FRACTIONAL & DECIMAL INCH & METRIC EQUIVALENTS METRIC

Transcript

1 0 - PHONE:..00 FX: FONL & DEML NH & ME EQUVLENS Fractional Decimal / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ME NH mm Fractional Decimal / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / mm NH ME

2 U.S. O ME ONVESON MULPLES ME to U.S. PHONE:..00 FX:.. U.S. to ME E LENGH Millimeters x 0.0 = nches x.0 = nches x.0 = Feet x.0 = Yards Kilometers x 0. = Feet Kilometers x 0. = Statute Miles Kilometers x 0. = Nautical Miles Square mm x 0.00 = Square nches Square cm x 0.0 = Square nches Square x 0. = Square Feet Square x.0 = Square Yards Hectares x. = cres Square km x.0 = cres Square km x 0. = Square Miles nches x.000 = Millimeters nches x 0.0 = Feet x 0.0 = Yards x 0. = Feet x = Kilometers Statute Miles x.0 = Kilometers Nautical Miles x. = Kilometers Square nches x.0 = Square mm Square nches x. = Square cm Square Feet x 0.0 = Square Square Yards x 0. = Square cres x 0.0 = Hectares cres x = Square km Square Miles x.00 = Square km WEGH Grams x. = Grains Grams x 0.0 = Ounces (vd.) Grams x 0.0 = Fluid oz. (water) Kilograms x.0 = Ounces (vd.) Kilograms x.0 = Pounds (vd.) Metric ons x.0 = Net on (000 kg) (000 lbs.) Metric ons x 0. = Gross on (000 kg) (0 lbs.) Grains x 0.0 = Grams Ounces (vd.) x. = Grams Fluid oz. (water) x. = Grams Ounces (vd.) x 0.0 = Kilograms Pounds (vd.) x 0. = Kilograms Net on x 0.0 = Metric ons (000 lbs.) (000 kg) Gross on x.00 = Metric ons (0 lbs.) (000 kg) FOE Newtons x. = Ounces force Newtons x 0. = Pounds force Kilograms force x.0 = Pounds force Ounces force x 0.0 = Newtons Pounds force x. = Newtons Pounds force x 0. = Kilograms force OQUE Newton x. = Ounce force nches Newton x.0 = Pound force nches Newton x 0. = Pound force Feet Ounce force nches x 0.00 = Newton Pound force nches x 0.0 = Newton Pound force Feet x. = Newton 0 POWE Kilowatt x.0 = Watt x 0.00 = x 0. = Kilowatt x. = Watt -

3 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. ONVESON OF SMLL NH O mm mm inches mm inches mm inches millimeters (mm) inches inches

4 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. ONVESON OF SMLL mm O NH inches mm inches mm inches mm inches millimeters (mm) mm

5 MULPLES FO S UNS PHONE:..00 FX:.. OQUE dy cm g cm 0. N m x Multiply y N m 0 oz. in..0 x 0 lb. in..0 x 0 lb. ft.. x 0 o Obtain dy cm.00 x x x x 0.0 x 0. x 0. x 0 g cm N m x x x 0 -. x x x N m oz. in..0 x 0 -. x x x 0 - lb. in. 0. x 0 - g cm. x 0 -. x 0 - Multiple and Submultiple,000,000,000,000 = 0,000,000,000 = 0,000,000 = 0,000 = 0 00 = 0 0 = 0 0. = = = = = = = = 0 Multiply y oz. in. rpm watts hp. x 0 -. x 0 -. x 0-0. PEFXES FO S UNS POWE Multiply y.00 x 0. kg m oz. in. s NE Prefix tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto o Obtain oz. in. rpm watts hp oz. in..0 x 0 - Symbol G M k h da d c m m n p f a o Obtain. x 0 - GEEK LPHE a lpha b eta G g Gamma D d Delta E e Epsilon Z z Zeta H h Eta Q q heta i ota K k Kappa L l Lambda M m Mu N n Nu X x Xi O o Omicron P p Pi r ho S V Sigma t au U u Upsilon F f Phi c hi Y y Psi W w Omega lb. ft x 0.0 x 0.. x 0 g cm kg m. x 0. x 0.. x x 0 oz. in. s oz. in. -

6 MSELLNEOUS ONVESON FOS PHONE:..00 FX:.. onventional Quantity S Unit onversion Factors nch Unit Metric Unit Length rea Mass Force Stress Pressure orque Work Power Velocity cceleration nch in. Square nch in. Pound Mass lb. Pound Force lbf Pounds Per Square nch lbf/in. nch Pounds lbf in. Pound Feet Per Minute lbf ft./ Feet Per Second ft./sec. Feet Per Second Square ft./sec. Meter m Square entimeter cm Kilogram Mass kg Kilogram Force kgf Kilogram Per Square entimeter kgf/cm Kilogram kgf m Kilogram Per Second kgf m/s Per Second m/sec. Per Second Square m/sec. Metre m Square Metre m Kilogram Mass kg Newton N Pascal N/m (Pa) Newton Metres N m Newton Per Second N m/s Metres Per Second m/sec. Metres Per Second Square m/sec. in. =. mm mm = 0.0 in. m =.0 ft. ft. = 0.0 m in. =. cm cm = 0. in. m = 0. ft. ft. = 0.00 m lb. = 0. kg kg =.0 lb. lbf = 0. kgf lbf =. N kgf =.0 lbf kgf =.0 N N = 0.0 kgf N = 0.0 lbf MPa (megapascal) = 0 N/m = N/mm kpa (kilopascal) = 0 N/m lbf/in. = kgf/cm lbf/in. = kgf/mm lbf/in. =. 0 - N/mm (MPa) kgf/cm =. lbf/in. kgf/cm = N/mm (MPa) lbf in. =. kgf cm kgf cm = 0. lbf in. lbf in. = 0. N m kgf m =.0 N m kgf cm = N m N m =. lbf in. N m = 0. kgf cm kw = 000 N m/s kw = 0,000 N m/ kw =,0 lbf ft./ kw =. hp hp = kgf m/s hp =, N m/ hp =,000 lbf ft./ hp = 0. kw ft./sec. = 0.0 m/sec. in./sec. =. cm/sec. ft./ = m/sec. mph = 0.0 m/sec. km/hr = 0. m/sec. mph =.0 km/hr ft./sec. = 0.0 m/sec. 0 -

7 MSELLNEOUS ONVESON FOS (ON.) Linear inch inch foot foot foot yard yard yard yard statute mile statute mile statute mile.00 millimeters (mm). centimeters (cm) inches (in.) 0. yards (yd.) 0.0 meters (m) inches (in.) feet (ft.). centimeters (cm) 0. meters (m) 0 feet (ft.) 0 yards (yd.).0 kilometers (km) PHONE:..00 FX:.. millimeter centimeter inch yard meter inch foot centimeter meter kilometer kilometer kilometer 0.0 inches (in.) 0. inches (in.) 0.0 feet (ft.) feet (ft.).0 feet (ft.) 0.0 yards (yd.) 0. yards (yd.) 0.00 yards (yd.).0 yards (yd.) feet (ft.) 0 yards (yd.) 0. statute mile rea Volume sq. inch sq. foot sq. foot sq. foot sq. yard sq. yard cu. inch cu. inch cu. inch cu. inch cu. inch cu. foot cu. foot cu. foot cu. foot cu. yard cu. yard pint quart quart quart quart quart gallon gallon gallon. sq. centimeters sq. inches.0 sq. centimeters 0.00 sq. meters sq. feet 0. sq. meters cu. feet 0.00 gallons (gal.). cu. centimeters cu. meters 0.0 liters (l) cu. inches. gallons (gal.) 0.0 cu. meters. liters (l) cu. feet 0.0 cu. meters 0. liters (l) pints (pt.) 0. gallons (gal.). cu. inches 0.0 cu. feet 0. liters (l) cu. inches 0. cu. feet. liters (l) sq. centimeter sq. inch sq. centimeter sq. meter sq. foot sq. meter cu. foot gallon cu. centimeter cu. meter liter cu. inch gallon cu. meter liter cu. foot cu. meter liter pint gallon cu. inch cu. foot liter cu. inch cu. foot liter 0.00 sq. inch 0.00 sq. feet sq. feet 0. sq. feet 0. sq. yards. sq. yards cu. inches cu. inches 0.00 cu. inches 0 cu. inches.0 cu. inches cu. feet 0. cu. feet. cu. feet 0.0 cu. feet 0.00 cu. yards.0 cu. yards. pints (pt.) 0.0 quarts (qt.) quarts (qt.) 0.0 quarts (qt.). quarts (qt.).0 quarts (qt.) 0.00 gallons (gal.). gallons (gal.) 0. gallons (gal.) 0 Weight Pressure ounce ounce pound pound pound pound/sq. inch pound/sq. foot pound/sq. yard ounce/cu. inch pound/cu. foot. grams (g) 0.0 kilograms (kg) ounces (oz.). grams (g) 0. kilograms (kg) kg/sq. cm. kilograms/sq. m 0. kilograms/sq. m.00 grams/cu. cm.0 kilograms/cu. m gram kilogram ounce gram kilogram kilogram/sq. cm kilogram/sq. meter kilogram/sq. meter gram/cu. cm kilogram/cu. meter 0.0 ounces (oz.). ounces (oz.) 0.0 pounds (lb.) pounds (lb.).0 pounds (lb.). pounds/sq. in. 0.0 pounds/sq. ft.. pounds/sq. yd. 0.0 ounce/cu. in. 0.0 pounds/cu. ft. -

8 MSELLNEOUS ONVESON FOS (ON.) o onvert nto Multiply y mperes/sq. cm mperes/sq. in. mpere-hours mpere-turns mpere-turns/cm mpere-turns/cm mpere-turns/in. mpere-turns/in. ngstrom unit ngstrom unit tmospheres tmospheres tmospheres tmospheres ars ars ars tu tu tu tu tu tu tu/hr. tu/hr. tu/hr. tu/hr. tu/ tu/ tu/ tu/ alories, gram (mean) andle/sq. in. entigrade entiliters entimeters entimeters entimeters entimeters entimeter-dynes entimeter-dynes entimeters/sec. entimeters/sec. ircular mils ircular mils ircular mils ircumference oulombs oulombs/sq. cm oulombs/sq. in. ubic centimeters ubic centimeters ubic centimeters ubic centimeters ubic feet mperes/sq. in. mperes/sq. cm oulombs Gilberts mpere-turns/in. Gilberts/cm mpere-turns/cm Gilberts/cm nches Microns (mus) ms of mercury Ft. of water ( ) n. of mercury (0 ) Pounds/sq. in. tmospheres Dynes/sq. cm Pounds/sq. in. Gram-calories -hrs. Kilowatt-hrs. /sec. Gram-cal./sec. -hrs. /sec. Kilowatts tu (mean) Lamberts Fahrenheit Feet nches Millimeters entimeter-grams Pound-feet Feet/sec. Feet/sec. Sq. centimeters Sq. mils Sq. inches adians Faradays oulombs/sq. in. oulombs/sq. cm u. inches Gallons (U.S. liquid) Quarts (U.S. liquid) u. nches x x x x x x ( x /) x x 0 -. x x x x x x 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. o onvert nto Multiply y ubic feet ubic feet ubic feet ubic feet ubic feet/ ubic inches ubic inches ubic inches ubic inches ubic inches ubic meters ubic meters ubic meters Days Degrees/sec. Degress/sec. Degrees/sec. Degrees (angle) Degrees (angle) Degrees (angle) Dynes/cm Dynes/sq. cm Dynes/sq. cm Dynes Dynes Dynes Dynes Dynes/sq. cm Erg/sec. /sec. /sec. /sec. /sec. Farads Faradays Faradays Feet Feet Feet Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water Feet of water Feet/ Feet/ Feet/sec. Feet/sec. Feet/sec. u. meters u. yards Gallons (U.S. liq.) u. cms/sec. u. centimeters u. feet Gallons (U.S. liq.) Quarts (U.S. liq.) Gallons (U.S. liq.) Pints (U.S. liq.) Seconds adians/sec. evolutions/ evolutions/sec. Quadrants adians Seconds Erg/sq. millimeter tmospheres n. of mercury (0 ) Grams /cm /m (Newtons) Pounds ars Dyne-cm/sec. tu Dyne-centimeters Grams-calories Grams-cms Watt-hours tu/ /sec. Kilowatts Microfarads mpere-hours oulombs entimeters Millimeters tmospheres nches of mercury Kilograms/sq. cm Pounds/sq. in. entimeters/sec. Miles/hr. entimeters/sec. /sec. Miles/h s x 0 -. x x x 0 -. x x x x x 0-0. x x x 0-0. x 0 -. x 0 -. x x

9 0 MSELLNEOUS ONVESON FOS (ON.) o onvert nto Multiply y Foot-candles / / / / / /sec. /sec. /sec. Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons of water Gausses Gausses Gausses Gilberts Gilberts/cm Gilberts/cm Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams/cu. cm Grams/cu. cm Gram-calories Gram-calories Gram-calories Gram-calories Gram-calories Gram-calories/sec. Gram-centimeters Gram-centimeters Gram-centimeters Henries -hrs. -hrs. -hrs. -hrs. -hrs. -hrs. Hours nches nches nches nches of mercury nches of mercury Lumens/sq. meter tu Gram-calories tu/ /sec. Kg-calories/ Kilowatts tu/ Kilowatts u. feet u. inches Pounds of water Lines/sq. in. Webers/sq. cm Webers/sq. in. mpere-turns mpere-turns/cm mpere-turns/in. Dynes /cm Kilograms Milligrams Ounces (avd.) Pounds Pounds/cu. ft. Pounds/cu. in. tu -hrs. Watt-hrs. tu-hr. tu Millihenries tu/ / /sec. Kg-calories/ tu Gram-calories Kilowatt-hrs. Weeks entimeters Millimeters Mils tmospheres Feet of water 0.. x 0 -. x x x 0 -. x x x 0 -. x x x x x 0 -. x x x x x x 0. x 0 0. x x PHONE:..00 FX:.. o onvert nto Multiply y nches of mercury Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms/sq. cm Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilogram-calories Kilolines Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers/hr. Kilometers/hr. Kilometers/hr. Kilometers/hr. Kilometers/hr. Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatts Kilowatt-hrs. Kilowatt-hrs. Kilowatt-hrs. Kilowatt-hrs. Kilowatt-hrs. Lines/sq. cm Lines/sq. in. Lines/sq. in. Lumens Lumens Lumens/sq. ft. Lumens/sq. ft. Maxwells Maxwells Megohms / /sec. /sec. /sec. /sec. /sec. /sec. Pounds/sq. in. tu Kilogram-calories Watt-hrs. Grams Pounds ons (short) Pounds/sq. in. tu Kilowatt-hrs. Maxwells Miles Feet/sec. Miles/hr. entimeters/sec. Feet/sec. Miles/hr. tu/ /sec. Kg-calories/ tu Gram-calories -hrs. Gausses Gausses Webers/sq. in. u. centimeters u. feet u. inches Gallons (U.S. liq.) Spher. candle power Foot-candles Lumens/sq. meter Kilolines Webers Ohms entimeters Feet nches Kilometers Yards Feet/sec. Feet/sec. Kilometers/hr. Miles/hr. Feet/sec. Kilometers/hr. Miles/hr x x 0 -. x x x x x

10 MSELLNEOUS ONVESON FOS (ON.) o onvert nto Multiply y Microfarads Microhms Microhms Microns Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Miles/hr. Miles/hr. Miles/hr. Miles/h s Miles/h s Miles/h s Millimicrons Milligrams Millihenries Milliliters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Mils Mils Minutes (angles) Minutes (angles) Ohms Ounces Ounces Ounces (fluid) Ounces (fluid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Poise Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds of water Pounds of water Pounds of water Pound-feet Pound-feet Pound-feet Pounds/cu. in. Pounds/cu. in. Pounds/sq. in. Pounds/sq. in. Pounds/sq. in. Pounds/sq. in. Quarts (liquid) Quarts (liquid) adians adians/sec. adians/sec. evolutions Farads Megohms Ohms entimeters Feet nches Kilometers Feet/ Feet/sec. / entimeters/sec. Feet/sec. Kilometers/h s Grams Henries entimeters nches Mils entimeters nches Degrees adians Megohms Grams Pounds u. inches u. centimeters u. feet u. inches Gallons Quarts (liquid) Grams/cm. sec. Dynes Grams Kilograms Ounces u. feet u. inches Gallons entimeter-dynes entimeter-grams Meter-kilograms Grams/cu. cm Pounds/cu. ft. tmospheres Feet of water nches of mercury Pounds/sq. ft. Gallons Degrees Degrees/sec. evs./sec. Degrees x 0 0. x x x x x PHONE:..00 FX:.. o onvert nto Multiply y evolutions evolutions/ evolutions/ evolutions/ evolutions/ evolutions/sec. evolutions/sec. evolutions/sec. Seconds (angles) Seconds (angles) Slugs Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square centimeters Square feet Square feet Square feet Square inches Square inches Square inches Square inches Square meters Square meters Square meters Square meters Square millimeters Square millimeters Square millimeters Square mils Square mils Square mils emp. ( ) + emp. ( ) +. emp. ( F) + 0 emp. ( F) - ons (short) ons (short) Volts/inch Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Watt-hours Webers Webers Webers/sq. in. Webers/sq. in. Webers/sq. in. Yards adians Degrees/sec. adians/sec. adians/sec. evolutions/sec. Degrees/sec. adians/sec. adians/sec. Degrees Minutes Pounds ircular mils Sq. inches Sq. meters Sq. millimeters ircular mils Sq. centimeters Sq. inches ircular mils Sq. centimeters Sq. millimeters Sq. mils Sq. centimeters Sq. feet Sq. inches Sq. millimeters ircular mils Sq. centimeters Sq. inches ircular mils Sq. centimeters Sq. inches bsolute temp. ( ) emperature ( F) bsolute temp. ( F) emperature ( ) Ounces Pounds Volts/cm tu/hr. tu/ /sec. /sec. Kg-calories/ Kilowatts tu Gram-calories -hrs. Kilogram-calories Kilowatt-hrs. Maxwells Kilolines Gausses Lines/sq. in. Webers/sq. cm x 0 -. x x x x 0. x x x / x x x x

11 FOMULS OF : ENEGY, NE, OQUE, POWE & WOK PHONE:..00 FX:.. Many components such as clutches, brakes, couplings, drive belts, etc. are used in applications where starting, stopping or reversing of a load is involved. Factors and formulas needed to establish the power requirements are given here. Kinetic Energy of otation Starting from basic equation where E = mv m is mass = V is velocity in... ft. lb. W G ft. sec. is slugs i.e. lb. sec. ft. W = weight in lbs G = gravitational acceleration in ft./sec. (G =. ft./sec. = in./sec. ) f we assume that the entire mass is concentrated at the radius of gyration k, then we can substitute () V = kπn 0... ft. sec. where N is in rpm; k is in feet Substituting values for V and G in the basic equation, we obtain Wk E =. G N. = Wk N... ft. lb. nertia n simple terms, nertia is the property of a body at rest to stay at rest, or in motion to remain in motion. Wk Expression = G is known as mass moment of inertia and is given in ft. lb. sec. G Often, expression Wk = in lb. ft. is used as "moment of inertia in weight units". t is proportional to G and its proportionality factor G =. is often lumped with other constants. () 0-0

12 FOMULS OF : ENEGY, NE, OQUE, POWE & WOK able below tabulates the values of Wk for commonly used cross sections. PHONE:..00 FX:.. Part ircular ylinder adius Of Gyration K (Feet) K (Feet ) r W (Weight n lb.) w = Density Of Material n lb./cu. in. = wk (lb. ft. ) WK G = G (lb. ft. sec. ) 0. D K =.0wLD 0.wLD.wLD Hollow ircular ylinder 0. D + D K = able compiled based on eferences and. r + r.0wl(d - D ) 0.wL(D - D ).wl(d - D ) Nomographs on subsequent pages facilitate conversion of different units of inertia. table shows actual inertia values for discs of different diameters. Equivalent nertia Must be considered when inertia has to be reflected to a shaft which rotates at a different speed. ( ) EQ at = ( N N ) Example: nertia at the clutch output: ( ) N N L = + + N ( N ) nput lutch N N N () orque f a body of inertia G is accelerated at a constant angular acceleration θ (radians/sec. ), the necessary constant torque is = G θ... lb. ft. f the acceleration speeds up the load N (rpm) within t (seconds), then the angular acceleration can be expressed as: ω π N θ = =... rad/sec. t 0t where ω is the change of angular velocity in radians/sec. Substitution into () yields Wk = π N Wk N =... ft. lb.. 0t 0t () () () 0 -

13 FOMULS OF : ENEGY, NE, OQUE, POWE & WOK PHONE:..00 FX:.. Work and Power Work is the product of the magnitude of a force and the distance over which the force is applied. Power is the time rate at which the work is performed. Unit of power is hp = 0 ft. lb./sec. =,000 ft. lb./ r (ft.) Hence, hp = P rπn = P r N = N...,000 Since torque = P r. he following table can be constructed. (Note that hp =. watts.) () P (lb.) N (rpm) HOSEPOWE equals WS equals When given in N N.0 = 0. N N =. N 0 0 N. =. N 0 - N = 0.0 N 0 - N. 0 - = 0. N 0 - ft. lb. in. lb. in. oz. N = rpm EFEENES:. "he Significance of WK and How to alculate t", Product Engineering June, 0 page. SME Handbook, Engineering ables, McGraw Hill o.,. "alculating Mass Moments of nertia" Product Engineering, Jan. page 0 Power, orque, in. oz rpm POWE S FUNON OF ND N -

14 NE OF OUND DSS PHONE:..00 FX:.. o determine W of a shaft or disc, multiply numbers given in the table by the length of shaft or thickness of disc in inches. For hollow shafts or rings, subtract W of the.d. from the W of the O.D., and then multiply by length or thickness in inches. Per nch of Length or hickness Dia. (in.) W (lb. x ft. ) Dia. (in.) W (lb. x ft. ) Dia. (in.) W (lb. x ft. ) / / /.000 -/.0. -/.00 -/. 0. -/.00 -/ /.00 -/. 0. -/.00 -/.. -/.0 -/ /.0 -/.. -/.0 -/...0 -/.. -/.0.. -/.0 -/ /. 0. -/. -/ / /..0. -/ / / / / /.. -/ /.. -/.. 0 -/ / /.. Equals Power onversion Equivalents U/ ft. lbs/ ft. lbs/sec. kilowatts watts Kilowatt Equals., U/ ft. lbs/ ft. lbs/sec. horsepower watts 0 -

15 NE ONVESON LE lb. ft. lb. ft. s lb. in. lb. in. s oz. in. oz. in. s kg cm kg cm s g cm g cm s PHONE:..00 FX:.. NE ONVESON LE lb ft s lb ft or lb in lb in s oz in oz in s slug ft.. x x x x 0 -. x x 0 -. x 0 -. x 0 -. x x 0 -. x 0 -. x 0 -. x 0 -. x x 0 - NOE: o convert from to multiply by entry in table..0 x 0. x 0. x x 0. x 0 -. Example: onvert a rotor inertia of 0 g cm to oz. in. sec. he multiplier from the table above is. x 0 - he new inertia = 0 x. x 0 - =. x 0 oz. in. sec.. x 0.. x x x 0 -. x 0 -. x 0 -. x x x 0 -. x 0 -. x x 0 -. x 0 - kg cm kg cm s g cm g cm s.0. x 0..0 x x x x x x x 0.. x 0. x 0. x 0.0 x x x x x 0-0 -

16 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. OMPOSE OF NH ND ME DLL SZES Number or Letter Size Number or Letter Size Number or Letter Size Fraction Fraction Fraction nch Series nch Series nch Series Drill Designation Drill Designation Drill Designation Metric Series Metric Series Metric Series Size Size Size nches Dec. Equiv. nches Dec. Equiv. nches Dec. Equiv. mm mm mm / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

17 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. OMPOSE OF NH ND ME DLL SZES Number or Letter Size Number or Letter Size Number or Letter Size Fraction Fraction Fraction nch Series nch Series nch Series Drill Designation Drill Designation Drill Designation Metric Series Metric Series Metric Series Size Size Size nches Dec. Equiv. nches Dec. Equiv. nches Dec. Equiv. mm mm mm / / / / / / / D E F G H J K L M N O P Q / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / S U V W X Y Z

18 SNDDS FO NH SZE FSENES Screw Size 0 PHONE:..00 FX: /" H O.D..D. H O.D. H O.D..D. O.D..D. H Points / x hd Dia learance Hole hd Dia H ounterbore Flats x hd Dia x hd Dia ap Drill Fastening ccessories ounterbore or Spotface Dia. learance Drill Plain Washer Split Washer External Washer nternal Washer Machine Nuts Plain Washer Split Lock Washer No. Washer Sheet Metal Machined Part ap Drill or ore hds. Per nch No. Dec. No. Dec. No. Dec. Flats Pts. H O.D..D. H O.D..D. H O.D. H O.D..D. H / / / / /.0 / / / /.0 / / / /. / / / / /.0 / / / /. / / / /.0 / / / /. / / / /. /. / Screw Size & hread Dia /".0 -

19 0 - PHONE:..00 FX:.. SEW HED DMENSONS Screw Size Screw Head ype /" /" /" Fillister Head ound Head Pan Head (inding) russ Head Flat Head Flat Head Oval Head Hex Head Hex Socket Head

20 ME HED SPEFONS d PHONE:..00 FX:.. NENL HED P/ H/ 0 H/ P/ H h H 0 P/ H/ H/ d EXENL HED H/ D d P D 0 XS OF SEW HED H = 0.0P h = 0.P H = 0.P r = H = 0.P d = d - 0.P (Effective Pitch Diameter) D = d - H (Minor Diameter nternal) d = d - h (Minor Diameter External) D = (Major Diameter) d asic hread Designation M M. M M. M M. M M M M M0 P Pitch mm hreads Per nch ap Drill mm d asic Pitch Diameter d External Min NOE: bove limits are based on DN Sheet for medium tolerance class. For external threads: M olerance h M. and up olerance g For internal threads: M olerance H M. and up olerance H Minor Diameter Limits Max Min D nternal Max

21 DESGNNG MNUE EL DVE Step. Determine the peak torque for your drive. his is usually the motor starting torque, but may also be any unusual momentary or shock load which may occur during normal operation. Step. Determine the largest pulley diameters that can be utilized, considering the space limitations and drive ratio of your system. his helps to increase the torque capacity of the drive and extend the service life of the belt. Step. alculate the teeth in mesh (..M.) using Formula in able. onsult able for the teeth in mesh factor. Divide the peak torque (from Step ) by the..m. factor to determine the design torque by using Formula in able. Step. alculate the belt pitch length based on the design center distance of your drive using Formula in able. PHONE:..00 FX:.. Step. Using Formula in able, calculate the effective tension (e) on the drive using the pitch radius and design torque of the smallest loaded pulley in the system. Step. (a) Select the strength factor for your application from able. Divide the effective tension from Step by the strength factor to determine the required break strength for the belt design. (b) Multiply by to represent a double span break. onsult able to determine the required reinforcement type and belt width. he value listed in the table must be greater than the design break strength. Step. Using the torque capacity graph, select a belt width that is capable of handling the design torque with the selected pulley size. Note: his belt width may be different from the width selected in Step. he belt width required for the system will be the wider of the two. Step. Divide the belt pitch length by the tooth pitch selected and round the result to the nearest whole number. his is the number of teeth on the belt for your application. djust the nominal center distance of your drive design to match the belt using Formula in able. Step. Special Note: Limiting torque values must be multiplied by 0. for fiberglass reinforced belts. MPON NOE lways incorporate a means of adjusting center distance to allow for pitch length manufacturing tolerance. 0 ENGNEENG FOMULS able No. Unknown Where Formula enter Distance (using unequal size pulleys D = for drive and driven) (approximation formula) elt Pitch Length (approximation formula) Number of eeth on elt elt Speed eeth in Mesh Effective ension D = center distance mm (in.) PL = belt pitch length mm (in.) D = large pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) d = small pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) PL = belt pitch length mm (in.) D = center distance mm (in.) D = large pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) d = small pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) N = number of teeth on belt PL = belt pitch length mm (in.) P = tooth pitch mm (in.) V = belt speed mm/sec. (in./sec.) D r = pitch diameter of driver pulley mm (in.) rpm = speed of driver /..M. = teeth in mesh N d = number of teeth on small pulley D = center distance mm (in.) D = large pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) d = small pulley pitch dia. mm (in.) e = effective tension N (lbf) d = design torque N mm (lbf in.) r = pulley radius mm (in.) b + b - [ x (D - d ) ] b = ( x PL) - [ x (D + d )] (D - d ) PL = ( x D) + [. x (D + d )] + ( x D ) N = PL P V = D x x rpm 0..M. = 0. - e = d r [ ( (D - d ) )] N ( x D ) d Design orque d = design torque N mm (lbf in.) pk = peak torque N mm (lbf in.) pk d =..M. factor -0

22 DESGNNG MNUE EL DVE ENGNEENG FOMULS able - eeth in Mesh Factor eeth in Mesh on Drive or more..m. Factor ENGNEENG FOMULS able - Strength Factor PHONE:..00 FX:.. Drive Description Examples Strength Factor ritical Positioning olerance High Positioning olerance Low Positioning olerance Pen Plotter, Printers and Medical Equipment, Paper Handling Home ppliances, urrency Equipment and ccuracy and ccuracy and ccuracy Pick and Place obots and Security ameras and Light Load Unidirectional Drives ENGNEENG FOMULS able - reaking Strength elt Width Kevlar N (lbf) Fiberglass N (lbf) mm 0 (0) (0) mm (0) () 00. LMNG OQUE (N mm) OQUE PY with Kevlar ords NOE: Multiply limiting torque values by 0. when selecting fiberglass reinforced belts mm KEVL mm KEVL LMNG OQUE (lbf in.) (0.) 0 (0.) (0.) 0 (0.) (0.) 0 (.) PH DMEE mm (in.) -