Carbon and Conducting Polymer Composites for Supercapacitors

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1 PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY Vol. 21 No. 9 Sep., 2009 Π ( ) Π,,,,,,,,,, : O646 ; TB332 : A : X(2009) Carbon and Conducting Polymer Composites for Supercapacitors An Hongf ang Wang Xianyou 3 3 Li Na Zheng Liping Chen Quanqi ( Key Laboratory of Materials Design and Preparation Technology of Hunan Province, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan , China) Abstract CarbonΠconducting polymer composite is a novel electrode material which is recently used for the application of supercapacitors. The composites of carbon and metal oxide, or carbon and conducting polymers can fully combine advantages of double2layer capacitance of carbon materials and pseudo2capacitance of metal oxide or conducting polymer, and thus the materials can provide not only high specific capacitance and working voltage, but also excellent cycle stability. In this paper, we illustrate the recent research progress of the composites of carbon at home and abroad, such as active carbon, carbon nanotubes and conducting polymers, and believe that the composites of carbon and conducting polymers will be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, especially carbon aerogels, mesoporous carbon prepared by template synthesis, and carbide derived carbon which is prepared by selective thermo2chemical etching from carbide in chlorine gas flow. Key words carbon ; conducting polymers ; composites ; supercapacitors Contents 1 Introduction 2 Energy storage mechanism of supercapacitors using carbonπconducting polymer 3 Carbon and conducting polymer composites 311 Carbon 312 Conducting polymer 313 CarbonΠconducting polymer composites 4 Conclusion 1 (supercapacitors), (electrochemical capacitors,ecs), : , : (No ) (No. 08A067) 3 3 Corresponding author e2mail com

2 9 Π 1833,, ( ) ; ; ;, 1 [1] 1 [1 ] Fig. 1 Taxonomy of the supercapacitor materials [1 ] 1,,, [2 ], [3 ],, [1 ] RuO 2, FΠg, [4 ], ; MnO 2,Co 3 O 4,NiO,,20 200FΠg, RuO 2,, [5,6 ] ; [7 9 ] :(PANI),(PPy), 3,42( PEDOT), : PANI 775FΠg [10 ], PPy 480FΠg [11 ], PEDOT 210FΠg [12 ],,,, Π 2 Π Π, [13 ], 4,,, [3 ], p n, p2doping : n2doping : (polymer) + ya - [ (polymer) y + ya - ] + ye - (polymer) + yc + + ye - [ (polymer) y - yc + ], [1 ] 2 p [1 ],,, ( Cl - ) Π,,, Π,,,

3 [1 ] Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of pseudo2capacitance in a conducting polymer [1 ] 3 Π 311, 1957 Beck [14 ], [15 ] [16 ] [17 ] [18 ] [19 ] [20 ] [21 ] [22 ] [23 ] ( IUPAC1972) ( W) : W > 50nm ;2nm < W < 50nm ; W < 2nm,,,,,,,, [24 ], Pekala [25 ], 1 2,,, ( SΠm),, 80 % 98 %, 50nm, 3 20nm Li [26 ],,, 6molΠL KOH, 11016FΠg (carbon nanotubes,cnts) 1991 [27 ],, 100 %, , Heeger, MacDiarmid (Shirakawa), ( I, AsF 5 ) 9, 10-6 SΠcm 10 3 SΠcm [28 ] 2000 PANI,PPy,( PTh) PEDOT (32(42) ) (PFPT) PANI, [29 ], Mi [30 ] PANI,, 2mAΠcm 2, 428FΠg ;9mAΠcm 2, 31 %,PANI, PANI,PPy [31 ] Sharma [32 ], 400FΠg, 250WhΠkg, %, %,, n, p,,,,311v, [3,33 ] Laforgue [34 ] PTh PFPT,,PTh PFPT 250FΠg 110FΠg PTh,PFPT, 3V 313 Π

4 9 Π 1835,,, 31311,,,,, [35 ] (APS),, PANIΠ APS 7 1 1, 95 %, 239FΠg409FΠg, 7111 % [36 ] Π (PANIΠC), PANI 4614 % 1molΠL H 2 SO 4, Nafion117,,, V 310mAΠcm 2,8311FΠg, 82 %, 2110WhΠkg, 3 [37 ] PANI, PANIΠC, 1molΠL H 2 SO 4 PANIΠC, 82FΠg175FΠg ; PANIΠC 3017FΠg, ; PANIΠC, 016V1V Muthulakshmi [38 ] PPy,,1mVΠs, 354FΠg Kim [39 ] ( vapor grown carbon fibers, VGCF) PPy,, 6molΠL KOH, (PV) PPy 8 %, PPy 10nm,,30mVΠs, 588FΠg, 200mVΠs, 550FΠg PPy, 10nm,PPy Selvakumar [40 ] PEDOT,, 10mVΠs158FΠg, 1 1, PANI PPy 1 Table 1 The preparation technology and the specific capacitance of various composites electrode material preparation technology specific capacitance of electrode (FΠg) carbon polymer composite ref PANIΠC in2situ polymerization PANIΠC cyclic voltammetry PPyΠC in2situ electrochemical polymerization PPyΠC in2situ polymerization PEDOTΠC electrochemical deposition ,,,,, Wang [41 ],PANI, 3 015AΠg 900FΠg,3 000, 5 %, 100 %,

5 [41 ] Fig. 3 Scheme of preparation process of whiskerlike PANI on the surface of mesoporous carbon [41 ] Xing [42 ] PANI,, PANI 60215FΠg, Chen [43 ] PANI,, 92FΠg180FΠg,1 000, 82 % PANI CNTs,,,,100 FΠg [20 ], Deng [44] CNTs,PANIΠCNTs 1molΠL NaNO 3,10mVΠs,, 5mAΠcm 2, CNTs PANIΠCNTs 47FΠg 183FΠg CNTs PANIΠCNTs Wh kg - 1, Zhou [45 ] PANIΠ CNTs, CNTs PANI,,, 1molΠL NaNO 3, 8, PANIΠ CNTs 19016FΠg, PANI (16915FΠg) Gupta [46] PANI CNTs,, PANI, PANI 73 %,CNTs PANI, 463FΠg,500, 5 %;1 000,, PANIΠCNTs Wang [47 ] CNTs,PPy,PPy CNTs, ECs 202FΠg, PPyΠCNTs, Kim [48 ] CNTs,PPy,, PPyΠCNTs 4 PPy 8314 %, 4 PPyΠCNTs : (a) CNTsΠ, (b) PPy2CNTsΠ, (c) PPyΠCNTs [48 ] Fig. 4 Schematic of preparation of ( a) as2deposited CNTsΠ nanosized silica thin film, (b) PPy2coated CNTsΠnanosilica thin film, and ( c) PPyΠCNTs thin film after removal of nanosize silica [48 ]

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