In-migrant Administration through the Traditional Village System: Social Change and Balinese Identity in Post-Suharto Era Indonesia

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1 * In-migrant Administration through the Traditional Village System: Social Change and Balinese Identity in Post-Suharto Era Indonesia K6<6B> Haruya* This paper presents field data on new in-migrant administration policy taken by the Bali provincial government after the resignation of President Suharto, analyses the socioeconomic factors that created such a policy, and discusses those issues that the Balinese people have to cope with in practicing it. The abrupt resignation of Suharto and subsequent fundamental political reformation accelerated the increase of in-migrants into Bali. The purpose of the policy is the incorporation of in-migrants into the Balinese traditional village desa adat system as guest members. This policy transforms not only the structure and membership system but also the character of the traditional village, for it was originally a Hindu residents association while many of new in-migrants are non-hindu people. The most critical problem arises from the death of these guest members: all villages I describe in this paper agree to help with the funeral arrangements of guest members but do not allow non-hindu residents to use the village cemetery which is exclusively reserved for Hindu residents. This treatment clearly shows the fundamental foundations on which the Balinese identity is built upon. Keywords: Balinese, ethnic identity, desa adat, in-migrant administration, revival of tradition Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environment Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa,, Japan anthrop kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp 3

2 I A A A 4

3 Aspinall and Fealy Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation & Democratisation Davidson and Henly The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism Schulte Nordholt and Klinken Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post- Suharto Indonesia 5

4 Davidson and Henley The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics : Degung Santikarma ; Connor and Vickers 6

5 II 7

6 Gde Raka :,, ** Team Penyusun Monografi Daerah Bali : ; Statistik Bali +32/; Statistik Bali +33, ** 8

7 ,, ** ** ** Team Penyusun Monografi Daerah Bali : ; Statistik Bali +32/; Statistik Bali +33, ** / Penduduk Bali,*** 9

8 Penduduk Bali,*** Penduduk Indonesia,***; Penduduk Indonesia,**/ Penduduk Provinsi Bali 10

9 III desa adat desa pakraman desa dinas 11

10 Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Bali Nomor Tahun tentang Desa Pakraman Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali Nomor Tahun tentang Kedudukan, Fungsi dan Peranan Desa Adat Sebagai Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali penanjung batu 12

11 krama tamiu awig-awig perarem A A A Pasar Seni 13

12 A 14

13 B B A A kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 15

14 pecalang B B C C C B 16

15 kg C A C A B A B A B 17

16 C A A C B IV Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali Nomor Tahun tentang Kedudukan, Fungsi dan Peranan Desa Adat Sebagai Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali : 18

17 : Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Bali Nomor Tahun tentang Desa Pakraman Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali Nomor Tahun tentang Kedudukan, Fungsi dan Peranan Desa Adat Sebagai Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali / 19

18 : : 20

19 V Davidson and Henley : Introduction 21

20 Warren NPO NPO Schulte Nordholt and Klinken ibid.: Introduction ajeg Bali Schulte Nordholt 22

21 Schulte Nordholt and Klinken : ibid.: Aspinall, Edward; and Fealy, Greg, eds.. Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation & Democratisation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Connor, Linda; and Vickers, Adrian.. Crisis, Citizenship, and Cosmopolitanism: Living in a Local and Global Risk Society in Bali. Indonesia :. Davidson, Jamie S.; and Henley, David, eds.. The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London: Routledge. Degung Santikarma.. The Power of Balinese Culture. In Bali: Living in Two Worlds, edited by Urs Ramseyer and I Gusti Raka Panji Tisna. Basel: Museum der Kulturen Basel and Verlag Schwabe & Co. AG. Gde Raka, I Gusti.. Monografi Pulau Bali. Jakarta: Pusat Djawatan Pertanian Rakjat. : NTT Schulte Nordholt, Henk.. Bali: An Open Fortress. In Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by Schulte Nordholt and Gerry van Klinken, pp.. Leiden: KITLV Press. Schulte Nordholt, Henk; and Klinken, Gerry van, eds.. Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. Team Penyusun Monografi Daerah Bali.. Monografi Daerah Bali. Jakarta: Proyek Pengembangan Media Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Warren, Carol.. Adat in Balinese Discourse and Practice: Locating Citizenship and the Commonweal. In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics, edited by Jamie S. Davidson and David Henley, pp.. London: Routledge Kantor Kepala Desa Sukawati dan Bendesa Adat Sukawati.. Keputusan Bersama Antara Kepala Desa Sukawati dan Bendesa Adat Sukawati Nomor 01/Pem/2001: Nomor 032/PK/I/ tentang Penertiban Penduduk Pendatang. Kantor Perbekel Bona dengan Bendesa Pakraman Bona.. Keputusan Bersama Antara Perbekel Bona dengan Bendesa Pakraman Bona Nomor 01 Tahun 2004: Nomor 25/DPB/VII/2004 tentang Penertiban dan Pendataan Penduduk Pendatang Antara Perbekel Bona dengan Bendesa Pakraman Bona. Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.. Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali.. Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali Nomor 6 Tahun 1986 tentang Kedudukan, Fungsi dan Peranan Desa Adat Sebagai Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum 23

22 Adat Dalam Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali... Peraturan Daerah Propinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2001 tentang Desa Pakraman. Penduduk Bali Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. Penduduk Indonesia Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. Penduduk Indonesia Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. Penduduk Provinsi Bali Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik Bali Denpasar: Kantor Statistik Propinsi Bali. Statistik Bali Denpasar: Kantor Statistik Propinsi Bali. 24