πολύ σκληρό πέτρωμα secret (adj) = kept away from others / μυστικός hidden (adj) = out of sight or view / κρυφός decoy chambers (phr) = rooms designed so that people would not find the room that was really important / θάλαμοι (μέσα στην πυραμίδα) που σκοπό είχαν να ξεγελάσουν αυτούς που έψαχναν την αίθουσα με το θαμμένο φαραώ και το θησαυρό (p. 42) no longer (phr) = not anymore / όχι πλέον exist (v) = to actually be / υπάρχω located (pp) = situated / που βρίσκεται incredible (adj) = amazing, fantastic / απίστευτος, απίθανος stepped (adj) = in layers or tiers, like a series of steps or stairs / κλιμακωτός, με πεζούλια σε διαφορετικά ύψη overlook (v) = (of a building) to have a view of somewhere / (για κτίριο) έχει θέα προς terrace (n) = a platform outside or on top of a building / πεζούλι, ταράτσα square (adj) = having four equal sides / τετράγωνος shrub (n) = a small bush / θάμνος water (v) = to give water to plants / ποτίζω irrigation system (phr) = a man-made way of giving water to plants / αρδευτικό σύστημα, δίκτυο που μεταφέρει νερό για πότισμα raise (v) = to lift to a higher position / ανυψώνω, ανεβάζω invader (n) = a person who wants to take over or conquer another place / εισβολέας take over (phr v) = to take control without permission / καταλαμβάνω με βίαιο τρόπο την εξουσία fall (v) = (of a city/country) to be taken over and controlled by invaders / (για πόλη/χώρα) «πέφτει», κυριεύεται από εισβολείς regain (v) = to get back what belongs to you / αποκτώ ξανά independence (n) = the state of being free from other people s control / ανεξαρτησία former (adj) = previous / προηγούμενος glory (n) = splendor, magnificence, spectacular appearance / λαμπρότητα, μεγαλείο, δόξα royal (adj) = of kings and queens / βασιλικός palace (n) = a large building where kings and queens live / παλάτι temple (n) = a building for a god / αρχαίος ναός bridge (n) = a structure which joins two sides of a river, valley, etc. / γέφυρα massive (adj) = huge, enormous / τεράστιος magnificent (adj) = splendid, impressive / μεγαλοπρεπής λαμπρός metropolis (n) = a large city / μεγαλούπολη goal (n) = an aim, an intention, knowing what you want to do in the future / σκοπός, στόχος, πρόθεση kingdom (n) = a country or area ruled by a king or queen / βασίλειο political (adj) = about governing a country, about politics / πολιτικός, που σχετίζεται με την πολιτική support (n) = help when in trouble / υποστήριξη, βοήθεια essential (adj) = necessary, very important / πολύ σημαντικός, απαραίτητος form (v) = to make / σχηματίζω, δημιουργώ alliance (n) = a formal friendship / συμμαχία get settled (phr) = to start feeling comfortable in a place / αρχίζω να τακτοποιούμαι/βολεύομαι (σ ένα νέο μέρος) 2

3 homesick (adj) = feeling that you wish to go home or to your country when you are away from it / που αισθάνεται νοσταλγία (για την πατρίδα του) land (n) = a country / χώρα miss (v) = to feel sad because you don t have sth that you had before / μου λείπει, νοσταλγώ, έχω επιθυμήσει planner (n) = a designer, an architect / σχεδιαστής create (v) = to make / δημιουργώ, κατασκευάζω truly (adj) = really / πραγματικά plant (n) = a flower, a tree, etc. / φυτό vine (n) = a plant which grapes grow on / κλήμα, αμπέλι cypress tree (n) = a type of tree found in the Middle East and the Mediterranean / κυπαρίσσι palm (n) = a tropical tree / φοίνικας haul (v) = to pull, to lift sth heavy / σηκώνω και μεταφέρω dirt (n) = soil, earth / χώμα statue (n) = a large sculpture of a person, an animal, etc. / άγαλμα fountain (n) = a man-made structure for decoration, which water comes out of and runs into a pool below it / σιντριβάνι reveal (v) = to show sth that was hidden / αποκαλύπτω, φανερώνω gift (n) = a present / δώρο once (adv) = before / κάποτε city state (phr) = a city with its own government / πόληκράτος remain (v) = to still exist / απομένω mound (n) = a small hill or a pile of earth / σωρός από χώμα crumble (v) = to break into very small pieces / θρυμματίζομαι, διαλύομαι, καταρρέω (p. 44) plant (v) = to put seeds or small plants in soil so that they will grow / φυτεύω greenery (n) = plants / πρασινάδα figure out (phr v) = to work out, to decide how to do sth / υπολογίζω, σκέπτομαι πώς να λύσω ένα θέμα source (n) = a place to get sth from / πηγή, χώρος απ όπου μπορώ να προμηθευτώ κάτι effective (adj) = successful in doing sth / αποτελεσματικός material (n) = a substance that things can be made of / υλικό soil (n) = dirt, earth / χώμα straw (n) = dried grass or other plants / άχυρο exposure (n) = the state of being in a place where there is no protection from sth / το να είσαι ακάλυπτος/ απροστάτευτος μπροστά σε κάτι break apart (phr v) = to break into pieces / διαλύω, καταστρέφω receive (v) = to get / δέχομαι, παίρνω come up with (phr v) = to find, to discover / επινοώ, σκαρφίζομαι (απάντηση, λύση κ.λπ.) solution (n) = a way to successfully deal with a problem / λύση foundations (pl n) = the base of a building / θεμέλια, οι βάσεις ενός κτιρίου platform (n) = a raised flat structure like a stage / εξέδρα, πλατφόρμα underneath (adv) = below, beneath / από κάτω tar (n) = a sticky black substance which can keep water out / πίσσα waterproof (adj) = not letting water in / αδιάβροχος, αδιαπέραστος απ το νερό keep alive (phr) = to not let sth die / κρατώ ζωντανό climate (n) = the weather conditions in a place / το κλίμα μιας περιοχής require (v) = to need or want to have / απαιτώ, χρειάζομαι account (n) = a narrative, a story / αφήγηση, περιγραφή, αναφορά chain pump (phr) = / αλυσίδα (με δοχεία) που λειτουργεί ως αντλία νερού consist of (phr v) = to be made up of, to comprise / αποτελούμαι από connect (v) = to join / συνδέω, ενώνω wheel (n) = / τροχός, ρόδα deliver (v) = to take sth somewhere / μεταφέρω κάτι κάπου cause (v) = to make sth happen / εξαναγκάζω, προκαλώ, κάνω (κάποιον να κάνει κάτι) chain (n) = a metal rope with links / αλυσίδα submerge (v) = to make sth go under water or other liquid and be covered by it / βυθίζω μέσα στο νερό emerge (v) = to come out / αναδύομαι, βγαίνω στην επιφάνεια dump (v) = to throw / χύνω, ρίχνω channel (n) = a waterway / αυλάκι νερού, κανάλι rest (v) = to relax / ξεκουράζομαι, αναπαύομαι die (v) = to stop living / πεθαίνω fever (n) = an illness with high temperature and headache / πυρετός behold (v) = to see, to look at / βλέπω, κοιτάζω century (n) = a period of 100 years / αιώνας, 100 χρόνια mythical (adj) = not true or a fact, only a story / μυθικός, μη πραγματικός physical evidence (phr) = sth that you can see and touch which shows that sth existed or is true / υλικό στοιχείο που αποτελεί απόδειξη για κάτι remains (pl n) = ruins, what is left of sth / απομεινάρια, ερείπια possibility (n) = the chance that sth might be true / πιθανότητα refer (to sth) (v) = to mention or write about sth in a few words / κάνω αναφορά (σε κάτι) proof (n) = evidence that sth is true / απόδειξη fortress (n) = a building used to defend a place / φρούριο, οχυρό citadel (n) = a fortress used to defend a city from attack / ακρόπολη (οχυρή τοποθεσία στο ψηλότερο σημείο μιας περιοχής, όπου βρισκόταν μια αρχαία πόλη) (p. 46) port (n) = a place where ships can go, a harbor / λιμάνι goddess (n) = a female form of a god /θεά fertility (n) = the ability to produce children / γονιμότητα, η ικανότητα αναπαραγωγής marble (n) = a hard type of limestone, usually white / μάρμαρο exterior (adj) = outside / εξωτερικός column (n) = a pillar, a tall decorated cylinder of stone / κολόνα interior (adj) = inside / εσωτερικός elaborate (adj) = highly decorated / αριστοτεχνικός, καλοδουλεμένος carving (n) = an object of art cut from wood, stone, etc. / σκάλισμα 3

4 house (v) = to give space to, to accommodate / στεγάζω altar (n) = a kind of table in a temple / βωμός, θυσιαστήριο dedicate to (v) = to give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause / αφιερώνω σε belong to (v) = to be part of / ανήκω σε warrior (n) = a brave fighter / πολεμιστής tribe (n) = a group of families / φυλή hunting (n) = the act of chasing a wild animal to kill and eat / κυνήγι disastrous (adj) = very bad / ολέθριος, καταστρεπτικός end (n) = the finish, no longer existing / τέλος, ολοκληρωτική καταστροφή swamp (n) = a wet marshy place, a bog / βάλτος identify (v) = to recognize / προσδιορίζω, αναγνωρίζω combined (adj) = made by adding or joining things together / συνδυασμένος, σύνθετος flood (n) = too much water, a natural disaster / πλημμύρα location (n) = a place / τοποθεσία, μέρος magnificence (n) = glory, splendor / μεγαλοπρέπεια, επιβλητικότητα deliberately (adv) = on purpose, not by accident / επίτηδες, σκόπιμα, όχι κατά λάθος carve (v) = to cut stone or wood to make a piece of art / σκαλίζω renowned (adj)= famous / διάσημος survive (v) = to continue to be although there has been some danger / επιβιώνω, συνεχίζω να υπάρχω Goths (n) = a group of Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire and destroyed it / Γότθοι (αρχαίος γερμανικός λαός) raid (n) = a quick surprise attack / επιδρομή rebuild (v) = to build again / ξαναχτίζω (p. 48) goal (n) = an aim, an intention, knowing what you want to do in the future / σκοπός, στόχος, πρόθεση achieve (v) = to get, to reach, to obtain / πετυχαίνω, καταφέρνω hold (v) = to have in your hand / κρατώ στα χέρια μου torch (n) = a long wooden stick that can burn and produce light / πυρσός, δάδα light (v) = to make sth start burning / ανάβω, βάζω φωτιά approach (v) = to go near to / πλησιάζω steps (pl n) = flat surfaces that you walk up or down to get higher or lower / σκαλοπάτια eye (v) = to look at, to observe / κοιτάζω, παρατηρώ strength (n) = the state of being strong / δύναμη launch (v) = to throw into the air / εκτοξεύω, πετώ στον αέρα fiery (adj) = with fire / φλεγόμενος, που καίγεται catch fire (phr) = to begin to burn / πιάνω φωτιά immediately (adv) = at once, right away / αμέσως afar (adv) = at a distance / από μακριά indeed (adv) = in fact, truly / πράγματι traitor (n) = a person who betrays their country / προδότης eventually (adv) = in the end / τελικά put sb to death (phr) = to kill sb after a legal decision / εκτελώ κάποιον, θανατώνω (ως τιμωρία) worship (n) = the act of showing respect to a god in a religious ceremony / λατρεία του Θεού common (adj) = usual / συνηθισμένος take care of (phr) = to look after / φροντίζω birth (n) = the start of a life, when one is born / γέννηση save (v) = to rescue from danger / σώζω legacy (n) = sth that remains after sb or sth no longer exists / κληρονομιά site (n) = a location / χώρος, μέρος, τοποθεσία search (v) = to look for / ερευνώ, ψάχνω various (adj) = several / αρκετοί, πολλοί ruin (v) = to destroy / καταστρέφω (p. 50) masterpiece (n) = a piece of work that needed a lot of skill and care to do or make / αριστούργημα chryselephantine (adj) = made of gold and ivory (from elephants tusks) / χρυσελεφάντινο, από χρυσό και ελεφαντόδοντο throne (n) = a seat on which kings and queens sit / θρόνος cedar (n) = wood from a type of tree / κέδρος, το ξύλο ενός δέντρου που μοιάζει με έλατο ivory (n) = material which elephants tusks are made of / ελεφαντόδοντο ebony (n) = a heavy black or dark brown wood that is very expensive / έβενος, μαύρο ξύλο μεγάλης αντοχής precious (adj) = valuable, worth a lot of money / πολύτιμος, μεγάλης αξίας gemstone (n) = an expensive stone such as a diamond, ruby, or emerald / πολύτιμος λίθος (διαμάντι, ρουμπίνι, σμαράγδι κ.λπ.) skin (n) = the outer covering of the body / δέρμα του σώματος beard (n) = hair on a man s face, on the cheeks and chin / γενειάδα robe (n) = a piece of clothing, long and loose / χιτώνας victory (n) = the act of beating sb, e.g. in a battle or game / νίκη scepter (n) = a rod which shows that a person is a king or queen / σκήπτρο, ράβδος από πολύτιμα υλικά που κρατούσαν οι βασιλείς eagle (n) = a large bird / αετός (το πουλί) orator (n) = a person who speaks well and fluently in public / ρήτορας glimpse (n) = a quick look / μια γρήγορη ματιά trouble (n) = a problem / πρόβλημα, στενοχώρια gather (v) = to come together / συγκεντρωνόμαστε powerful (adj) = strong / ισχυρός, δυνατός consist of (v) = to comprise, to be made up of / αποτελούμαι από territory (n) = a region, an area / περιοχή law (n) = a rule which no one must break / νόμος war (n) = a fight between people from different countries / πόλεμος common (adj) = frequent or usual / συνηθισμένος coalition (n) = a formal friendship between different regions / συνασπισμός, συμμαχία enemy (n) = a person who acts badly to you (Opposite: friend) / εχθρός feature (n) = an aspect, a point / γνώρισμα, χαρακτηριστικό στοιχείο preside over (v) = to be in charge while sth important is happening / προεδρεύω σε, είμαι επικεφαλής σε thunder (n) = the loud noise heard during rainstorms / βροντές lightning (n) = the light in the sky during bad storms / αστραπές lightning bolt (phr) = a flash of lightning / μια αστραπή 4

5 (p. 52) grove (n) = a place with many trees / άλσος, κήπος με δέντρα raised (adj) = higher than the ground / υπερυψωμένος platform (n) = a flat structure for buildings to stand on / εξέδρα, πλατφόρμα supporting (adj) = helping to carry the weight / που υποβαστάζει/στηρίζει ένα οικοδόμημα sloping (adj) = at an angle, not straight / που γέρνει well-built (adj) = constructed well / καλοχτισμένος grand (adj) = impressive, magnificent / μεγαλειώδης, επιβλητικός hire (v) = to employ, to give work to / προσλαμβάνω υπάλληλο/εργάτη famed (adj) = famous / διάσημος representation (n) = a piece of art that shows sb or sth / αναπαράσταση, απεικόνιση request (n) = the act of formally asking for sth / αίτημα, αυτό που ζητάμε από κάποιον να κάνει για μας ecstatic (adj) = feeling great happiness or delight / κατενθουσιασμένος honor (n) = sth that makes you proud / τιμή, μεγάλη εκτίμηση intend (v) = to have a plan to do sth / σκοπεύω, σχεδιάζω burst (v) = to break apart / σπάω με δύναμη, προκαλώ έκρηξη near (v) = to approach / πλησιάζω, κοντεύω completion (n) = the state of being finished / ολοκλήρωση concern (n) = a worry / ανησυχία entrance (n) = a way in / είσοδος rumble (v) = (of thunder) to make a deep low growling noise / (για βροντές) μπουμπουνίζουν flash (v) = to shine suddenly for a moment / αστράφτω stretch (v) = to extend / εκτείνομαι, απλώνομαι extend (v) = to continue up to a point in a place / εκτείνομαι, φθάνω (μέχρι) crack (n) = a loud noise / δυνατός απότομος κρότος rub (v) = to move your hands back and forth on sth / τρίβω amazement (n) = a feeling of huge surprise / κατάπληξη disappointment (n) = the sad feeling you have when what you hoped for doesn t happen / απογοήτευση capable (adj) = able to do sth / ικανός damage (n) = harm / ζημιά vessel (n) = a container / δοχείο approval (n) = a positive feeling that sth is good / έγκριση, αποδοχή touch (v) = to come into contact with sth because of being close to it / αγγίζω olive oil (n) = a type of oil made from olives / ελαιόλαδο maintain (v) = to keep sth in good condition or the same condition / συντηρώ, διατηρώ σε καλή κατάσταση appearance (n) = the way sth or sb looks / εμφάνιση (p. 54) oversee (v) = to supervise / επιτηρώ, επιβλέπω independence (n) = the state of being free from other people s control / ανεξαρτησία emperor (n) = a male ruler of a group of countries / αυτοκράτορας order (v) = to tell sb they must do sth / διατάζω destruction (n) = the act of damaging sth so that it cannot be repaired / καταστροφή upon hearing (phr) = as soon as he heard / μόλις το άκουσε assassinate (v) = to kill for political reasons / δολοφονώ πολιτικό πρόσωπο workshop (n) = a building used to work in / εργαστήριο terracotta (n) = a type of clay that has been heated and is a red-brown color / ψημένος πηλός mold (n) = a hollow container which is used to give shape to hot liquid / καλούπι recreate (v) = to make again / δημιουργώ ξανά technique (n) = a method, a way of doing sth / τεχνική, μέθοδος resting place (phr) = the place where sth or sb is buried / ο χώρος που είναι θαμμένος κάποιος immense (adj) = huge, massive, enormous / τεράστιος mystery (n) = sth that cannot be easily explained or understood / μυστήριο, οτιδήποτε παραμένει ανεξήγητο/ακατανόητο (p. 56) corner (n) = the place where two sides meet / γωνία guardian (n) = a protector whose job is to look after sb or sth / φρουρός rectangular (adj) = having two long and two shorter sides, not a square / ορθογώνιος tomb (n) = a stone structure where a dead body is put / τάφος, μνήμα staircase (n) = a series of steps that lead from one level to another / σκάλα ferocious (adj) = fierce, savage / σκληρός, άγριος frieze (n) = a decorated band of a wall close to the ceiling / ζωφόρος, ανάγλυφη μακρόστενη διακόσμηση κατά μήκος των πλευρών ενός αρχαίου ναού, κοντά στη στέγη grand (adj) = magnificent, impressive / μεγαλειώδης, επιβλητικός inspire (v) = to bring out or produce sth / εμπνέω, δίνω έμπνευση για δημιουργία section (n) = a part / τμήμα approximately (adv) = almost, not exactly or precisely / περίπου feature (v) = to show, to present / παρουσιάζω mythology (n) = old stories that are not true / μυθολογία figure (n) = an important person / μορφή, άτομο outline (v) = to show the outer edge of sth / σχηματίζω, δημιουργώ ένα σχήμα perimeter (n) = the line around an object / περίμετρος, το περίγραμμα ενός σχεδίου block (n) = a piece of stone, wood, marble, etc. / μεγάλο κομμάτι (πέτρας, ξύλου, μαρμάρου κ.λπ.) border (n) = the edge / όριο, άκρο level (n) = each of the floors or stages of a building / επίπεδο κτιρίου, όροφος apex (n) = the top / κορυφή bronze (n) = a dark red-brown metal made from copper and tin / μπρούντζος (κράμα χαλκού και κασσίτερου) chariot (n) = a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by horses / άρμα, αρχαίο δίτροχο όχημα που έσερναν άλογα (p. 58) grieving (adj) = feeling great sadness after sb s death / που πενθεί το θάνατο κάποιου ruler (n) = a person who is in charge of a country / κυβερνήτης, άρχοντας kingdom (n) = the country that a king/queen rules / βασίλειο 5

6 coast (n) = the shore, the part of the land close to the sea / ακτή rule (v) = to govern / κυβερνώ admiration (n) = a feeling of respect and liking for sb/sth / θαυμασμός democracy (n) = a system of government in which people are free to vote / το δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα devastated (adj) = very shocked and sad / συγκλονισμένος grief (n) = sadness usually caused by a death / θλίψη, μεγάλη στενοχώρια death (n) = the state of being dead, not alive / θάνατος spirit (n) = the part of a person that cannot be seen, which is said to live on after death / πνεύμα talented (adj) = gifted, skillful / ταλαντούχος artisan (n) = a skilled worker / τεχνίτης overlook (v) = (of a building) to have a view over a place / (για κτίριο) έχει θέα προς influence (v) = to have an effect on sb/sth / επηρεάζω inherit (v) = to have sth after the death of a person / κληρονομώ reign (n) = the period of rule as a king or queen / βασιλεία, περίοδος κυριαρχίας ενός βασιλιά scene (n) = a representation of an event / σκηνή, απεικόνιση ενός γεγονότος overwhelming (adj) = very great / συντριπτικός, αξεπέραστος weak (adj) = without any power (Opposite: strong) / αδύναμος conquer (v) = to overcome and take control / κυριεύω instead (adv) = on the contrary / αντιθέτως turn the tables (phr) = to change a situation so that you are in charge and not the other person who was previously / αντιστρέφω τους όρους, αποκτώ πλεονέκτημα έναντι κάποιου on board (phr) = on a ship or boat / πάνω στο σκάφος turn around (phr) = to make sth move so as to face the opposite direction / γυρίζω κάτι στην αντίθετη κατεύθυνση reach (v) = to arrive at/in a place / φθάνω σε seize (v) = to take by force / κάνω κατάληψη even though (conj) = although / ακόμη κι αν in spite of (prep) = despite / παρά overcome (v) = to conquer, to get over / ξεπερνώ legend (n) = an old story / μύθος, θρύλος ashes (pl n) = gray flaky substance left after a fire or when sth or sb is burned / στάχτες completion (n) = the finish of a project / ολοκλήρωση leadership (n) = the state of leading or being the person in charge / αρχηγία, κυριαρχία attack (n) = a violent action / επίθεση adversary (n) = an enemy or opponent / αντίπαλος, εχθρός visible (adj) = that can be seen / ορατός original (adj) = first / αρχικός, πρώτος site (n) = a place / θέση, τοποθεσία crusader (n) = a soldier who went from Europe to the Middle East to try to take Jerusalem from the Arabs in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries / σταυροφόρος grind (v) = to make very small pieces of powder from sth larger / αλέθω plaster (n) = a substance spread on walls and ceilings to give them a smooth hard finish / γύψος, σοβάς (p. 60) harbor (n) = a port / λιμάνι trade (n) = the act of buying and selling things / εμπόριο patron (n) = sb who supports and helps / προστάτης (άγιος, θεός) military (adj) = regarding soldiers and armed forces / στρατιωτικός victory (n) = the act of beating opponents / νίκη ruler (n) = a king or queen, or the person in control of an area / κυβερνήτης, άρχοντας melt (v) = to make liquid by heating sth / λιώνω siege towers (phr) = tall structures for soldiers to hide safely in, which were as tall as, or taller than, city walls / πύργοι που χρησιμοποιούσε ο στρατός σε πολιορκίες plate (n) = a sheet of metal / μεταλλικό φύλλο hammer (v) = to use a tool with a long wooden handle and a heavy metal part at the end / χτυπώ με σφυρί appropriate (adj) = as necessary, proper / κατάλληλος iron (n) = silver-colored heavy metal / σίδερο (το μέταλλο) framework (n) = a supporting structure which gives shape / σκελετός κτιρίου base (n) = the foundation, the bottom / βάση, στήριγμα frame (n) = a structure which is strong and supports sth / σκελετός κτιρίου pedestal (n) = the base for a statue or column / βάθρο, η βάση ενός αγάλματος scholar (n) = a person who spends their life studying, an academic / ακαδημαϊκός, μελετητής practical (adj) = useful or suitable / πρακτικός, που διευκολύνει το χρήστη method (n) = the way of doing sth / μέθοδος theory (n) = an idea which suggests how sth is/was done / θεωρία, υπόθεση scaffolding (n) = a temporary structure on the outside of a building above the ground to help workers repair or build / σκαλωσιά (p. 62) capture (v) = to take over or seize by force / καταλαμβάνω, κατακτώ commander (n) = the person in charge of a group of soldiers / διοικητής, αρχηγός empire (n) = the place where an emperor rules / αυτοκρατορία successor (n) = the person who comes next in line, e.g. for a job position / διάδοχος ignite (v) = to begin / πυροδοτώ, ανάβω feud (n) = a fight that goes on for some time, usually between two families / έχθρα, διαμάχη general (n) = an army officer with a very high rank / στρατηγός allegiance (n) = loyalty to sb / πίστη, υποταγή economic (adj) = financial, trading / οικονομικός, εμπορικός losing (adj) = unsuccessful (Opp: winning) / που έχει χάσει/νικηθεί surround (v) = to be all around sth / περιβάλλω, περιστοιχίζω forces (pl n) = a group of soldiers / ένοπλες δυνάμεις, οι στρατιώτες break out (phr v) = (of a storm) to start / (για καταιγίδα) ξεσπά wave (n) = / κύμα topple (v) = to make sth or sb fall over / ανατρέπω, ρίχνω κάτω 6

7 armed (adj) = with weapons / οπλισμένος sewage system (phr) = a system which takes away waste both liquid and solid, usually underground / αποχετευτικό δίκτυο inch (v) = to move very slowly / προχωρώ σιγά-σιγά ditch (n) = a narrow channel that has been dug / χαντάκι, αυλάκι soak (v) = to be absorbed / απορροφώμαι sticky (adj) = having the ability to stick to sth / που κολλάει cling (v) = to hold on tightly to sth / κολλάω και μένω πάνω σε κάτι stick (v) = to affix onto sth / κολλάω buy some time (phr) = to delay sth / καθυστερώ κάτι post (n) = a position, a place / θέση, πόστο fleet (n) = a lot of ships / στόλος abandon (v) = to leave / εγκαταλείπω effort (n) = an attempt / προσπάθεια retreat (v) = to go back / υποχωρώ symbolize (v) = to be a sign or symbol of sb/sth / συμβολίζω pride (n) = pleasure because of your own achievements / υπερηφάνεια, τιμή patriotism (n) = the love for your country / πατριωτισμός citizen (n) = a person who lives in a country, city, etc. / πολίτης, κάτοικος μια χώρας invade (v) = to send soldiers into another country or place to take control of it / κάνω εισβολή σε protective (adj) = designed for safety or protection / προστατευτικός weapon (n) = sth designed to cause injury to a person or animal / όπλο naked (adj) = not wearing clothes, nude / γυμνός shoulder (n) = the part of the body that connects the arm to the rest of the body / ώμος crown (n) = a circle on the head made from precious metal and gemstones worn by a king or queen / κορώνα, στέμμα torch (n) = a burning stick / πυρσός, δάδα glow (v) = to shine / λαμπυρίζω, ακτινοβολώ reconstruction (n) = rebuilding / ανακατασκευή offend (v) = to upset, to annoy / προσβάλλω, θίγω, ενοχλώ advice (n) = suggestions about what you can do about a problem / συμβουλές oracle (n) = a fortune teller and priest or priestess in ancient Greece / μάντης replica (n) = a copy / αντίγραφο (κτιρίου, αγάλματος, πίνακα κ.λπ.) (p. 64) lighthouse (n) = a tower that signals to nearby ships using light / φάρος tourist attraction (phr) = a place of interest to tourists and travelers / τουριστικό αξιοθέατο observation balcony (phr) = a terrace with a view / εξώστης απ όπου απολαμβάνεις τη θέα rare (adj) = not common / σπάνιος, ασυνήθιστος bird s-eye view (phr) = seeing sth from above the ground as a flying bird does / πανοραμική θέα landmark (n) = a building easy to recognize / χαρακτηριστικό κτίσμα μια περιοχής found (v) = to begin building (e.g. a city) / ιδρύω wealthy (adj) = rich / πλούσιος trading center (phr) = an important place where things are bought and sold / εμπορικό κέντρο, χώρος αγοραπωλησίας προϊόντων construction (n) = the building of sth / κατασκευή, χτίσιμο cylinder (n) = / κύλινδρος mirror (n) = a surface of glass on metal that reflects an image / καθρέφτης reflect (v) = to give back an image / αντανακλώ, καθρεφτίζω guide (v) = to lead / κατευθύνω, καθοδηγώ severely (adj) = very badly / πολύ άσχημα collapse (v) = to fall down / καταρρέω, γκρεμίζομαι fortress (n) = a well-protected building for defending a place against attack / φρούριο dive (v) = to jump into water head-first / καταδύομαι, βουτώ (p. 70) structure (n) = a building / οικοδόμημα, κτίριο guide (v) = to lead / κατευθύνω, καθοδηγώ trading center (phr) = a place to buy or sell things / εμπορικό κέντρο oversee (v) = to supervise, to be in charge / επιτηρώ, επιβλέπω request (v) = to ask / παρακαλώ, ζητώ να γίνει κάτι carve (v) = to engrave, to cut by chipping away at sth / χαράζω, σκαλίζω determined (adj) = having made a firm decision and not changing it / αποφασισμένος ignore (v) = to take no notice of, to pay no attention to / αγνοώ, δε δίνω σημασία σε foundation (n) = the lowest support of a structure which begins below the ground / η βάση ενός κτίσματος overlook (v) = (of a building) to have a view of / (για κτίριο) έχει θέα προς 7