Life08 ENV/GR/000553 Forest Cities Development of Measures for Forest Fire Prevention Measures Checklist Submitted December 2012 Final Submission June 2013 http://www.forestcities.gr
Project LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Report title Development of Measures for Forest Fire Prevention - Measures Checklist Ανάπτυξη Μέτρων για την Πρόληψη Δασικών Πυρκαγιών - Κατάλογος Μέτρων Issuing body Laboratory on Prevention & Management of Natural Hazards University of Athens (UoA) Authors Prof. Dimitrios Papanikolaou (UoA), Assist. Prof. Ioannis Papanikolaou (UoA), Assist. Prof Christos Sideris, Dr. Michalis Diakakis (UoA), Margarita Dimitropoulou (PEDA), Spyridon Arvanitakis (PEDA), Konstantinos Georgiou (EPTA) Deliverable Deliverable of Action 4, Activity 1 Project Partners Union of Municipalities of Attica (PEDA) University of Athens (UoA) EPTA Environmental Engineers -- Consultants (EPTA) Technical University of Crete (TUC) Municipality of Ilioupoli Municipality of Serres Cover photos Kostas Georgiou, Michalis Diakakis, Giorgos Deligiannakis Date First Submission December 2012 Final Submission June 2013
Project LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Summary - Development of Measures for Forest Fire Prevention - Measures Checklist This report analyzes the development of cost effective and technically feasible measures for forest fires prevention. The measures proposed for enhancement of forest fire prevention are divided in 3 categories: 1. Organization of the municipalities civil protection departments 2. Enhancement of prevention and suppression planning 3. Improvement of the existing regulations and legal framework T g Group and the list with the most cost benefit measures is presented at the end of the report. The final
Contents / Περιεχόµενα Development of measures for forest fire prevention... 7 1. Introduction... 7 2. Objectives and methodology... 7 3. List of measures... 8 3.1. Organization of the municipalities civil protection departments... 8 3.2. Enhancement of prevention and suppression planning measures... 9 3.3. Improvement of regulations and legal framework... 11 4. Final Measure Checklist (Top 15)... 12 5. Final remarks... 13 Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για την πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών... 16 1. Εισαγωγή... 16 2. Στόχοι και µεθοδολογία... 16 3. Κατάλογος µέτρων... 17 3.1 Οργάνωση του Γραφείου πολιτικής προστασίας... 17 3.2 Ενίσχυση του σχεδιασµού πρόληψης και πυρόσβεσης... 18 3.3 Βελτίωση του υφιστάµενου θεσµικού πλαισίου... 21 4. Τελικός κατάλογος µέτρων (Top 15)... 22 5. Συµπεράσµατα... 23 Annex... 25 Παράρτηµα... 27 LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 5
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Development of measures for forest fire prevention 1. Introduction This report discusses and analyses the development of cost effective and technically feasible measures for enhancement of forest fire prevention. The measures can be considered as steps that have to be taken for the improvement of existing forest fire prevention tactics. These measures apply in all aspects involved in risk mitigation such as civil protection departments, prevention and emergency planning and the existing legal framework in national level. 2. Objectives and methodology The main objective of this report is to conclude on a checklist of the most cost-effective and technically-feasible measures among many proposed. To this end, the project team developed an initial list of 30 measures grouped in three basic thematic categories (Fig. 1): a) Organization of civil protection departments in municipality level b) Enhancement of prevention and emergency planning c) Improvement of the existing regulations and legal framework As a second step, the Project Team developed a catalogue containing a detailed description of each of the measures and started a meeting-based consultation with the National Experts Working Group developed in Action 3, Activity 1 of the project (See Annex). The Working Group consists of a variety of members from different specialties and organizations, all related to forest fire prevention. The latter secures that all viewpoints are addressed and are properly weighted. The consultation regarded their cost, their feasibility, their application prerequisites and their applicability potential. Prevention planning Civilprotection departments Legal framework Fig. 1. Three basic thematic categories of the proposed measures. The consultation process was carried out as an open discussion during three project meetings. During the 1 st Working Group meeting the partners introduced a list of 30 measures for open discussion. Then, after amendments, in the 2 nd meeting, the experts were presented with a reviewed catalogue of 26 measures and were asked to rank them according to their individual judgment, in terms of importance and according to their feasibility and their cost-effectiveness. Forms developed for the ranking processes were collected and were transferred in Excel TM spreadsheets, where the final score of each measure was extracted by summing up individual scores. During the third Working Group meeting the final ranking was discussed. In the following chapters, the list of the 26 proposed measures (Chapter 3) and the measure checklist (Chapter 4) that was extracted by the ranking processes are presented in detail. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 7
3. List of measures 3.1. Organization of the municipalities civil protection departments Measure 1: Civil protection personnel training Seminars. (Ranked: 2 nd, Evaluated: 160 points). The staff of the civil protection office should receive appropriate training in the field of natural hazards, in using GIS software, in developing and implementing local action plans and in organizing and strengthening a civil protection department. Such a knowledge transfer would prove beneficial since the department would operate in a more efficient way, incorporate all technological advances and enhance its capabilities. Current surveys among the municipality civil protection officers (conducted in the project) show that there is a lack of such training. Measure 2: Upgrading the municipality civil protection office into an operation center. (Ranked: 3 rd, Evaluated: 151 points). This measure supports the upgrading of the civil protection municipality offices into operations centers that can be used both for planning prevention actions and managing emergency response. This measure includes the preparation and posting of thematic hazard maps of the area of jurisdiction including vegetation maps, road maps, water supply maps, observatory maps, land use maps and maps illustrating previously burned areas. In addition, there should be lists with equipment and vehicle inventories, emergency contact lists (regarding personnel and bodies involved in both prevention and suppression efforts). It will act also as communication centre with volunteers and municipality officers and could be used as a coordination centre where the municipality officials, the officers in charge and the mayor could receive information and manage the municipality response and assistance to the incident. For reducing costs and personnel needs and enhancing municipalities cooperation neighboring municipalities can operate common operation centers. Measure 3: Development of a pattern/guide regarding the organization of a civil protection department of a municipality. (Ranked: 7 th, Evaluated: 116 points). Development of a model concerning the organization of a civil protection department, in terms of the required equipment and personnel, its division into different branches and its needs in terms of its means and infrastructure. Such a model will set out the standards for improving the efficiency of the office. Measure 4: Use of a Computer with a GIS installed software operated by specialized personnel. (Ranked: 12 th, Evaluated: 81 points). Use of computers with a GIS (Geographical Information System) installed software in planning and managing natural hazards by specialized personnel (e.g. geoscientist, agronomist, survey engineer etc.). This measure will provide the basic tool for the compilation of thematic maps, infrastructure maps and synthetic overlay hazard maps, which can be constantly updated and form the basis of action plans. GIS software will be used, for the annual compilation of prevention planning and for designing emergency response. Measure 5: Installation and use of meteorological stations. (Ranked: 24 th, Evaluated: 44 points). This measure includes the installation of a meteorological station by the municipal authorities in order to monitor and record the local weather parameters. Such a meteorological station can easily support the installation of a local dynamic fire risk prediction system. Such a system can predict the local site conditions with higher accuracy and credibility, considering the local geomorphological and climatic variations. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 8
Following the appropriate calibration through the years, the station can be a useful tool for managing the municipality personnel and the volunteers for prevention actions during days and hours of high risk (such as setting additional observatory posts and/or extra patrol routes). Moreover, recording of the local meteorological parameters is of decisive importance for studying other natural hazards (e.g. floods, soil erosion, post fire erosion effects, desertification phenomena even landslides). Such data are also useful for environmental studies or other engineering projects to aid construction works of the municipality. 3.2. Enhancement of prevention and suppression planning measures Measure 6: Preparation of a pattern/guide to assist the development of local action plans. (Ranked: 1 st, Evaluated: 183 points). This measure includes development of a model action plan, which will guide the civil protection personnel, to prepare and constantly update local action plans. Local action plans which also utilize spatial information should constitute the basis for prevention planning in municipality level. It should present the distribution of chapters and show how the spatial information is treated in order to proceed with planning. Actions such as the recording of existing situation and prioritization of activities/measure should be addressed in the action plan conclusions. A local action plan for forest fire prevention should be the main handbook and primary tool of every municipality for reducing the risk of wildfires. These action plans, risk analysis and maps are of decisive importance not only for prevention and operational planning purposes, but can also prove useful during the crisis and the rehabilitation processes as well. Measure 7: Public awareness campaigns. (Ranked 4 th, Evaluated: 148 points). Perform forest fire awareness campaigns targeting students and citizens using audiovisual and printed material. Particular interest should be placed in tourists who may be unaware of the risk. Campaigns should focus on informing the public about using the European emergency number 112. The public can be further informed on the daily fire risk level by using inscriptions in high risk or protected areas, commercials in local media or by using of new technologies (e.g. SMS messages or social media). Such campaigns should be enhanced and intensified during days of elevated fire risk. Campaigns should also target specific groups such as hunters or campers to increase the effectiveness of their message. Measure 8: Testing of equipment and infrastructure maintenance. (Ranked: 8 th, Evaluated: 91 points). This measure focuses on testing and inspecting the efficient operation and functionality of the equipment (e.g. vehicles, water points) and available infrastructure (e.g. road accessibility, water tanks) used in prevention and suppression actions and proceeds with proper maintenance. There is should be a yearly evaluation of this action recorded within the action plan. Measure 9: Compilation of fire hazard maps. (Ranked: 10 th, Evaluated: 86 points). Preparation of fire risk maps based on relatively stationary risk parameters. These maps would involve both natural (such as vegetation type and density, topographic features such as slope dip and aspect) and human parameters (such as distance from inhabited areas, the road network, landfills or medium-to high voltage electricity network).these maps should be updated yearly and form the basis of the risk analysis and define also the priorities. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 9
Measure 10: Development and distribution of a guide regarding self-protection rules for properties and land owners. (Ranked: 11 th, Evaluated: 82 points). Development of a detailed guide concerning selfprotection for homeowners and landowners with priority to high-risk areas (i.e. wildland-urban interface zones). The measure includes also information concerning the landowners obligations according to the existing law and a short briefing on fire protection regulations. There should be a list of measures informing landowners how to protect their properties from wildfires. Measure 11: Fuel reduction actions. (Ranked: 13 th, Evaluated: 79 points). Fuel reduction actions should be performed in both private and public forested lands. The goal is to reduce the risk of the highly dense and flammable vegetation in order to prevent fire onset, assist accessibility, reduce fire severity and delay fire expansion and speed. Measure 12: Emphasizing on rapid-short intervention times into a wildfire based on proper deployment of forces and increase of the water supply points. (Ranked: 14 th, Evaluated: 78 points). This action concentrates on a strategy of fast access to the wildfire incident. For such a strategy of rapid engagement to the wildfire incident, there should be a selection of the appropriate equipment, involvement of a higher number of means and personnel and a forward planning that would give emphasis to the proper deployment of forces. For example the suppression means should be flexible and lightweight. They can approach faster the wildfire, but they carry less amount of water. It requires firstly a larger number of personnel deployed in observation posts and patrol units so as to alert the firefighting units as soon as possible and secondly an increase of the water supply points. Finally, a detailed spatial analysis is required involving accessibility, water points, observatory posts, patrol and firefighting units for selecting the optimum locations of these units. Measure 13: Post-fire prevention practices. (Ranked: 15 th. Evaluated: 76 points). This measure includes the long-term post-fire planning through practices such as the management of natural regeneration of plants, the introduction of new species or defining certain rules during reforestation. Introduction of regulations and prevention planning measures during reforestation by developing fuel reduction zones or recommending certain distance among plants etc. Measure 14: Use of local dynamic systems for real time fire risk prediction. (Ranked: 16 th, Evaluated: 75 points). Installation of sophisticated systems using data from sensors and weather stations placed in forests to continuously evaluate and map fire risk locally and in real time. Such a system can predict the local site conditions with higher accuracy and credibility, considering the local geomorphological and climatic variations. Following the appropriate calibration through the years, the station can be a useful tool for managing the municipality personnel and the volunteers for prevention actions during days and hours of high risk (such as setting additional observatory posts and/or extra patrol routes). Measure 15: Determination of readiness levels for personnel and equipment. (Ranked: 18 th, Evaluated: 61 points). This measure includes the determination of readiness levels for both personnel and equipment depending on the daily fire hazard levels announced by the General Secretariat of Civil Protection. If local dynamic systems of LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 10
wildfire risk prediction do operate within the municipality, then this readiness level could be hourly instead of daily. Each level of preparedness should define the number of personnel and the equipment involved. It would also be useful to offer a 2 to 3 day advance prediction in order to manage personnel and equipment. Measure 16: Use of sophisticated, high-tech monitoring means. (Ranked: 20 th, Evaluated: 57 points). Use of sophisticated high-tech technological means to monitor forests (e.g. optical, thermal cameras and other sensors). Scope of this measure would be to (i) monitor a large area from an operation centre, (ii) reduce the time response and (iii) assist suppression operations. Measure 17: Fuel management Biomass reduction and commercial exploitation. (Ranked: 22 nd, Evaluated: 50 points). Fuel management by preventing the accumulation of biomass and reducing the density of vegetation. Due to a gradual decay of forest-related professions over the past few decades, most of the forests have experienced a gradual accumulation of biomass, leading to increased fire risk. Since the cost of fuel reduction is high for covering large areas, its commercial use could be exploited. Biomass could be profitable and used for energy purposes. Such fuel management could occur with no or limited cost. The forestry service will pinpoint the localities and set up the rules for such biomass reduction. Professionals (individuals or companies) could be encouraged to exploit forest biomass thus reducing the fuel in certain localities, under the supervision of the forestry service. A similar approach already occurs in burned areas. Measure 18: Fuel mapping and management. (Ranked: 26 th, Evaluated: 8 points). Fuel mapping for the whole Greek territory in conjunction with the development of a GIS database, which will be able to illustrate fuel reduction actions and will provide the possibility of constant update and sharing with all forest fire prevention actors. 3.3. Improvement of regulations and legal framework Measure 19: Clarification of the roles between the Forestry, the Fire department, the local authorities and the voluntary organizations. (Ranked: 5 th, Evaluated: 147 points). This measure includes the provision of explicit clarifications of the roles of forest service, fire department, local authorities (i.e. region, municipality) and voluntary organizations, describing their responsibilities and their cooperation in legal and operational level. These clarifications should be easy to comprehend and should be circulated among the relevant parties. Overlap of responsibilities or misunderstandings could bring tensions and have a negative effect among the collaboration of different groups. Measure 20: Strengthening of voluntary organizations. (Ranked: 6 th, Evaluated: 125 points). This measure provides support for voluntary organizations with resources and training (e.g. certification by local government like the Italian example), compilation of memoranda of cooperation with local authorities describing responsibilities of each body and supporting campaigns of voluntarism targeting citizens and students. Volunteers can play an important role for prevention measures, can increase the number of personnel availability particularly during days of high risk, have good knowledge of the local territory and can assist public awareness campaigns. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 11
Measure 21: Compilation of local land registry. (Ranked: 9 th, Evaluated: 89 points). This measure includes elaboration of local land registry regardless of the country level cadastre in order to clarify land and forest ownership locally, a measure, which is believed to be important in reducing arson motives. This registry should focus on delimitating public and private forest land and disputed property areas, which are considered high risk arson areas. Measure 22: Rigorous and thorough investigation process of fire causes and publication of sentences (Ranked: 17 th, Evaluated: 64 points). Investigative process should ensure reliable recording of fire causes and provides accountability, along with public disclosure of sentences in an effort to further reduce fires by arson or negligence. This could firstly secure a reliable record of the causes that can help future prevention planning and secondly act as a deterrent measure by publishing the sentences to the ones responsible for the wildfire onset. Measure 23: Effective decentralization of the coordination for means and resources (Ranked: 19 th, Evaluated: 60 points). Decentralization of prevention planning and emergency management through the development of local operations centers. These centers are proximal to the incidents and have a better and closer view. Where applicable mobile operation centers could also be applied. Measure 24: Insurance and certification of volunteers. (Ranked: 21 st, Evaluated: 57 points). Provision of adequate insurance coverage for members of the voluntary organizations. This will provide some form of security to volunteers and increase their participation. Volunteers would be certified following some training that are capable and have the knowledge to operate and support prevention and fire fighting actions. The latter will not only increase their effectiveness and collaboration with other bodies, but predominantly their safety. Measure 25: Development of common databases and operating systems for all civil protection actors. (Ranked: 23 rd, Evaluated: 49 points). Development of databases within a GIS software that would contain information on equipment, infrastructure and personnel. These databases should be commonly shared and available to all bodies involved in forest fire prevention and should be regularly updated. In addition, development of a common operating system for agencies involved in the prevention of forest fires, would clearly describe the role, the anticipated actions and responsibilities of each agency. The development of such a system should be done with the cooperation of all stakeholders following the established pattern of international standards set up by other systems (e.g. NIMS and ICS systems in the US). Measure 26: Long-term prohibition of construction in burned areas. (Ranked: 25th, Evaluated: 36 points). Suspension of building construction and development in fire-stricken areas for a period of 10 years. This measure is considered important in reducing motivation for arson. It could be effective in areas where no land registry exists or land conflicts are a major issue. 4. Final Measure Checklist (Top 15) Based on the consultation of the Group of Experts and after careful examination of their remarks during the three project meetings and their individual rankings, the project team extracted the shortlist with the top 15 measures proposed (Table 1) and the list of measures that were not selected in the top 15 (Table 2). The LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 12
criteria, as it has been already mentioned, regard their importance, their feasibility and their costeffectiveness. The measures final score was calculated by summing individual marks assigned by each member of the Experts Group. 5. Final remarks The present report is part of Action 4, Activity 1 of the project, according to which the project team had to propose 15 cost-effective and feasible measures for forest fire prevention. In order to define the most suitable measures the project team developed an initial catalogue of 26 measures which were discussed in detail with the Group of Experts. Their consultation regarded their cost, their effectiveness and their feasibility. Based on their detailed remarks during the three project meetings and a ranking that was given to each measure individually by the experts, the project team extracted the 15 most suitable ones according to the criteria that were set out by the project as follows: 1. Preparation of a pattern/guide to assist the development of local action plans 2. Civil protection personnel training - Seminars 3. Upgrading the municipality civil protection office into an operations center 4. Public awareness campaigns 5. Clarification of the roles between the Forestry, the Fire department, the local authorities and the voluntary organizations. 6. Strengthening of voluntary organizations 7. Development of a pattern -guide regarding the organization of a civil protection department of a municipality 8. Testing of equipment and infrastructure maintenance 9. Compilation of local land registry 10. Compilation of fire hazard maps 11. Development and distribution of a guide regarding self-protection rules for properties and land owners 12. Use of a Computer with a GIS installed software by specialized personnel, for the annual compilation of action plans for prevention planning and also for emergency response. 13. Fuel reduction actions 14. Emphasizing on rapid-short intervention times into a wildfire based on proper deployment of forces and increase of the water supply points 15. Post-fire prevention practices. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 13
Table 1. Top 15 proposed measures ranked according to the Experts Group score. # Proposed Measure Relative Score by the Group of Experts 1 Preparation of a pattern/guide to assist the development of local action plans 183 2 Civil protection personnel training - Seminars 160 3 Upgrading the municipality civil protection office into an operation center 151 4 Public awareness campaigns 148 5 Clarification of the roles between the Forestry, the Fire department, the local authorities and the voluntary organizations. 147 6 Strengthening of voluntary organizations 125 7 Development of a pattern-guide regarding the organization of a civil protection department of a municipality 116 8 Testing of equipment and infrastructure maintenance 91 9 Compilation of local land registry 89 10 Compilation of fire hazard maps 86 11 Development and distribution of a guide regarding self-protection rules 82 12 Use of a Computer with a GIS software by specialized personnel 81 13 Fuel reduction actions 79 14 Emphasizing on rapid-short intervention times into a wildfire based on proper deployment of forces and increase of the water supply points. 78 15 Post-fire prevention practices. 76 *Colordenotesthethematiccategoryofeachmeasure = Civil Protection Department, = Prevention Planning, = Legal Framework Table 2. List of measures that were not selected among the top 15 (according to the Experts Group score). # Relative Score by the Measure Group of Experts 16 Use of local dynamic systems for real time fire risk prediction 75 17 Rigorous and thorough investigation process of fire causes and publication 64 of sentences 18 Determination of readiness levels for personnel and equipment 61 19 Effective decentralization of the coordination for means and resources 60 20 Use of sophisticated, high-tech monitoring means 57 21 Insurance and certification of volunteers 57 22 Fuel management Biomass reduction and commercial exploitation 50 23 Development of common databases and operating systems for all civil 49 protection actors 24 Installation and use of meteorological stations 44 25 Long-term prohibition of construction in burned areas 36 26 Fuel mapping and management 8 *Colordenotesthethematiccategoryofeachmeasure = Civil Protection Department, = Prevention Planning, = Legal Framework LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 14
LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Development of measures for forest fire prevention 15
Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για την πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών 1. Εισαγωγή Η παρούσα αναφορά µελετά την ανάπτυξη οικονοµικά αποδοτικών και τεχνικά εφικτών µέτρων, για την πρόληψη δασικών πυρκαγιών. Με σκοπό την κατάρτιση ενός καταλόγου των πιο ενδεδειγµένων µέτρων η αναφορά εξετάζει προτάσεις που αφορούν τους σχετικούς τοµείς της πρόληψης, όπως η οργάνωση των υπηρεσιών πολιτικής προστασίας, η ενίσχυση του σχεδιασµού πρόληψης καθώς και το θεσµικό πλαίσιο. 2. Στόχοι και µεθοδολογία Κύριος στόχος της παρούσας αναφοράς είναι να καταρτίσει έναν κατάλογο µε τα 15 περισσότερο οικονοµικά αποδοτικά και τεχνικά εφικτά µέτρα για την πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών. Για το σκοπό αυτό η Οµάδα του Έργου ανέπτυξε έναν κατάλογο µε 30 προτεινόµενα µέτρα για την ενίσχυση της πρόληψης τα οποία µπορούν να διακριθούν σε τρεις κύριες θεµατικές κατηγορίες (Εικ. 2): i. Οργάνωση του Γραφείου πολιτικής προστασίας ii. Ενίσχυση του σχεδιασµού πρόληψης και πυρόσβεσης iii. Βελτίωση του υφιστάµενου θεσµικού πλαισίου. Ο κατάλογος που καταρτίστηκε περιείχε και αναλυτική περιγραφή για κάθε ένα από τα µέτρα και την επίπτωση που θα έχουν στην πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών. Η Οµάδα του Έργου, έθεσε τον κατάλογο αυτό των 30 προτεινόµενων µέτρων υπό διαβούλευση στην Οµάδα των Ειδικών του έργου (National Experts Working Group) η οποία δηµιουργήθηκε στην Δράση 3 του προγράµµατος (Παράρτηµα). Η διαβούλευση έγινε υπό τη µορφή ανοιχτής συζήτησης και σχολίων επί των προτεινόµενων µέτρων καθώς και µε νέες προτάσεις, κατά την πρώτη εκ των τριών συναντήσεων της Οµάδας των Ειδικών. Σχεδιασμός πρόληψης Γραφεία πολιτικής προστασίας Νομικό Πλαίσιο Εικ. 2. Οι τρεις βασικές θεµατικές κατηγορίες στις µπορούν να οµαδοποιηθούν τα προτεινόµενα µέτρα για την πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών. Ακολούθως, µε βάση τις παρατηρήσεις της συνάντησης έγιναν προσθήκες και διορθώσεις µε βάση τις οποίες διαµορφώθηκε ένας νέος κατάλογος 26 µέτρων. Κατά τη δεύτερη συνάντηση, ζητήθηκε από την Οµάδα των Ειδικών του έργου να ιεραρχήσουν τα µέτρα µε κριτήριο την οικονοµική αποδοτικότητά τους και το κατά πόσο είναι εφικτά. LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για την πρόληψη των πυρκαγιών 16
Τα αποτελέσµατα συλλέχθηκαν και καταχωρήθηκαν σε λογιστικά φύλλα Excel, όπου αθροίστηκε η βαθµολογία κάθε µέτρου και έγινε η τελική ιεράρχηση. Από την άθροιση των επιµέρους βαθµολογιών προέκυψε ο τελικός κατάλογος των 15 πιο αποδοτικών µέτρων. Κατά την τρίτη συνάντηση της Οµάδας των Ειδικών, συζητήθηκαν τα αποτελέσµατα και πιστοποιήθηκε η τελική σειρά στη βαθµολόγηση των µέτρων. Στα παρακάτω κεφάλαια παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά τα 26 µέτρα που αρχικά προτάθηκαν (Κεφ. 3) και ο τελικός κατάλογος των 15 πιο αποδοτικών εξ αυτών (Κεφ. 4). 3. Κατάλογος µέτρων 3.1 Οργάνωση του Γραφείου πολιτικής προστασίας Μέτρο 1: Εκπαίδευση προσωπικού Πολιτικής Προστασίας. Κατάταξη: 2 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 160). Το συγκεκριµένο µέτρο περιλαµβάνει την κατάρτιση του προσωπικού στην οργάνωση του γραφείου Π.Π, σε θέµατα φυσικών καταστροφών, στη χρήση Η/Υ και GIS και στην ανάπτυξη και υλοποίηση σχεδίων δράσης για την αντιµετώπιση δασικών πυρκαγιών. Η εκπαίδευση στους ανωτέρω τοµείς θα βελτιώσει τη λειτουργία του γραφείου και θα ισχυροποιήσει τις δυνατότητές του Δήµου στην αντιµετώπιση φυσικών καταστροφών. Το συγκεκριµένο µέτρο θα βελτιώσει την αποδοτικότητά των υπηρεσιών του Δήµου, αξιοποιώντας τις νέες τεχνολογίες και τις σύγχρονες πρακτικές πολιτικής προστασίας που τις συνοδεύουν, µε δεδοµένο το γεγονός ότι παρατηρούνται σηµαντικές ελλείψεις σε θέµατα εκπαίδευσης. Μέτρο 2: Διαµόρφωση Γραφείου Πολιτικής Προστασίας του Δήµου σε Κέντρο Επιχειρήσεων/Κέντρο διαχείρισης δυνάµεων Πυροπροστασίας. (Κατάταξη: 3 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 151). Αναβάθµιση του Γραφείου Πολιτικής Προστασίας του Δήµου σε κέντρο επιχειρήσεων, για το σχεδιασµό των δράσεων πρόληψης και διαχείρισης δυνάµεων πυροπροστασίας. Ανάρτηση θεµατικών χαρτών της περιοχής ευθύνης συµπεριλαµβανοµένου χαρτών δασικών εκτάσεων, οδικού δικτύου, σηµείων παρατήρησης και παροχής ύδατος και χάρτες καµένων εκτάσεων. Το µέτρο συµπεριλαµβάνει ανάρτηση καταλόγων µε στοιχεία επικοινωνίας µε όλους τους εµπλεκόµενους, καθώς και το διαθέσιµο εξοπλισµό και τα οχήµατα. Κατάσταση προσωπικού και εξοπλισµού που µπορούν να εµπλακούν σε δράσεις πρόληψης και κατάσβεσης, σηµείων παρατήρησης, φορέων συνεργασίας, κ.α. Με βάση αυτά το γραφείο πολιτικής προστασίας µπορεί να καταστεί κέντρο επικοινωνίας και συντονισµού των δυνάµεων, στο οποίο οι υπεύθυνοι πολιτικής προστασίας και ο δήµαρχος θα έχει τη δυνατότητα να λαµβάνει ενηµέρωση και να διαχειρίζεται την απόκριση των υπηρεσιών του Δήµου σε καταστάσεις έκτακτης ανάγκης. Μάλιστα, το µέτρο αυτό µπορεί να ληφθεί από κοινού µε ένα γειτονικό δήµο ώστε να επιτευχθεί µείωση του κόστους. Μέτρο 3: Ανάπτυξη προτύπου οργάνωσης Γραφείου Πολιτικής Προστασίας (Κατάταξη: 7 ο Βαθµονόµηση: 116). Ανάπτυξη προτύπου οργάνωσης του Γραφείου Πολιτικής Προστασίας σχετικά µε την δοµή και στελέχωση του γραφείου, την κατάτµηση του σε τοµείς και την καταγραφή του εξοπλισµού, των µέσων, του προσωπικού, των εθελοντών και των υποδοµών. Η ανάπτυξη του LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για την πρόληψη των πυρκαγιών 17
συγκεκριµένου προτύπου θα βοηθήσει στη δηµιουργία προδιαγραφών για την διαµόρφωση του γραφείου πολιτικής προστασίας σε κέντρο επιχειρήσεων και θα ενισχύσει την αποδοτικότητά του στην πρόληψη. Μέτρο 4: Χρήση Η/Υ µε ΓΣΠ από εξειδικευµένο προσωπικό στον ετήσιο σχεδιασµό πυροπροστασίας, την ανάπτυξη σχεδίων δράσης και κατά την διάρκεια των επιχειρήσεων κατάσβεσης. (Κατάταξη: 12 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 81). Χρήση Η/Υ µε λογισµικό ΓΣΠ (Γεωγραφικά συστήµατα πληροφοριών), από εξειδικευµένο προσωπικό (π.χ. γεωεπιστήµονα, τοπογράφο), για το σχεδιασµό της πρόληψης και την διαχείριση φυσικών κινδύνων. Η χρήση ΓΣΠ θα επιτρέψει την ανάπτυξη θεµατικών χαρτών, χαρτών υποδοµών και χαρτών κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς, οι οποίοι θα έχουν τη δυνατότητα συνεχούς επικαιροποιήσης και θα αποτελέσουν τη βάση για την ανάπτυξη σχεδίων δράσης. Μέτρο 5: Εγκατάσταση και χρήση µετεωρολογικού σταθµού (Κατάταξη: 24 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 44). Εγκατάσταση µετεωρολογικού σταθµού στα όρια του Δήµου σε κατάλληλη θέση µε σκοπό την χρήση του για την παρακολούθηση και καταγραφή των τοπικών καιρικών παραµέτρων. Η εγκατάσταση του σταθµού µπορεί να συνεισφέρει στην ανάπτυξη τοπικού δυναµικού συστήµατος πρόβλεψης πυρκαγιάς. Με βάση ένα τέτοιο σύστηµα είναι δυνατή η καταγραφή των τοπικών κλιµατικών παραµέτρων µε υψηλή ακρίβεια και πιστότητα. Επίσης, σε βάθος χρόνου η υποδοµή µπορεί να καταστεί αξιόπιστο εργαλείο για την διαχείριση των δυνάµεων και των δράσεων πρόληψης σε περιόδους ή ηµέρες υψηλού κινδύνου (π.χ. επιπρόσθετες περιπολείες κ.α.). Η καταγραφή των καιρικών παραµέτρων κρίνεται ιδιαιτέρως σηµαντική τόσο για συναφείς φυσικές καταστροφές (πληµµυρικό κίνδυνο και φαινόµενα διάβρωσης και ερηµοποίησης) όσο και σε περιβαλλοντικές µελέτες και τεχνικά έργα στην ευρύτερη περιοχή του Δήµου. 3.2 Ενίσχυση του σχεδιασµού πρόληψης και πυρόσβεσης Μέτρο 6: Δηµιουργία προτύπου για την ανάπτυξη τοπικών σχεδίων δράσης από τους Δήµους (Κατάταξη: 1 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 183). Ανάπτυξη πρότυπου σχεδίου Δράσης το οποίο σε συνδυασµό µε την εκπαίδευση των στελεχών της Πολιτικής Προστασίας του Δήµου θα δίνει τις κατευθυντήριες γραµµές για την ολοκληρωµένη δηµιουργία και επικαιροποίηση των σχεδίων που αποτελούν και τη βάση για τον σχεδιασµό και την ετοιµότητα του Δήµου στην πρόληψη των δασικών πυρκαγιών. Το πρότυπο αυτό θα πρέπει να παρουσιάζει τη δοµή ενός σχεδίου δράσης και την επεξεργασία των χωρικών πληροφοριών και των δεδοµένων για την ανάπτυξη χαρτών. Η καταγραφή της υφιστάµενης κατάστασης στην έκταση του Δήµου και η ιεράρχηση των δράσεων που απαιτούνται στα πλαίσια του Δήµου θα πρέπει να περιγράφονται από τα σχέδια δράσης. Το Σχέδιο Δράσης θα πρέπει να αποτελεί το βασικό εργαλείο (οδηγός) µε βάση το οποίο θα σχεδιάζονται και θα εκτελούνται οι δράσεις πρόληψης δασικών πυρκαγιών από όλους τους εµπλεκόµενους φορείς. Το ίδιο το εγχειρίδιο, οι χάρτες και η ανάλυση κινδύνου που περιλαµβάνει είναι εξαιρετικά σηµαντικά τόσο στη φάση της πρόληψης και του σχεδιασµού, όσο στη φάση διαχείρισης µιας έκτακτης κατάστασης και στις διεργασίες αποκατάστασης. Μέτρο 7: Ενηµέρωση και Ευαισθητοποίηση του κοινού. (Κατάταξη: 4 ο, Βαθµονόµηση: 148). Το µέτρο περιλαµβάνει εκστρατείες ευαισθητοποίησης τόσο σε σχολεία, πολίτες αλλά και τουρίστες της περιοχής µέσω LIFE08 ENV/GR/000553 Ανάπτυξη µέτρων για την πρόληψη των πυρκαγιών 18