Effects of Earthworm on B iolog ica l Character istics of So il and the Growth of Apple Trees

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1 2009, 36 (10) : Acta Horticulturae Sinica 1, 2, 13, 1, 3 ( 1, ;, ) 2, ; 3 : 2 (M alus dom estica Borkh. ),,,,, 3, 7819%, 17010%, 18014%,, 29912% 3,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; : S 66111: A : X (2009) Effects of Earthworm on B iolog ica l Character istics of So il and the Growth of Apple Trees SHEN W ei2bao 1, 2, YANG Hong2qiang 13, Q IAO Hai2tao 1, and SHEN J ie 3 ( 1 S tate Key Laboratory of C rop B iology, Shandong A gricultural U niversity, Taiπan, Shandong , China; 2 L inyi A gricultu2 ral B ureau, L inyi, Shandong , China; 3 Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang U niversity, Hangzhou , China) Abstract: The effects of earthworm on soil enzyme activities, m icrobiom ass carbon, m icrobiomass nitro2 gen and the growth of app le tree were studied by pot experiment, using the orchard cinnamon soil, brown soil and fluvo2aquic soil and two2year old Red Fuji app le (M alus dom estica Borkh. ) trees asmaterials. The re2 sults showed that the earthworm enhanced the activities of soil urease, acid phosphatase and alkalin phospha2 tase, and increased m icrobiom ass nitrogen in the three kinds of soils, in which the urease activity in brown soil, the alkalin phosphatase activity in fluvo2aquic soil and the m icrobiom ass nitrogen in brown soil increased 7819%, 17010% and 18014% respectively. The treatm ent of earthworm increased the m icrobiom ass carbon in cinnamon soil and fluvo2aquic soil, and the increased degree of that in fluvo2aquic soil is the largest, which reached 29912%. The root activity, root growth and new shoots growth of the app le trees in the soils treated by earthworm increased significantly; The root activity in brown soil, the grow th of root in cinnamon soil and the growth of new shoots in fluvo2aquic soil were the highest respectively in the three kinds of soils treated by earthworm. Key words: app le; soil; earthworm; enzym e; m icrobiomass carbon; m icrobiomass nitrogen,, ( Sparling, 1992; Doran et al., 1996),, ( : ; : : ( ; ) 3 Author for correspondence ( E2mail: labft@ sdau1edu1cn; hqyang@ sdau1edu1cn)

2 , 2008) Hallaire (2000) Yelinda (2004),,, ; (Mulongoy & Bedoret, 1989), (, 2002; Yelinda et al., 2004),,,, (, 2005),,,, 3,,,,, 1 111, 1 / ( g kg - 1 ) O rganic matter 1 Table 1 Sta tus of so il nutr ien t / (mg kg - 1 ) A lkali2hydrolyzable N / (mg kg - 1 ) Available P / (mg kg - 1 ) Available K Cinnamon soil Fluvo2aquic soil B rown soil ph 2 (M alus dom estica Borkh. ), (M alus hupenhensis Rhed. ) ; 30 cm, 30 cm, 25 kg 6, g, cm, 12%, 2, 25, 015 mm ;, ,,,, 2 mm,, 4, K 2 SO 4, K 2 Cr 2 O 7, FeSO 4,, 3, (, 2006), NH N ;, 24 h (, 1980) (, 1983)

3 10 : ,, W inrh IZO22007, ( TTC) (, 2003) DPS 210, Duncanπs , ( Pascual, et al., 2002) 2,,,, ;, 3, ( 7819% ) ; ( 1412% ), (5316% ),,, Treatment 2 Table 2 Effects of the earthworm on so il enzym e activ ities / (mg g - 1 d - 1 ) U rease Acid phosphatase Cinnamon soil Earthworm 1193a 1124c 1145c Control 1169b 1108d 1131d Fluvo2aquic soil Earthworm 0143c 1125c 2143a Control 0128e 0182e 0190e B rown soil Earthworm 0134d 2186a 2131b Control 0119f 2173b 1131d : P < 0105 Note: Values followed by different letters imply significantly differences at P < 0105 level in columns. The same below. A lkaline phosphatase 21112,,, (Cesare et al., 2000; Pascual, et al., 2002) 2, 3,,, 3, (5214% ) ; (1418% ) ; 3, (170% ),,,, (7613% ), (414% ),,, , (J imenez et al., 2002;, 2006) 1,, ;,,, 29912%,, ( 1)

4 , (Macarty et al., 1998) 1,, ;, 7216% 4712% 18014% F ig. 1 1 Effects of the earthworm on so il m icrob ioma ss carbon and m icrob ioma ss n itrogen , 3,, ; 3,, 10414% 21015% 3310%, 9313% 15419% 416%, 7811% 8610% 2016%, 7711% 3517% 5212%,, Treatment 3 Table 3 Effects of the earthworm on the growth of apple roots / ( g g - 1 h - 1 ) Root activity Tip / cm Root length / cm 2 Root surface area / cm 3 Root volume Cinnamon soil Earthworm 26199b a a a 66150a Control 26193b e e d 37156c Fluvo2aquic soil Earthworm 22187c b b c 38164c Control 17147d f f e 28147d B rown soil Earthworm 33115a c c b 60122b Control 28158b d d cd 39156c (, 2007),,,,,, ; ( 4),

5 10 : Table 4 Effects of the earthworm on the growth of apple new shoots Treatment /g W eight of new shoots /cm D iameter of new shoots Cinnamon soil Earthworm 20513b 1160a 31512b Control 14512d 1122c 26711c Fluvo2aquic soil Earthworm 22017a 1160a 37915a Control 13517d 1130bc 23717d B rown soil Earthworm 16514c 1140b 28116c Control 16011c 1120c 26217c /cm Total length of new shoots 3,,, ;,,,,,, 3, ( 2), ( Franzluebbers & A rshad, 1997),,, ( Franzluebbers & A rshad, 1997; Roscoe et al., 2000) ;,, (B rown et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2000), ( 1),,, 3, ( 1),,,,, 3,,,,, (B rown et al., 2004), ;,,,, ( Tomati & Galli, 1995;, 2002) ;,,,, References B rown G G, BaroisL, Lavelle P Regulation of soil organic matter dynam ics and m icrobial activity in the drilosphere and the role of interac2 tions with other edaphic functional domains. European Journal of Soil B iology, 36: B rown G G, Edwards C A, B russaard L How earthworm s affect p lant growth: Burrowing into the mechanism s Edwards C A. Earthworm ecology. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC: Cesare F D, Garzillo A M V, Buonocore V U se of sonication formeasuring acid phosphatase activity in soil. SoilB iology and B iochemistry, 32: Doran J W, Sarrantonio M, L iebigm A Soil health and sustainability. Advances in Agronomy, 56: 1-54.

6 Franzluebbers A J, A rshadm A Soilm icrobial biomass and m ineralizable carbon ofwater2stable aggregates. Soil Science Society ofamerica Journal, 61: Hallaire V, Curm i P, Duboisset A Soil structure changes induced by the trop ical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and organic inputs in a Peruvian ultisol. European Journal of Soil B iology, 36: Hu Pei, L iu De2hui, Hu Feng, Shen Q i2rong Plant hormones in earthworm casts and their p romotion on adventitious roots formation of mung bean cutting. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22: ( in Chinese),,, , 22: Jimenez M L, de la Horra A M, Pruzzo L Soil quality: A new index based on m icrobiological and biochem ical parameters. B iology and Fer2 tility of Soils, 35 (4) : L i You2kai Normal analysis methods of soil agro2chem istry. Beijing: Science Press. ( in Chinese) :. L i Hui2xin, Hu Feng, Shen Q i2rong, Chen Xiao2yun, Cang Long, W ang Xia Effect of earthworm inoculation on soil carbon and nitrogen dynam ics and on crop yield with app lication of corn residues. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 13 (12) : ,,,,, , 13 (12) : Macarty G W, Meisinger J J, Jenniskens F M M Relationship s between total2n, biomass2n and active2n in soil under different tillage and N fertilizer treatments. Soil B iology and B iochem istry, 27 (10) : Mulongoy K, Bedoret A Properties of worm casts and surface soils under various p lant covers in the hum id trop ics. Soil B iology and B io2 chemistry, 21: Pascual J A, Moreno J I, Hernandez T Persistence of immobilized and total urease and phosphatase activities in a soil amended with organic wastes. B ioresource Technology, 82 (1) : Roscoe R, Buurman P, Velthorst E J D isrup tion of soil aggregates by varied amounts of ultrasonic energy in fractionation of organic matter of a clay latosol: Carbon, nitrogen and 13 C distribution in particle2size fractions. European Journal of Soil Science, 51: Shen W ei2bao, Yang Hong2qing Effects of earthworm and m icro2organism on soil nutrient and heavy metal. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 41 (3) : ( in Chinese), , 41 (3) : Sparling G P Ratio of m icrobial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter. Soil Research, 30: Tomati U, Galli E Earthworms, soil fertility and plant p roductivity. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 196: W ang Xiao2li, Su Yi2rong, Huang Dao2you, Xiao He2ai, W ang L i2gang, W u Jin2shui Effects of land use on soil organic and m icrobial bio2 mass in hilly red soil region in subtropical China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 39 (4) : ( in Chinese),,,,, , 39 (4) : W u Jin2shui, L in Q i2mei, Huang Q iao2yun, Xiao He2ai Soil m icrobial biomass2methods and application. Beijing: China Meteorological Press. ( in Chinese),,, :. Yang Hong2qiang, Shu Huai2rui Studies on app le roots. Beijing: Science Press. ( in Chinese), :. Yang Hong2qing O rganic horticulture. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. ( in Chinese) :. Yelinda A, Flavio L, Eleusa B Effect of earthworm addition on soil nitrogen availability, m icrobial biomass and litter decomposition in me2 socosm s. B iology and Fertility of Soils, 39 (3) : Zhang Bao2gui, L i Gui2tong, Shen Tian2shou, W ang Jian2kui, Zhao Sun Changes in m icrobial biomass C, N, and P and enzyme activities in soil incubated with the earhtworm sm etaphire guillelm i or Eisenia fetida. Soil B iology and B iochemistry, 32: Zhang Zhi2liang, Qu W ei2jing The experimental guide for p lant physiology (3 rd). Beijing: H igher Education Press. ( in Chinese),. ( ). :. Zhou L i2kai, Zhang Zhi2ming Measurements of soil enzyme. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 5: ( in Chinese), , 5:

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