ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗ Τον Οκτώβριο του 2010, 65 εγγεγραμμένοι σύνεδροι παρουσίασαν 50 πρωτότυπες εργασίες στη διάρκεια του 2 ου Συμποσίου ARCH_RNT - Αρχαιολογική Έρευνα και Νέες Τεχνολογίες που διοργανώθηκε και φιλοξενήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας του Τμήματος Ιστορίας, Αρχαιολογίας και Διαχείρισης Πολιτισμικών Αγαθών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου, στη Σχολή Ανθρωπιστικών Επιστημών και Πολιτισμικών Σπουδών της Καλαμάτας.. Ο τόμος περιέχει 26 εργασίες οι οποίες υποβλήθηκαν για κρίση και έκδοση στα Πρακτικά του Συμποσίου. Οι εργασίες αναφέρονται στο σύνολο των θεματικών της σύγχρονης αρχαιολογικής έρευνας και συγκεκριμένα στις γεωφυσικές διασκοπήσεις, τις εφαρμογές των ΓΠΣ και υπολογιστικών συστημάτων, τις απόλυτες χρονολογήσεις, τον χαρακτηρισμό και τις αναλύσεις αντικειμένων και υλικών της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς, στις σύγχρονες προσεγγίσεις της επιστήμης της συντήρησης, ανάδειξης και προστασίας. Με αυτή την σειρά εμφανίζονται στα περιεχόμενα του τόμου. Από τη θέση αυτή θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω όλα τα μέλη της Επιστημονικής Επιτροπής για την συμβολή τους στην κρίση των εργασιών αλλά, και σημαντικά, τα μέλη της Γραμματειακής Υποστήριξης, Μ. Παπαγεωργίου και Μ. Καπαρού για την ενεργό και άοκνη συμβολή τους έως την τελική μορφοποίησή τους. Ο επιμελητής και πρόεδρος της Οργανωτικής Επιτροπής Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Νίκος Ζαχαριάς Καλαμάτα, 2012
ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΓΕΩΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΚΟΠΗΣΗ ΣΤΟ ΛΟΦΟ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΥ ΝΟΤΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΣΠΑΡΤΗΣ GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT AGIOS VASSILEIOS HILL SOUTH OF SPARTA G.N. TSOKAS, A. STAMPOLIDIS, BORIS DI FIORE, A. VASSILOGAMVROU...ΣΕΛ. 11 ΓΕΩΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΚΟΠΗΣΗ ΣΕ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΣΤΟ ΧΙΛΙΟΜΟΔΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΑΣ GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE IN CHILIOMODI OF CORINTH PREFECTURE Γ.Ν. ΤΣΟΚΑΣ, Γ. ΒΑΡΓΕΜΕΖΗΣ, Α. ΣΤΑΜΠΟΛΙΔΗΣ, Η. ΦΙΚΟΣ, Π. ΤΣΟΥΡΛΟΣ, Ε. ΚΟΡΚΑ...ΣΕΛ.27 ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ: ΜΙΑ ΝΕΑ ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗ- ΣΗ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΩΝ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΩΝ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ Σ. ΤΣΙΠΙΔΗΣ, Μ. ΚΑΤΣΙΑΝΗΣ, Κ. ΚΩΤΣΑΚΗΣ, Α. ΚΟΥΣΟΥΛΑΚΟΥ... ΣΕΛ.49 ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΕΣ ΨΗΦΙΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΏΝ ΧΩΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΝΟΜΟΥ ΑΙ- ΤΩΛΟΑΚΑΡΝΑΝΙΑΣ Γ. ΣΤΑΜΑΤΗΣ...ΣΕΛ.57 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΚΟΝΙΚΗ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΜΕΣΣΗΝΗ: ΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΕΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΑΚΤΟΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΣΤΟΡΑ Μ. ΜΠΑΡΔΑΝΗ, Ι. ΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ...ΣΕΛ.67 ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ: ΤΑ ΝΕΩΤΕΡΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ Λ. ΚΑΡΑΛΗ...ΣΕΛ. 79 APPLICATION OF ARCHAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN MESSENIA L. KARALI, C. SALIARI, E. SPYROPOULOU... ΣΕΛ.85 THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY: GOALS & ISSUES D. TSIAFAKI...ΣΕΛ.93 Η ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΕΝΑ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟ ΕΡΓΑΛΕΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΩΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΡΓΩΝ ΤΕΧΝΗΣ Β. ΚΟΚΛΑ, Α. ΨΑΡΡΟΥ, Β. ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ...ΣΕΛ.99 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR THE STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION IN ANTIQUI- TY D. MOULOU, N. BISKETZIS, CH. TSELONIS, D. EGGLEZOS, O. FILIPPOPOULOU, F.V.TOPALIS... ΣΕΛ.107 MIA ΑΠΛΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΜΕΤΡΗΣΗΣ ΤHΣ ΘΕΡΜΟΦΩΤΑΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ 77 Ο Κ ΚΑΙ 300 Ο Κ Γ. ΚΙΤΗΣ... ΣΕΛ. 115
ΑNΩΝΥΜΟ ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟ ΣΧΙΣΤΟΥ ΚΕΡΑΤΣΙΝΙΟΥ: XΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ ΔΕΙΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΟΨΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΩΤΕΡΟΥ ΠΛΕΙΣΤΟΚΑΙΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΟΚΑΙΝΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟ SIMS-SS ANONYMOUS CAVE OF SCHISTO AT KERATSINI: DATING OF OBSIDIAN SAMPLES ORI- ENTED FROM LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE DEPOSITS WITH THE SIMS-SS METHOD F. ΜAVRIDIS, Ν. LASKARIS, Α. PAPADEA, Ο. ΑPOSTOLIKAS, Κ. ΤRANTALIDOU, G. ΚOTZAMANI, P. KARKANAS, Υ. MANIATIS, Ι. LIRITZIS, L. ΚORMAZOPOULOU... ΣΕΛ.121 ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΓΥΑΛΙΝΩΝ ΧΑΝΤΡΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΠΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΣΤΟΡΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΥΛΟ ΜΕ ΦΘΟΡΙΣΜΟΜΕΤΡΙΑ ΑΚΤΙΝΩΝ-Χ J.M. MURPHY, K. ΠΟΛΥΚΡΕΤΗ, Β. ΚΑΝΤΑΡΕΛΟΥ, A.Γ. ΚΑΡΥΔΑΣ... ΣΕΛ. 133 BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE HEALTH AND DIET OF MYCENAEAN PYLOS A. PAPATHANASIOU, L.A. SCHEPARTZ, M.P. RICHARDS, E. MALAPANI... ΣΕΛ.143 ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΥΑΛΩΔΩΝ ANTIKEΙΜΕΝΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΡΓΟΛΙΔΑ: ΠΡΩΤΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ Μ. ΚΑΠΑΡΟΥ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ... ΣΕΛ. 153 ΣΥΓΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΓΥΑΛΙΝΩΝ ΑΓΓΕΙΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΥΣΤΕΡΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ: ΣΥΛΛΟΓΕΣ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΜΑΓΝΗΣΙΑΣ M. ΠΑΠΑΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ... ΣΕΛ.163 ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΔΙΑΚΟΣΜΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΧΡΩΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΪΚΗΣ ΚΕΡΑΜΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΘΗΒΑ. ΣΥΜΒΟΛΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΞΑΚΡΙΒΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ Γ. ΜΑΣΤΡΟΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΣ, Ν. ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ, Κ.Γ. ΜΠΕΛΤΣΙΟΣ, Β. ΑΡΑΒΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ, Κ. ΚΑΛΛΙΓΑ, Δ. ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 171 NEW EVIDENCE ON ANCIENT MINING FROM LEKANI AND METAL PRODUCTION FROM AGHIOS ANTONIOS, THASOS S. PAPADOPOULOS, N. NERANTZIS... ΣΕΛ. 177 A STUDY OF ARTIFACTS OF SEMIPRECIUS STONES USING RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TH. KATSAROS, E. MERAMVELIOTAKI, TH. GANETSOS, N. LASKARIS... ΣΕΛ. 183 ASSESSMENT OF CLEANING INTERVENTIONS ON MARBLE SURFACES USING A FUZZY MODEL E.T. DELEGOU, M. KONSTANTINIDOY, C. KIRANOUDIS, A. MOROPOULOU... ΣΕΛ. 189 ΣΥΓΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΔΑΠΕΔΙΩΝ ΨΗΦΙΔΩΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΡΩΜΑΙΚΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΥ Ι. ΠΑΠΑΓΙΑΝΝH, Β. ΠΑΧΤΑ... ΣΕΛ. 199 WORKING WITH EXCAVATED ORGANIC MATERIALS IN GREECE: PROBLEMS, APPROACHES, STRATEGIES M. MERTZANI... ΣΕΛ. 207 ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΥΦΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΘΥΡΡΕΙΟ ΑΙΤΩΛΟ-ΑΚΑΡΝΑΝΙΑΣ ΜΕ SEM-EDX B. ΣΤΑΙΚΟΥ, Γ. ΦΑΚΟΡΕΛΛΗΣ... ΣΕΛ. 213
ΦΥΣΙΚΟ-ΧΗΜΙΚΟΣ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΘΡΑΥΣΜΑΤΩΝ ΕΛΕΦΑΝΤΟΔΟΝΤΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΕΞΩΤΕΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΠΕΝΔΥΣΗΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΥΣΤΕΡΟΡΩΜΑΪΚΟΥ ΑΠΟΘΗΚΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΚΙΒΩΤΙΔΙΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΑΣ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΡΗΤΗ Π. ΜΑΡΙΝΟΥ, Γ. ΦΑΚΟΡΕΛΛΗΣ, Σ. ΜΠΟΓΙΑΤΖΗΣ, ΑΙΚ. ΜΑΛΕΑ... ΣΕΛ. 219 ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ ΑΝΑΓΝΩΡΙΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΦΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗΣ: ΚΑΛΑΘΙΑ, ΨΑΘΕΣ, ΣΧΟΙΝΙΑ A. ΠΑΓΑΝΟΥ, Μ. ΠΕΤΡΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 225 Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΜΙΚΡΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΩΝ ΤΕΧΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΕΝΥΔΡΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΥ ΞΥΛΟΥ 7.000.000 ΕΤΩΝ Μ. ΠΕΤΡΟΥ, Α. ΠΟΥΡΝΟΥ... ΣΕΛ. 231
ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ 2 nd ARCH_RNT Archaeological Research and New Technologies THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY: GOALS & ISSUES D. Tsiafaki 1 1 Cultural & Educational Technology Institute (R.C. «Athena» / CETI), (tsiafaki@ceti.gr) INTRODUCTION Archaeology, and in particular Classical Archaeology, that is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, has been one of the principal fields of interest scholarly or not- for the past few centuries. The contribution of Renaissance for example, to the revival of the ancient Greek culture is immense and well attested (Sparkes 1996, 38ff.). It is remarkable that until the end of the 17th century, the base for the education of a gentleman was the study of the art, language, philology and history of the Classical world, a pattern that lasted for over 200 years. And even if that sounds strange for such a traditional field, archaeology has been a discipline that involved always the cut in edge technologies for research and study. Aim of this paper is the contemporary interdisciplinary approach in Archaeology that involves sciences and technology. More specifically, the goal is to present the up to date contribution of the new technologies and to trace issues and problems in order to explore the new directions of this interdisciplinary study in the archaeological research. NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAE- OLOGY: A COMMON TRADITIONAL PHENOMENON AND NOT AN EVOLU- TION OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20 TH CENTURY The introduction of the technology, however, in Archaeology is not a discovery of the 20th century. Nineteenth century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann, attempted to explore and bring to light the glorious past they read in Greek and Latin texts. In order to fulfil their goal they used the most fashionable tools and methods for the time being. Already in the 18th century appeared luxurious publications such for example, the vase collection of Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803) (Rouet 2001, 13-17; Lyons 1997). The series of volumes that started to be published in the late 1760 s by d Hancarville, entitled Collection of Etruscan, Greek and Roman Antiquities from the Cabinet of the Honourable William Hamilton, incorporated the most modern for their time media, such as colourful drawings, profiles of shapes etc. The introduction of photography in the 19th century, one of the most important technological achievements, found a home in the archaeological research from its very early stages aiming at two axis: the study and the presentation (Lyons 2005). The traditional, according to the modern terminology, archaeological methods of the scholarly research, included classification and catalogues of objects already in the 19th century (Orton, Tyers, Vince 1993). To this
94 Archaeological Research and New Technologies should be added the examination of the material of the object. In very early stages of the archaeological research the scholars were interested in themes such as the provenance, manufacture techniques and of course dating. Macroscopical examination of the object that was based on knowledge coming from a combination of literary sources, history, excavation data and self understandably, contemporary techniques of manufacture, used to lead until recently to the answer of the above issues. Based on the above it will follow a summarization of the principal topics and steps in the archaeological research and methodology until the last decades of the 20th century and before the incorporation of what is called today new technologies in it. Depiction of the archaeological object or data. Recording of the archaeological object or data. Classification of the archaeological object or data. Study / interpretation of the archaeological object or data. Publication / presentation of the archaeological object or data. The next step is to see how those issues were addressed through the traditional tools and methods. Depiction: drawings, profiles, photography Recording: excavation notes (ημερολόγια), reg-istration catalogues (ευρετήρια), records (δελτία). Classification: sorting, categorisation, organisation in records placed in archives. Classification, however, might includes also publications such as catalogues, series etc. A good example here is the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (CVA) series (Rouet 2001, 41-58), or the Attic Black Figured and Red Figured Pottery by Sir John Davidson Beazley (ABV, ARV). In the same way can be approached the series publishing the results of the excavations (e.g. Olympia, Samos, Delphi, Samothrace). Study / interpretation: macroscopical examination of the object or data, bibliographic research, comparanda, recognition and position in place and time etc. Publication / presentation: synthesis of the consumed information, publication in printed format (conference, journal, volume, monograph etc.), museum display, archaeological site open to the public. All those topics and tools are related to the principal archaeological questions. The most characteristic of them regard issues such as typology, chronology, production centers etc. Each of them can be divided in multiple sub-categories (e.g. religion, private & public life, society, economy, trade, contacts, burial customs etc.) that lead to the knowledge and reconstruction of the past, which is the ultimate goal of Archaeology. Those principal questions are still addressed and they remain among the chief axis of the archaeological research. It was sometime after the middle of the 20th century when became clear that two new issues had been arisen: a) a vast quantity of material and b) a huge bibliography on them. To those should be added the new direction followed by the scholarship regarding the approach to the study of the object and data. It was the contextual analysis that needed to be developed in order to get a better view of the use, the role and the function of the object and/or the data within the society that produced them. It was also at the same time that engineering and the computer sciences as well as fundamental or natural sciences (chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, geology) made significant progress and they started looking for new areas of research or applications of their achievements. The term Archaeometry was introduced from C.F.C. Hawkes, professor of the European History in the University of Oxford, at the end of the 50s (Tite 2004). It refers to the use of methods and techniques coming from the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology, geophysics, biology) and their application to archaeology as well as to art objects in general in order to provide solutions for specific questions and problems. Worth of note is to mention that the possible
Archaeological Research and New Technologies 95 contribution of the natural sciences to the cultural heritage recognised already in the late 19th century, while the application of the chemistry in ancient coins and glass had started much earlier, in the 18th and 19th centuries (Spoto 2003; Pollard, Heron 1996; Henderson 2000). As the time passed the methods and techniques used by the natural sciences were developed and improved and nowadays there is a variety of them that can be apply to various types of objects and materials and to offer some answers. The common or not, provenance of macroscopically similar groups is a major issue addressed by archaeologists (Tsiafakis et al. forthcoming). Destructive or non destructive methods can be applied depending on the material and the placed questions. In summary, Archaeometry as it was developed throughout 20th century, may contribute at least to the following fields: a) dating of the object or data b) recognition/identification of the origin c) technology and manufacture techniques d) organic material analysis Zooarchaeology, Archaeobotanology, Remote Sensing and Geophysical Survey, as well as Conservation, should not be missed in this short presentation of the fundamental sciences applied in Archaeology. It was after the middle of the 20th century, that the computer technologies begun to emerge and to find applications in various fields. The vast quantities of the accumulated material raised problems regarding its classification, management and handling. Therefore cultural organizations and museum collections in USA started to build databases for their objects already in the 70s. The earliest cultural databases were individually ordered by each organization and they attempted to cover the special needs of them. It was before the end of the century, however, that the issues of compatibility and interoperability became clear in the cultural databases built internationally and standards and prototypes (e.g CIDOC CRM model) were started to being produced in order to succeed the communication from one system to another (Tsiafaki, Skoulariki 2008). The great expansion of the idea of the digitization in the field of archaeology during the last decades of the 20th century and the very first years of the 21st century, led to numerous databases around the world (Evans, Daly 2006). The introduction of the internet in the 90s has been a real revolution. It is interesting that even the conservative field of archaeology took advantage of it in a relatively early stage. The Beazley archive, a printed collection of 25,000 vases and fragments listed in Attic Black-figure Vase-painters and Attic Red-figure Vase-painters2, was among the first pottery databases that was digitized and become available through the web (https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk ). To this should be added the CVA (Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum) series (started back in the 1919) with over 350 printed volumes until today, that has become electronically available through the web (http://www.cvaonline.org ). Virtual reality and 3D reconstructions have also started to be applied in objects and archaeological data in order to make them more accessible and better understandable for both scholars and general public (Koutsoudis et al 2009). The 7 th c. B.C. East Greek fruit stand for example, in fig. 1 is a reconstruction of the rendered in color fragment found in the settlement located in Karabournaki, Thessaloniki (Tiverios et al., 2003; Fig. 1). Although virtual, the complete form of the vessel provides a better understanding of it for scholars and general public. Fig. 1: 3D reconstruction of the East Greek fruit stand frg. found in Karabournaki (7 th c. B.C.) The contribution also of the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was introduced gradually from the late 20th century onwards to Archaeology (Conolly, Lake 2006; Tsiafakis, Evangelidis 2006). The distribution
96 Archaeological Research and New Technologies of archaeological sites through place and time for example, can provide important information for matters such as the routes for trade, contacts, use, and function, all important for Understanding the Past. Furthermore it could provide information for the distribution of the archaeological data on a site or the stratigraphy as it is shown (Figs. 2 & 3 ) for the Karabournaki excavation (Tsiafakis, Evangelidis 2006). Fig. 2: The spatial database for the Karabournaki excavation. Fig. 3: 3D reconstruction of stratigraphy at the Karabournaki excavation. The last should be mentioned in this review of the technologies that contribute to the archaeological research, are the electronical publications that accompany or gradually replace the printed editions of the results and progress in the archaeological research. Computer technologies and sciences appear to contribute to the archaeological research more and more the last decades. A thorough approach to their contribution, however, indicates that they act as new media in old needs (Tsiafakis, Tsirliganis 2008). Furthermore it appears that they have created new needs and problems that have to be solved. Directions and Goals Although short, the reference to the most popular fields and types of new technologies applied in Archaeology is indicative for the extent of their employment in the field. It could be said that they transform Archaeology into Digital Archaeology (Tsiafaki, Skoulariki 2008). Even if this is acknowledged by the scholarship, there are still some issues that need to be examined or solved and they may set the directions and the goals. The first topics that seem to be faced shortly are management, combination and integration. Of interest is that management has been a major reason for the introduction of computer sciences in the Archaeological research. At this point, however, the need for management has been preceded to the next step. All the data produced digitally compile a vast amount that needs to be handled by their users, meaning the archaeologists, since they primarily need all of them whereas the other disciplines are mostly focus on specific fields. It should be noted, however, that the archaeologists and the field related scholars (e.g. historians, art historians, philologists etc) are not the only ones using them. As for the pure archaeological research, being the focal point of this paper, a major problem is the spreading of the new accumulated data in various databases, storing media, and formats. The next step is the development of management systems that will include and combine all the information coming from the individual fields (Tsiafakis et al. 2004; Tsiafaki 2005; Tsiafakis et al. 2006). Such systems have been started to appear in some forms, but they usually integrate the information of few disciplines or they are not user friendly (a problem that remains unsolved for the past decades). An interesting example may come from the field of Archaeometry. There they have been developed important Pottery Databanks (within the European borders) that contain the results of the analysis of pottery samples (e.g. the Bonn NAA databank). In best of the cases they include apart from the
Archaeological Research and New Technologies 97 archaeometrical records, some archaeological info on the vase or fragment. How about the information from the other disciplines (GIS, Conservation, Context, Biology etc.)? How about the accessibility and the comparison of the results of different methods applied in the same samples? Accessibility, use, and maintenance are issues and directions that should also been taken under consideration for the next step of the Digital Archaeology. And of course on top of all is a real and deep collaboration in order to succeed a real interdisciplinary approach and make the best of it and benefit for all: scholars, scientists and public, since we should not forget that the reconstruction of the past does not belong just to us, is public heritage. CONCLUSIONS The very brief overview of the application of all those sciences, techniques and technologies to the field of Archaeology indicates that: they primarily contribute to the fields of Depiction, Recording, Classification, Study / interpretation, and Publication / presentation of the archaeological object and data. The common feature that appears to share is the format of the data they produce: they are Digital. In the case of Archaeology in particular they have led to a Digital Archaeology, a term borrowed from the contemporary popular term Digital Heritage. REFERENCES ABV: Beazley, J.D. (1956) Attic Black-figure vase painters, London. ARV: Beazley J. D. (1963) Attic red-figure vase-painters, 2nd ed. Oxford. Conolly, J. Lake, M. (2006) Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology, Cambridge. Evans, T. L., Daly, P. (eds.) (2006) Digital Archaeology, New York. Henderson, J. (2000) The science and archaeology of materials, New York. Koutsoudis, Α., Pavlidis, G., Arnaoutoglou, F., Tsiafakis, D., Chamzas, C. (2009) Qp: A tool for generating 3D models of ancient Greek pottery, Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 10, 281-295. Lyons, C. L. (1997) The Neapolitan context of Hamilton s Antiquities Collection, Journal of the History of Collections, vol. 9, 229-239. Lyons, C. L. (2005) Antiquity & Photography : early views of ancient Mediterranean sites, Los Angeles. Orton, C. Tyers, P. Vince, A. (1993) Pottery in Archaeology, Cambridge. Pollard, A. M., Heron, C. (1996) Archaeological Chemistry, RSC Paperbacks, Cambridge. Rouet, Ph. (2001) Approaches to the study of Attic Vases. Beazley and Pottier (trans. L. Nash), Oxford. Sparkes, B. A. (1996) The red and the black: studies in Greek pottery, London and New York. Spoto, G. (2003) Chemical Methods in Archaeology, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tite, M.S. (2004) Archaeometry an overview. In Physics methods in archaeometry, Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, course CLIV, Bologna. Tiverios, M., Manakidou, E., Tsiafakis, D. (2003) Panepistimiakes anaskafes sto Karabournaki Thessalonikis (2000-2002), Egnatia vol. 7, 327-351. Tsiafaki, D. (2005) Karabournaki 2003: applications of the new technologies in the excavation of the ancient site (in Greek). In To Archaeologiko Ergo sti Macedonia kai ti Thraki vol. 17, 2003, Thessaloniki, 205-212. Tsiafakis, D., Tsirliganis, N., Pavlidis, G., Evangelidis, V., Chamzas, C. (2004) Karabournaki Recording the Past: Digitization of an Archaeological Site. In Proceedings of EVA 2004: Conference of Electronic Imaging and the Visual Arts, Florence, V. Cappellini, και J. Hemsley (eds.), 232-237. Tsiafakis, D., Tsompanopoulos, A., Pavlidis, G., Tsirliganis, N., Evangelidis, V., Chamzas, C. (2006) Archiving Cultural Objects in the 21st century: Pottery from Karabournaki. In Common Ground: Archaeology, Art, Science, and Humanities, Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Classical Archaeolo-
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