The Effects of Gender and Competitive Level on Athletes' Burnout in Individual Sports

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1 /$4 0 /.,-!"# $% %& ' ( ) $ *+# The Effects of Gender and Competitive Level on Athletes' Burnout in Individual Sports 9//5 :;$59: 65# 9/9/ :(-5/ 65# Zahra Sedighi 4, Saeed Keshavarz 5, Raziyeh Hajizadeh 6, Javid Didari 7 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender and competitive level on athletes' burnout in individual sports. To this aim, in a causal-comparative study, 85 athletes from Track and Field, Shooting, Wushu, Karate, and Taekwondo (age: 5.9±4.78 yrs, competitive experience: 8.4±6.07 yrs, gender: 96 male and 89 female, competitive level: 98 national and 87 international) who participated in national championships or Asian Games preparation camps in 00 were selected using random cluster sampling method and completed individual information form and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests at the 95% confidence level. Results showed that burnout of females is higher than males in all dimension (p<0.0). Athletes who compete in national championships had higher reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation than athletes who compete in international championships (p<0.0), but in dimension of physical/emotional exhaustion, the results was inverse (p=0.009). Multiple comparisons for interaction effect of gender and competitive level showed that females who compete in national championships have the highest level of burnout in reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation dimensions and females who compete in international level have the highest level of burnout in physical/emotional exhaustion dimension (p<0.05). Findings of the study suggest that female athletes, especially in low competitive level, are in exposure of greater risk of reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation, while in high competitive level may be more vulnerable for experiencing physical/emotional exhaustion. Key Words: Burnout, Individual Sports, Gender, Competitive level. >? = <5= $ 4 =5/ =5) /)@ 0 A =.C ). *(+, $% *)$ ( "#$% &'! % #$% 85 *)7/ *)./ 0 /,# ); $ *%,,/ ( *)$ 8/4±6/07 : D7 C 5/9±4/78 :) +, 87 : "% 89 (/ 96 : C I;,/J K7/ ( ); (4 / +, 98 G. ;$ 89 C ( M **% *%L(/M *(,$ RS, *)7Q0 '(P O % L(+ $( #$% &'! *(' K5T0 *)/I U,! % L(+ L((.,(; G# (ABQ) )X U,! Q7 *"/%M LV/W (( "I, Z,.,$! %95 "G0 ( LSD "(/ % I ( /G ( ",% &'! % I *I; * ( [\ "#$%.(p<0/0) ; ]\ G. * ( [\ "#$% % ^ ( / (p<0/0) $( $% ]\ 'I.(p=0/009) ( ]#/ Z,,` /G _(' / * ),_W *)7/ ]\ ( ( *I; * ( ",% (( "I, * ( $% ]\ 'I ; I *(,` /G _(' ^ ( G. *)'.(p<0/05) &'! b ( L) "% "#$% ); ;/ (JI [\ ; ]\ * *I c d/ ( b ( );.\ (,( $% ]\ 'I /G _(' D` * #G/ e.$ gfm,` *O% &'! :- D=!?. *(+, -. Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch 4. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (Ci/ j,) (M h`, \ /T (%M L&I,(. - zahra_sedighi@phu.iaun.ac.ir *k;/ "J \ /T (%M L&I,(.4

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11 49....,-!"# $% %& ' ( ) $ *+# P. (009). Relations between multidimensional perfectionism and burnout in junior-elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 0, Caccese, T., & Mayerberg, C. (984). Gender differences in perceived burnout of college coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, Coakley, J. (99). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or a social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, Cremades, J. G., & Wiggins, M. S. (008). Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burnout among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 0(). 5. Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (006). Changes in athlete burnout over a thirty-week rugby year. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, Dale, J., & Weinberg, R. (989). The relationship between coaches leadership style burnout. The Sport Psychologist,, Dale, J., & Weinberg, R. (990). Burnout in sport: A review and critique. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,, Durband-Bush, N., Salemla, J. H., Green-Demers, I. (00). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OM- SAT-). The Sport Psychologist, 5, Feigely, D. A. (984). Psychological burnout in high-level athletes. The Physician and Sports Medicine,, Fender, L. (989). Athlete burnout: Potential for research and intervention strategies. The Sport Psychologist,, 6-7. C;) ($/ L(k' "#$% &'! Q K./ ( /5 (006,T; D7/ % o L(Q, "77!/ ) (/ 7/ K77! Z, [\ Z,., ( (( "I, [\ *)' ; 0) "% "#$% G. *I; ( -/ &'! W( I "(/ )7/ ( #G/ ); ;/ (JI $.,$ +/ K &'! ( "% "#$% "(/ % gfm O% % *_L;, "M "% "#$% *[ ].$ *&I * ", O% ";,( zg %.,_ ;),Q *(Q &'! % *Lk&, *7 ) "/ (Q D G *_ ; $% Kg.,/,( #$% *OT,SG /) ),_CG;, f/ $k&, (` k, Z, G "k/ D7/ v5 /) x.(; L$ (/ "% "#$% *(( ( (( "I, [\ *)' zg (/ "#$% L_ ( e b {Q,.,( *(%,` - G _(' "% k,, G * KG `\ #G/ *%L(/M *)/, ( ƒ (` (,` - G _(' % *&I * v%e ); $ ~/ e b "#$% "/ % 5,/J O% ";,( ( "#$% (c k, "$" "Q/ ' K+ ) (c *W *k)/,.; ( :N%. Appleton, P. R., Hall, H. K., & Hill, A.

12 9 50 Behavior, 0(4), Kelley, B. C., Eklund, R. C., & Ritter- Taylor, M. (999). Stress and burnout collegiate tennis coaches. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, -0.. Koustelios, A. (00). Burnout among football coaches in Greece. Biology of Exercise, 6(), 5-.. Lai, C., & Wiggins, M. S. (00). Burnout perception over time in Division I soccer players. International Sports Journal, 7(), Lee, J., & Cremades, J. G. (004, September). Performance, gender, and athletes' burnout in NCAA Division II basketball players. Paper presented at the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology Conference, Minneapolis, MN. 4. Lemyre, P-N., Roberts, G. C., & Stray- Gundersen, J. (007). Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can selfdetermination predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes? European Journal of Sport Science, 7, Maslach, C. (98). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 6. Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 8. Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological Bulletin, (), Freudebberger, H. J., & Richelson, G. (980). Burn-out: The High Cost of High Achievement. New York: Anchor Press.. Gould, D., & Dieffenbach, K. (00). Overtraining, inderrecovery, and burnout in sport. In M. Kellmann (Ed.), Enhancing Recovery: Preventing Underperformance in Athletes (pp. 5-5). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.. Gould, D., Udry, E., Tuffey, S., & Loehr, J. (996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 0, Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (996). Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Performers. New York: Wiley. 5. Harris, B. S. & Smith, M. L. (009). The influence of motivational climate and goal orientation on burnout: an exploratory analysis among division i collegiate student-athletes. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, (), Harris, B. S. (005). Coach and Athlete Burnout: The Role of Coaches Decision-Making Style. Unpublished master thesis, West Virginia University. 7. Harris, B. S., & Ostrow, A. C. (008). Coach and athlete burnout: The role of coaches' decision-making style. In: J. H. Humphrey (Ed.), Sports and Athletics Developments. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 8. Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, Hjalm, S., Kentta, G., Hassmenan, P., & Gustafsson, H. (007). Burnout among elite soccer coaches. Journal of Sport

13 5....,-!"# $% %& ' ( ) $ *+# 6. Schaufeli, W.B., & Enzmann, D. (998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis. 7. Smith, A. L., Gustafsson, H., & Hassmen, P. (00). Peer motivational climate and burnout perceptions of adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,, Smith, D. J. (00). A framework for understanding the process leading to elite performance. Sports Medicine,, Smith, R. E. (986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, Vealey, R. S., Armstrong, L., Comar, W., & Greenleaf, C. A. (998). Influence of perceived coaching behaviors on burnout and competitive anxiety in female college athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 0, Vealey, R., Udry, E., Zimmerman, V., & Soliday, J. (99). Intrapersonal and situational predictors of coaching burnout. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 4, Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (00). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology ( rd Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 4. Wiersma, L. D. (00). Conceptualization and development of the sources of enjoyment in youth sport questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5(), Pastore, D., & Judd, M. (99). Gender differences in burnout among coaches of women s athletic teams at -year colleges. Sociology of Sport Journal, 0, Pensgaard, A. M., & Ursin, H. (998). Stress, control, and coping in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, Pines, A. M. (99). Burnout: An existential perspective. In W. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Developments in Theory and Research (pp. -5). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.. Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (00). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, Rowbottom, D. G. (000). Periodization of training. In: W. E. Garret, Jr., & D. T. Kirkendall (Eds.), Exercise and Sport Science (pp ). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4. Scanlan, T. K., Stein, G. L., & Ravizza, K. (99). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters part : Sources of stress. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (00). Burnout: An overview of 5 years of research and theorizing. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology. Chichester: Wiley.

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