Observation and analysis on soluble ions in aerosols on Glacier No. 1 at the headwater of Urumqi River Tianshan Mountains China

Transcript

1 Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae Vol 35 No 9 Sep 2015 DOI /j hjkxxb J Yue X YLi Z QFan Jet al 2015 Observation and analysis on soluble ions in aerosols on Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi RiverTianshan MountainsChina J Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae * / μg m - 3 NO3 - SO 2 - Ca 2 + CO > 2004 > 2003 Ca 2 + Na + Mg 2 + CO Cl - NO 3 - NH 4 + SO K m X513 A Observation and analysis on soluble ions in aerosols on Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi RiverTianshan MountainsChina YUE Xiaoying 1 LI Zhongqin 1 2 * FAN Jin 3 WEI Yongshan 4 1 College of Geography and Environment SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhou State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences /Tianshan Glaciological StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou College of Atmospheric ScienceLanzhou UniversityLanzhou School of Petrochemical TechnologyLanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou Received 31 August 2014 received in revised form 28 September 2014 accepted 28 September 2014 AbstractMajor soluble ions were measured in 155 aerosol samples collected at Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi River in Tianshan Mountains in the year and 2007 Concentrationannual change and sources of aerosol were analyzed The average concentration of water-soluble ions was μg m -3 and NO3 - SO Ca 2 + and CO were major compositions Ambient air condition over the glacier area was characterized by alkaline Inter annual variation of total water-soluble ions was the highest in 2007 followed by 2004 and 2003with different trends for different ions Concentrations of aerosol ions were mainly dependent on the strength of dust storm in Asia For soluble inorganic ionsca 2 + Na + Mg 2 + CO and Cl - were mostly from the land sourcewhile NO - 3 and NH + 4 were mainly from the anthropogenic source SO 2-4 and K + were mainly originated from both crustal surface and anthropogenic sources According to the air mass trajectory clustering analysisglacier No 1 was mainly influenced by airflows from three directionssouthwestwest and northwest At about 2000 m AGL large amount of dust were carried by these airflows and impacted the ambient environment of glacier area KeywordsUrumqi Glacier No 1aerosols chemistrysoluble ionscharacteristicssources No KJZD-EW-G03-01 No Supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No KJZD-EW-G03-01and the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo yuexiaoying2011@ 126 com* lizq@ lzb ac cn BiographyYUE Xiaoying1988 female yuexiaoying2011@ 126 com* Corresponding author lizq@ lzb ac cn

2 Introduction Study area ' E 43 06' N km km m 3777 m % Mayewski et al km Yalcin et al 2006Ming et al 2007Shrestha et al 2000Zhang et al 2012Zhou et al m 1996 Sun et al Zhao et al Zhao et al 2010Li et al Fig 1 1 Location of Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi River

3 km Data and methods 3 1 http/ /cdc 1 cma gov cn /home do 4130 m ~ 8 35 m 3 New Hampshire Pall Zeflour Teflon 1 58 m 3 h cm s Fig 2 Distribution of sandstorm station SO 2 NO μl http/ /www zhb gov cn / 25 ml http/ /www xjepb gov cn / min 4 Dionex-320 API API Table 1 Formula of API to concentrations API PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 O 3 < 50 C = API C = API C = 1 6API C = 2 4API 4 50 ~ 100 C = 2API - 50 C = 2API - 50 C = 0 8API + 40 C = 1 6API ~ 200 C = 2API - 50 C = 6 5API C = 1 6API - 40 C = 2API 200 ~ 300 C = 0 7API C = 8API C = 2 85API C = 4API ~ 400 C = 0 8API C = 5API C = 1 85API + 10 C = 2API ng g - 1 Ca NH + 4 Na Mg K NO SO Cl ~ 500 C = API C = 5 2API + 20 C = 1 9API - 10 C = 2API μg m

4 Blifford Salvador et al Wang et al μg m - 3 μeq m = / 80% 4 Results and discussion 1 NOAA HYSPLIT + / / NCEP /NCAR ICDC - I + / m 86 49'E 43 06'N CO UTC UTC CO 2-3 = CO magl HYSPLIT model CO d neq m μg m Table 2 Normality of soluble ions in aerosol samples collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 neq m - 3 NO3 - SO Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + NH 4 + Cl - CO / = Ca Mg 2 + +K + +Na + +NH = NO - 3 +SO 2-4 +Cl - CO 2-3 = μg m μg m μg m μg m - 3 Ca 2 + > Na + > NH + 4 > K + > Mg 2 + Ca 2 + > Na + > K + > Mg NO μg m - 3 SO μg m - 3 Cl μg m - 3 Liet al 2011 Ca μg m - 3 Na Table 3 Concentrations of soluble ions in aerosol samples collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 μg m - 3 NO3 - SO Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + NH 4 + Cl - CO = Ca Mg 2 + +K + +Na + +NH NO 3 - +SO Cl - +CO 2 3 -

5 NO - 4 NH 4 NO 3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Ca 2 + CO % 20% Na + Cl - CO % 18% 82% 1 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + CaCl 2 MgCl 2 NaCl CO 2-3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + SO 2-4 CaSO 4 MgSO 4 Na 2 SO Cl - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + NH + 4 NO - 3 K NH + 4 NH 4 NO 3 K NH + 4 NH 4 4 HSO 4 NH4 2 SO 4 SO N = 61 p < 0 05 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soluble ions in aerosols collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 NO - 3 SO 2-4 Cl - CO 2-3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + Cl CO Ca Mg K Na NH NO - 4 Ca 2 + CO % 2004 > > > 85 6% % NO - 3 > > > NO - 4 NH NO > 2003 > 2004 SO 2-4 NH > 2007 > 2004 NO - 3 NO Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Mg μg m μg m μg m Ca CO Na + NO - 3 > SO 2-4 > Ca > CO - 3 > Na + > NH + 4 > Cl - Cl - > Mg 2 + > K CO 2-3 > NO - 3 > Ca 2 + > SO 2-4 > Na + > NH + 4 > Cl - > Mg 2 + > K K + 3 NO - 3 > SO 2-4 > Ca > CO - 3 > Na + > Cl - > NH + 4 > K + > Mg 2 +

6 Fig 3 Annual changes and relative contribution of the average concentrations of soluble ions in aerosols collected at Urumqi Glacier No NO - 3 NH NO 2 SO NO 2 SO NO - 3 SO Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Mg 2 + Okada et al NO - 3 NH Table 5 Summary of dust weather in Tianshan Mountain /km /d ~ ~ ~ < SO 2 NO 2 Table 6 Concentration of SO 2 and NO 2 of YiningBoleShiheziand Urumqi in 2004 and 2007 μg m - 3 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO

7 CaSO 4 7 N = Table 7 Loading for factor analysis of nine ions % Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Na + Mg 2 + SO 2-4 Cl - K Mg % 1 Na % CO % Cl % Ca Mg Na K Ga % 1983 SO % NH % Na + SO 2-4 NO % Cl K % 04% NO - 3 NH SO % 21 04% 7 18% % 86 43% 93 61% km km HYSPLIT 1 3 d NO - 3 NH % K + Ca % SO K + Pio et al Ca 12 Ca K 55% 1 CaSO m SO

8 Fig Cluster mean trajectories ending at the sampling site of the rümqi Glacier No 1 in and % lizq@ lzb ac cn 1 References 4 8 Blifford I H JrMeeker G O 1967 A factor analysis model of large scale pollution J Atmospheric Environment J J Conclusions μg m - 3 NO - 4 Ca 2 + CO % Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + NH + 4 NH 4 NO 3 K Ming JZhang D QKang S C 2007 > 2004 > m 2009 D 121 Li Z Q Zhao S H Edwards R et al 2011 Characteristics of individual aerosol particles over rümqi Glacier No 1 in eastern Tianshan central Asia China J Atmospheric Research M J Mayewski P A Lyons W B Spencer M J et al 1990 An ice-core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitratej Nature et al 2007 Aerosol and fresh snow

9 chemistry in the East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slope of Mt Qomolangma Everest J Journal of Geophysical Research 112 D15 D15307 doi /2007JD Okada K Kai K 2004 Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in the Taklamakan DesertChinaJ Atmospheric Environment Pio C A Legrand M Alves C A et al 2008 Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 summer intense forest fire period J Atmospheric Environment Salvador PArtlano BAlonso D Get al 2004 Identification and characterisation of sources of PM 10 in Madrid Spainby statistical methods J Atmospheric Environment Shrestha A BWake C P Dibb J E et al 2000 Seasonal variations in aerosol concentrations and compositions in the Nepal HimalayaJ Atmospheric Environment Sun J Y Qin D H Mayewski P A et al 1998 Soluble species in aerosol and snow and their relationship at Glacier 1 Tien Shan ChinaJ Journal of Geophysical Research 103D and snow chemistry at King ColMt Logan Massif Yukon Canada J Atmospheric Environment Blumer F 1992 J D Ca 2 + Mg 2 + J J Zhang N NCao J JHo K et al 2012 Chemical characterization of aerosol collected at Mt Yulong in wintertime on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau J Atmospheric Research SO 2-4 J J J J Zhao S H Li Z Q Zhou P 2010 Ion chemistry and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols over Mt Bogda of eastern Tianshan 1999 M 166 MountainsCentral Asia J Environmental Monitoring and 2011 Assessment 1801 / J Wang Y Zhuang G S Tang A H et al 2005 The ion chemistry and the source of PM 2 5 aerosol in BeijingJ Atmospheric Environment D Zhao Z PLi Z QEdwars R et al 2006 Atmosphere-to-snow-to-firn transfer of NO3 - on rümqi glacier No 1 eastern Tien ShanChina 2001 J Annals of Glaciology J J D 30 J Yalcin K Wake C P Dibb J E et al 2006 Relationships between aerosol J Zhou Y Xue L K Wang T et al 2012 Characterization of aerosol acidity at a high mountain site in central eastern ChinaJ Atmospheric Environment