UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level BIOLOGY 9700/02

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1 Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level BIOLOGY 9700/02 Paper 2 Structured Questions AS Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. October/November hour 15 minutes READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. FOR EXAMINER S USE Total This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages. SP (CW/CGW) T24025/3 [Turn over

2 Answer all the questions. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a photograph taken at low tide in a mangrove swamp in Mozambique. Fig. 1.1 The photograph shows a hermit crab surrounded by the pneumatophores ( breathing roots ) of mangrove trees.

2 2 Answer all the questions. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a photograph taken at low tide in a mangrove swamp in Mozambique. Fig. 1.1 The photograph shows a hermit crab surrounded by the pneumatophores ( breathing roots ) of mangrove trees. The hermit crabs live inside the shells of dead molluscs. Large birds, such as Goliath herons, feed on the hermit crabs. The vertical pneumatophores are an adaptation to the soil in the swampy, coastal environment that contains very little oxygen. They are exposed to the air at low tide. The soil has a very high salt content as the sea often covers the area. Some bacteria are able to grow deep in the rich organic mud where the oxygen concentration is very low. (a) Listed below are eight ecological terms that can be applied to the mangrove swamp and the organisms that live there. only the information given above to match each organism with the most appropriate term from the list. You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all. mangrove trees all the organisms in the mangrove swamp bacteria deep in the mud all the hermit crabs in the swamp A primary consumer B population C community D niche E secondary consumer F ecosystem G decomposer H producer [4]

3 3 (b) Explain how the cells in the roots of mangrove trees obtain sufficient oxygen and water in this extreme environment. oxygen. water......[5] [Total: 9] [Turn over

4 2 Fig. 2.1 shows a transverse section of a root nodule of a legume. Fig. 2.2 is a drawing of a cell from the centre of the nodule made from an electron micrograph. 4 cortex Fig. 2.1 cell from centre of nodule mitochondrion bacteria each within a membrane Fig. 2.2 (a) Name three structures that are present in cells in the cortex of the root that are not present in bacterial cells [3]

5 5 (b) Explain the advantages of studying cell structure with an electron microscope rather than with a light microscope....[2] (c) Describe the role of Rhizobium in the root nodule....[3] (d) Cells in the centre of the root nodule have a high concentration of the pigment, leghaemoglobin. This combines with oxygen in much the same way as haemoglobin in mammals. Leghaemoglobin is responsible for maintaining anaerobic conditions around the bacteria in the nodules. Leghaemoglobin is not found in the roots of other plants. The base sequence in the gene that codes for the β polypeptide of mammalian haemoglobin is similar to that for leghaemoglobin. Suggest why this is so....[2] [Total: 10] [Turn over

6 3 Fig. 3.1 shows some cells from the lining of the bronchus from a person who has never smoked. Fig. 3.2 shows cells from the same area in a heavy smoker who suffers from chronic bronchitis. 6 Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (a) Using label lines and the following letters, label the structures A to C on Fig A cilia B nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope) C endoplasmic reticulum [3] (b) Explain why the lungs are at an increased risk of infection when the bronchial epithelium is damaged as is shown in Fig [3]

7 7 (c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A student used the World Health Organisation database to investigate the link between cigarette smoking and deaths from COPD. Fig. 3.3 shows deaths from COPD plotted against the mean annual consumption of cigarettes in 20 countries for the period 1997 to deaths from COPD per 100,000 in a year mean annual consumption of cigarettes Fig. 3.3 The student concluded that there was no link between cigarette consumption and deaths from COPD. the information in Fig. 3.3 to discuss the student s conclusion....[3] [Total: 9] [Turn over

4 Fig. 4.1 shows two stages of mitosis in a cell from a root tip of Allium cepa. 8 D E Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe what happens to the chromosomes during mitosis between the stage shown in D and the stage shown in E.

8 4 Fig. 4.1 shows two stages of mitosis in a cell from a root tip of Allium cepa. 8 D E Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe what happens to the chromosomes during mitosis between the stage shown in D and the stage shown in E....[4] (b) Describe the events that occur within a cell after the stage shown in Fig. 4.1 E to allow the formation of two cells....[3]

9 9 (c) A root was cut into ten transverse sections at different distances from the tip. The sections were stained and viewed under the microscope. The number of cells in mitosis were counted in each section and the results were used to determine the mitotic index. This is calculated as follows: mitotic index = number of cells in mitosis total number of cells Fig. 4.2 shows the mitotic index for the ten sections mitotic index distance from root tip / mm Fig Using the information in Fig. 4.2, describe how the mitotic index changes along the length of the root....[3] [Turn over

10 10 (d) Explain how the events in the mitotic cell cycle ensure that all the cells in the root are genetically identical....[3] [Total: 13]

11 11 BLANK PAGE [Turn over

12 12 5 Table 5.1 shows blood cell counts for three different people. Table 5.1 healthy person at sea level number of cells per mm 3 of blood healthy person acclimatised to high altitude person with a bacterial infection red blood cells T helper lymphocytes phagocytes (a) (i) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of red blood cells in the person acclimatised to high altitude compared with the person at sea level. Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number. Answer =... [2] (ii) Explain the advantage of this increase in red blood cells to people who live at high altitude [2] (b) State the roles of phagocytes and T helper lymphocytes during an immune response to a bacterial infection. phagocytes T helper lymphocytes...[2]

13 13 (c) Antibiotics are used to treat people with bacterial infections. Explain the danger of the widespread use of antibiotics to treat disease....[2] [Total: 8] [Turn over

14 14 6 Fig. 6.1 shows three stages in the cardiac cycle. G H 0.1 s 0.4 s 0.3 s F K J Fig. 6.1 (a) (i) Name the blood vessels labelled F and G. F... G...[2]

15 (ii) 15 Fig. 6.1 indicates that one heart beat takes 0.8 second. State the heart rate in beats per minute. (iii) Answer =... [1] Explain why the walls of the atria have thinner muscle than the walls of the ventricles [2] (b) Complete the table to show what is happening to the following parts of the left side of the heart at each of the stages, H, J and K as shown in Fig. 6.1: left atrium left ventricle aortic valve. stage left atrium left ventricle atrioventricular valve aortic valve H contracts to force blood into left ventricle open closed J closed... K relaxes and fills with blood from left atrium open... [6] [Total: 11]

16 16 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 Question 3 Fig. 1.1 ALEXIS ROSENFELD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY. Fig Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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