ERP. N1 P1 100 ~ 200 ms. Smith Patalano & Jo- nodes 1998 Valdes-Soda Bobes & Rodriguez / Cueing tasks Lai ERP Lai & Mangels 2007.

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1 B A ERP * ERP / N1 P1 100 ~ 200 ms P1 Smith Patalano & Jo- nodes 1998 Valdes-Soda Bobes & Rodriguez 1998 / Cueing tasks Lai 2007 ERP Lai & Mangels 2007 / sneaker W < > N1 Henderson 1991 Pestilli & Carrasco 2005 * 05JJDXLX ABA WW ly6312@ 163. com ERP ERP N1 P

2 Gazzaley Cooney & McEvoy 2005 N320 ITN inferior temporal negativity 400 ~ 600 ms ITN Hamm 2001 N300 P290 N400 Nobre & McCarthy 1994 Miniussi Marzi & Nobre 2005 Lai & Mangels 2007 Miniussi et al P290 / N300 N400 ERP Kiefer 160 ~ 200 ms 300 ~ 500 ms Kiefer 2002 / Smith et al ± 1. 6 ERP ~ 250 ms Snodgrass Snodgrass & Corwin 1988 Pratarelli ~ 325 ms McPherson & Holcomb ~ 350 ms Barrett & Rugg ~ 500 ms Pratarelli ~ 500 ms McPherson & Holcomb 1992 P290 2 / / Kiefer 2001 / 350 ~ 550 ms Barrett & Rugg 1990 Lai & Mangels

3 ERP / 4 / / / NeuroScan Stim2 trial ms 500 ms 1800 ms ~ % 15% ~ 5 70% ~ 5 / Neuroscan EEG / ERP Quick-cap64 Ag / AgCl 10 ~ < 325 ms ~ 475 ms ~ 600 ms 0 > 600 ms + 3 < 525 ms ~ 675 ms ~ 800 ms / 0 > 800 ms Hz ~ 100 Hz 50 Hz μv / LSB 5KΩ 200 ms trials 70% 1cm HEOG VEOG 500Hz 1 115

4 SCAN Ocular Artifact Reduction p < ~ 1400 ms ~ 0 ms ± 100μV ERP 1 P1 50 ~ 150 ms N1 50 ~ 150 ms 180 ~ 280 ms 350 ~ 500 ms P ~ 260 ms SCAN Peak Detection Lai 2007 PZ P6 T8 CZ FT8 FZ T7 FT7 FP2 FP1 POZ PO8 PO7 P5 F6 F5 FPZ 17 / 533 ± ± / 554 ± ± N1 / 551 ± ± PZ POZ P5 P6 PO7 PO ± ± P1 554 ± ± P3 P4 P5 P6 PO3 PO4 503 ± ± P290 Lai 3. 2 & Mangels / P1 F 2 28 = p < P1 p < SPSS11. 0 P1 P Greenhouse-Geisser / N1 F = p < PZ F 2 28 = p < N1 p < Lai & Mangels 2007 FZ F 2 28 = p < N1 p < N1 p < FP1 = p < N1 p < N1 p 3 p < ± ms < PO7 F 2 28 = p < N1 15 p < / N1 p < F 2 44 = p > / F 2 44 = p > F 2 28 = p < F 2 44 = p < p < F 2 44 = p < p <

5 ERP p < p < / p < F = P p < P6 F 2 28 = p < = p < P1 p < p < p < T = p < N1 p < F p < = p < FT8 F 2 28 = p < POZ p < = p < p < p < N1 N1 p < FZ = p < = PO8 N1 p p < < T7 F 2 28 = p < p < N1 p < p < PO P290 = p = F p < = p < p p < < P5 = p < / 117

6 P290 2 P290 ± P1 Valdes-Soda et al / ± P ± P ± P P1 Lai & Mangels 2007 ERP N1 P1 100 ~ 200 ms 118

7 ERP al Hamm 2001 P1 / P1 Lai & Mangels 2007 Miniussi et al P1 P N1 P290 P290 / N1 N1 N1 Mangun & Hillyard 1991 N1 Lai & Mangels N1 N1 Kie- fer 2001 N1 1 2 N1 Lai / 3 P1 N1 N1 / Barrett S. E. & Rugg M. D Event-related potentials and Miniussi the semantic matching of pictures. Brain Cognition Gazzaley A. Cooney J. W. McEvoy K. & knight R. T. D Esposito M. et al Top-down enhancement and suppression of Miniussi et the magnitude and speed of neural activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuro- 119

8 science Hamm J. P Object-oriented millisecond timers for the PC. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers Psychonomic Society Publications Henderson J. M Stimulus discrimination following covert attentional orienting to an exogenous cue. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance Kiefer M Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization. Memory & Cognition Kiefer M The N400 is modulated by unconsciously perceived masked words Further evidence for a spreading activation account of N400 priming effects. Cognitive Brain Research Lai G. & Mangels J. A Cueing effects on semantic and perceptual categorization ERPs reveal differential effects of validity as a function of processing stage. Neuropsychologia Mangun G. R. & Hillyard S. A Modulations of sensory-evoked brain potentials indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance McPherson W. B. & Holcomb P. J Semantic priming with pictures and the N400 component. Psychophysiology 29 S51. Miniussi C. Marzi C. A. & Nobre A. C Modulation of brain activity by selective task sets observed using event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia Nobre A. C. & McCarthy G Language-related ERPs Scalp distributions and modulation by word type and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pestilli F. & Carrasco M Attention enhances contrast sensitivity at cued and impairs it at uncued locations. Vision Research Pratarelli M. E Semantic processing of pictures and spoken words Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Brain Cognition Smith E. E. Patalano A. L. & Jonodes J Alternative strategies of categorization. Cognition Snodgrass J. G. & Corwin J Perceptual identification thresholds for 150 fragmented pictures from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set. Perceptual and Motor Skills Valdes-Soda M. Bobes M. A. Rodriguez V. & Pinilla T Switching attention without shifting the spotlight Objectbased attentional modulation of brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Cueing Effects on Categorization An ERP Study SONG Juan LV Yong SHEN De-li Academy of Psychology and Behavior in Tianjin Normal University Tianjin Abstract This study concerns the neural mechanisms of the cueing effects on categorization of pictures by using ERP technique. It contains two tasks judgements of the round / square geometry figures and animals / non-animals. Before each trial a cue was presented. There are three kinds of cues valid invalid and neural ones. As a result we found the cueing effects on targets 1 Valid cueing facilitates the perceptual processing of the subsequent targets which showed by the smaller amplitude of early ERP components. 2 Valid cueing limit the processing of the targets on the certain task which showed by the larger amplitude of later ERP component s. Valid cueing increases the efficiency of the targets identification facilitates transmission of information to subsequent categorization stages where increased neural activity leads to behavioral benefits. To some certain this study gives advice for improvement of learning and memory. Key words Cueing effects Categorization Cognition ERPs event-related potentials 120

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