Cognitive psychology of visual illusion

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1 Cognitive psychology of visual illusion Akiyoshi KITAOKA (College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University) Visual illusion refers to the visual phenomenon where the perception of an object is not consistent with its real characteristics. Visual illusions have traditionally been studied within the psychology of perception, because there is relatively little influence of high-order or cognitive processing. In this paper, I present various face illusions and discuss the feasibility of a cognitive psychology of visual illusions. Key words : visual illusion, cognitive psychology, geometrical illusion, motion perception, color, face (cognition) (perception) (visual illusion) (Robinson, 1972/1998) 2007b (Figure 1) 1998, 2000 Figure 1 177

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2 2 5 2 Figure 1. / (a) 0123 / (Popple and Sagi, 2002; Popple and Levi, 2002) 78 9:; <= >?@ ABC DEF <GHIJ 5@ 78 KL A 9:; (b) S / + J T U V W H X M NOPQ R BC (Logvinenko, 1999) Y Z [+\(78 K] ^ 5 _ ` NOab A c), (c) f / + ghh (Munker, 1970) i SdedSdedS BC NOjfAklHmf <nc@ jof <pc@ BC NOqfArqf <ns@ tqf <p (d) u v w A x B C / + y z D{ }F <~ 2005 a; s@ B C Murakami, Kitaoka, & Ashida, 2006@ [ A }+ BC ῐῌῑῒ 178 (Thatcher illusion)!"#$% &'( ) * +, -.( ) *

3 Figure 2. (Thompson, 1980) Figure (dramatically di#erent) (Thompson, 1980) Figure 2 (face inversion e#ect) (Arnheim, 1954; Ellis, 1975; Goldstein, 1965; Rock, 1974; Valentine, 1988; Yin, 1970) (upside-down face) Figure

4 5 2 Figure 4. (Wollaston, 1824) Figure 5. (thatcherization) (Murray, Yong, & Rhodes, 2000; Stürzel & Spillmann, 2000) Figure 6. (luminance-induced gaze shift) (bloodshot illusion) (Ando, 2002) 3 Ando (2002) 180

5 Figure 7. 3 (Purkinje-Sanson image) Figure 8. 3 Figure 3 (Wollaston, 1824) Figue 4 Figure 5 Ando (2002) (bloodshot illusion) (Figure 6) 181

6 5 2 Figure 9. (a) (b) (Figure 7) (Figure 8) (Figure 9a) (Figure 9b) 2007 (Figure 10a) 2007 (Figue 10b) Bourdon, 1902; 2005b Figure

7 Figure 9. Figure 10. (a) (b) 183

5 2 Figure 11. Ando, S. (2002). Luminance-induced shift in the apparent direction of gaze. Perception, 31, 657 674. Arnheim, R. (1954). Art and visual perception: Apsychology of the eye.

8 5 2 Figure 11. Ando, S. (2002). Luminance-induced shift in the apparent direction of gaze. Perception, 31, Arnheim, R. (1954). Art and visual perception: Apsychology of the eye. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bourdon, B. (1902). La perception visuelle de l espace. Paris: Reinwald. Ellis, H. D. (1975). Recognising faces. British Journal of Psychology, 66, Goldstein, A. G. (1965). Learning of inverted and normally oriented faces in children and adults. Psychonomic Science, 3, (2005 a). (Kitaoka, A.) (2005b) (Kitaoka, A.) (2007a). (Kitaoka, A.) (2007b). Newton (Kitaoka, A.) Logvinenko, A. D. (1999). Lightness induction revisited. Perception, 28, Munker, H. (1970) Farbige Gitter, Abbildung auf der Netzhaut und übertragungstheoretische Beschreibung der Farbwahrnehmung. Ha bilitationsschrift, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München. (in German) Murakami, I., Kitaoka, A., & Ashida, H. (2006). Apositive correlation between fixation instability and the strength of illusory motion in a static display. Vision Research, 46, Murray, J. E., Yong, E., & Rhodes, G. (2000). Revisiting the perception of upside-down faces. Psychological Science, 11, (2007). 4, (Hamada, S. (2007). The psychology of folse confessions and its scope. The Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4, ) Popple, A. V., & Levi, D. M. (2000). A new illusion demonstrates long-range processing. Vision Research, 40,

9 Popple, A. V., & Sagi, D. (2000). A Fraser illusion without local cues? Vision Research, 40, Robinson, J. O. (1972/1998). The Psychology of Visual Illusion. Mineola, NY: Dover. Rock, I. (1974). The perception of disoriented figures. Scientific American, 230, Stürzel, F., & Spillmann, L. (2000). Thatcher illusion: Dependence on angle of rotation. Perception, 29, (1998) (1) 288, (Tanaka, H.) (2000) (2) 1, (Tanaka, H.) Thompson, P. (1980). Margaret Thatcher: a new illusion. Perception, 9, Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. (1988). What s up? The Margaret Thatcher illusion revisited. Perception, 14, Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, Wollaston, W. H. (1824). On the apparent direction of eye in a portrait. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B114,

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