Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field

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1 J Jpn Soc Soil Phys No 30, p1+ 2+,** * Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Properties in a Hilly Upland Field Junichi KASHIWAGI* Graduate School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University, Kita 3 Nishi 3,Kita-ku,Sapporo,*0* 2/23,Japan Abstract Spatial variability of soil properties was studied by using correlation analysis with landscape and geostatistical concepts on a +,-ha upland field in a hilly area Soil properties of Ap horizon were examined on a square grid at +-m intervals and on three transects at 1-m intervals The CV values suggested that the variabilities of most soil properties were higher than the results reported at any topographical conditions These large variables depend on the result of soil erosion and sedimentation in response to the landscape At the eroded area,the thickness of Ap horizon had been kept constant with subsoil by tillage,as a result Ap horizon was composed of di#erent soil materials from sedimentation and erosion e#ects The spatial variability of ph, total carbon content,phosphate absorption coe$cient,bulk density,stone,sand,silt and clay content could be explained with topographical features ; however,available water content was di$cult to explain Moreover,former properties were distinguished at landscape model units, these contribute to the rational soil sampling system to realize regional soil management The multiple regression models of total carbon and stone content,using only topographic attributes calculated from a digital elevation model (DEM),matched reasonably well with the observed data Key words : soil properties of Ap horizon,spatial variability,terrain analysis,geostatistics,spatial distribution + Miller et al +322 Timlin et al +332 Imade et al,**+ * *0* 2/ :

2 72 30,** Kriging Regionalized Variable Geostatistics Burgess and Webster +32* a, b Webster and Burgess +32* Kriging ** *** Van Oost et al,,*** Woods and Schuman, +322, King et al, +333, Pennock and Corre,,**+, +32- Moore et al +33+ DEM Digital Elevation Model ph Moore et al, +33- Park et al,**+ Terrain Characterization Index : TCI,, +,**- +, ha + + m - 1 m +// Ap ph, /* cm - 3 kpa +,1* kpa CN, mm 1, ph +N-KCl + :,/ ph,, Zevenbergen and Thorne +321 DEM ** ***

3 : 73 Fig + + Surface elevation map and the soil profile investigation sites Dalrymple et al +302 PROFC PLANC LAPLACIAN Specific Catchment Areas 1 m-dem,**-,**- INTERFLUVE ;Inf CONVEX CREEP SLOPE ;Ccs TRANSPORTATIONAL MIDSLOPE ;Tms COLLUVIAL FOOTSLOPE ;Cfs ALLUVIAL TOESLOPE ;Ats, - c, t F,* +31- Geostatistics g` h /- -* +* ph - Bekkett and Webster +31+ Webster +32/ **/ ha

4 74 30,** + Table + Statistical analysis for soil properties ph H, O ph KCl P, O/ mg +** g Mg m - *,4/* *432 *43/ -34* +// /2* ,,3,3-43,34/ +// -,42 +*4 +* // +,4, / 1, 04+ *4-0 *4+- /43 +// /4,* *4-1 *4+- 14* +// * -42 *4+* +4- *4*+ / // +// / /4/ 142 -*4-0+4* -*4* ++4, 1, 1, *;c, / +31+ / * ha +320 pf +/ pf -*,3 +31/ 1+3ha, ha +- pf +2 pf -* ++23ha ha,*,/ -* +* Bekkett and Webster ph H,O Ap C Ap C Ap Ab BC,**- Ap C Ap -, -, + Inf Ats, Inf Ccs ph, Cfs Ats X g` h - g` h Jounel and Huijbregts, +312 /0 1* m lag 2 +* g` h g` h

5 : 75, Fig, Soil properties along the transect I - Fig - Experimental semi-variograms for soil properties along the transect I

76 30,** g` h nugget effect nugget effect -,, PLOFC, PLANC, PLOFC, PLANC Ap,**- Fig Spatial distribution of landsurface model units at the investigation area Table,, Correlation coe$cient for

6 76 30,** g` h nugget effect nugget effect -,, PLOFC, PLANC, PLOFC, PLANC Ap,**- Fig Spatial distribution of landsurface model units at the investigation area Table,, Correlation coe$cient for topographic attributes and soil properties PROFC PLANC LAPLACIAN ph H,O ph KCl *4,20** *4, *4-32** *4,-0** *4**0 *4+/+ *4++2 *4,0** *4-02** *4-+3** *4--** *4,1/** *4-0** *4,11** *4++3 *4*3/ *4-++* *4-+1* *4-3-** *4-2** *4-12** *4-3+** *4-/** *4+03 *4,23** *4*13 *4/*3** *42,** *40+1** *4/** *4-22** *4-00** *4-2*** *4,-1** *4,,3* *4*3- *4/3** *4/** *4/0/** *43-** *4-,-** *4+21* *4/+-** *4,22** *4+,2 *4*,2 *4*3** *4-02** *41,** *40/** *4*-* *4+30* *4*33 *4-03** *4**2 *4*-1 *4-,0** *4,32* *4-2*** *4,,+* *;/ ** ; +

7 : 77 ph ph KCl */+ PLANC */* -, - Dalrymple et al +302 Park et al,**+,**- Ats - Inf ph, Ats / Inf, Ccs,**- +* Cfs Ats / Table - - Analysis of variance for soil properties at each landsurface models F ph H,O, ,*4*2 *402 *4+, ** / F, (*4*+) //4+* 3+4-/ +04/ *40+ **,,40,* -41 F, (*4*+) +-3/*04/ /++,/ ,+*124- ** +04**0-41 F, (*4*+) *14,,*+4-,,-4/ 241 **,/ F, (*4*+) *4+/ +4/ +40* *4* *4*+ ** F, (*4*+) * *042 +4/1-,4-, F, (*4*/) ** ; +

8 78 30,** Inf, Ccs Cfs, Ats / C Ap C Inf Ccs Ap +* ph ph H,O Inf Tms Ats Ats Tms Inf ph KCl Inf Ats / Inf Ccs Ap ph ph Ats Ap A B ph ph Ats Inf, Tms Cts Inf, Ccs Cfs Ats Ap Tms Ccs, Cfs Fig / / Soil properties at the each landsurface model units

9 : Inf Ccs Ats e a +31+ e / a / -* +-0 3/ +* / Table Necessary sampling numbers of di#erent sampling designs ph H,O ph KCl 2 1 +* 3, / -0, /2 +-1 a/ e/ Table / / Multiple regression models of soil properties by topographic attributes *4*+1 *4-2+0 t PROFC *4**1, -*430 /4+- *4*,+,4-* *4-2/* *4,0- *4,0-3 *4+,3 **403+ t *4*+,40+2 **-401 t *4*+,40+3 **-4,0 t *4*+,40,* t *4*/+432* *4012 t *4*/+432+ *4 *4*/ t PLANC,++4*+,140 *422 *4/,00 *4-/- **14/0 t *4*+,40+2 **430* t *4*+,40+2 *40/ t *4*/+432+ ** ; +

10 80 30,** / 3 ph H,O Inf Ats */* Inf Ats - -, F,* /, ** *, Moore et al +33- *2, ph *+ *0- +, ha + m +// Ap Inf Ccs Cfs Ats ph, DEM Burgess, TM and Webster, R (+32* a) : Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties, I The Semi-Variogram and Punctual Kriging J Soil Science, -+ : -+/ --+ Burgess, TM and Webster, R (+32* b) : Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties, II Block Kriging J Soil Science, -+ : Beckett, PHT and Webster, R (+31+) : Soil Variability, Soils and Fertilizers - : + Dalrymple, JB, Blong, R J and Conacher, A J (+302) : An Hypothetical Nine Unit Landsurface Model Zeitchrift fur Geomorphologie NF Bd, +, : 0* 10

11 : 81 Imade, ASW, Shibusawa, S, Sasao, A and Hirako, S (,**+) : Soil Parameters Maps in Paddy Field Using the Real Time Soil Spectrophotometer Journal of JSAM, 0- (-) :/+ /2 Journal AG and Ch J Huijberegts (+312) : Mining Geostatistics Academic Press King, D, Bourennane, H, Isambert, M and Macaire, J J (+333) : Relationship of the Presence of a Non- Calcareous Clay-Loam Horizon to DEM Attributes in a Gently Sloping Area Geoderma, 23 : 3/ +++ Miller, MP, Singer, M J and Nielsen, DR (+322) : Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil Properties on Complex Hills Soil Sci Soc Am J, /, : Moore, ID, Grayson, RB and Ladson, AR (+33+) : Digital Terrain Modelling : A Review of Hydrological, Geomorphological and Biological Applications Hydrological Processes, / : - -* Moore, ID, Gessler, PE, Nielsen, GA and Peterson, GA (+33-) : Soil Attribute Prediction Using Terrain Analysis Soil Sci Soc Am J, /1 : - /, Park, S J, McSweeney, K and Lowery, B (,**+) : Identification of the Spatial Distribution of Soils Using a Process-based Terrain Characterization Geoderma, +*- :,3,1, Pennock, D J and Corre, MD (,**+) : Development and Application of Landform Segmentation Procedures Soil and Tillage Res, /2 : +/+ +0, Timlin, D J, Ya Pachepsky, Snyder, VA and Bryant, RB (+332) : Spatial Temporal Variability of Corn Grain Yield on a Hillslope Soil Sci Soc Am J, 0, : Van Oost, K, Govers, G, Van Muysen, W and Quine, TA (,***) : Modeling Translocation and Dispersion of Soil Constituents by Tillage on Sloping Land Soil Sci Soc Am J, 0 : Webster, R and Burgess, TM (+32*) : Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties, III Changing Drift and Universal Kriging J Soil Science, -+ : /*/ /, Woods, LE and Schuman, GE (+322) : Cultivation and Slope Position E#ects on Soil Organic Matter Soil Sci Soc Am J, /, : Zevenbergen, LW and Thorne, CR (+321) : Quantitative Analysis of Land Surface Topography Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, +, : 1 / : /- : /2 0,**- : 3/ :,+ -, +31- : pp,2 -* +31+ : -0 : / : // : : -0 : : -0 : 1 / : 1 : 2 + :,**- 2,, :,** +,-

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