PMD PMD PMD Compensator and PMD Emulator * * * Yu Mimura Kazuhiro Ikeda Tatsuya Hatano * * * Takesi Takagi Sugio Wako Hiroshi Matsuura D- WDM: Dense-Wavelength Division Multiplexing 4 Gbps Polarization Mode Dispersion: PMD1 PMDPMD PMD PMD 1 PMD PMD 1 PMD PMD 1. Wavelength Division Multiplexing: WDM 4Gbit/s 1 Gbit/s Polarization Mode Dispersion: PMD 1 1 Gbit/s PMD PMD PMD PMD Compensator: PMDC 1, 3, 4 PMD Differential Group Delay: DGD PMD DGD Principal State of Polarization: PSP * DGD PMD 1 PMD1 PMD PMD Second Order PMD: SOPMD, 5 PMD PMD PMD PMD PMF PMD 6, 7 PMD DGD PMD Variable Faraday Rotator: VFRPMD PMD DGD PMD PMD Higher Order PMD Canceller: HO 8 PMD HO PMD HO 1 PMDC PMD PMDC 1 PMDC HO 11 15 7 1
1 1 Gbit/sPMD. 1 PMD τ τ q τ ω τ ω q τ q ω 1 ω τ DGD q PMDSOPMD 1 1 PMD D Polarizationdependent Chromatic Dispersion PMD PSD Polarization State Dispersion SOPMD D PSD ps ps/nm ps ps PMF DGD PMD PMD 7 n DGD 1 PMD τ τ ω m Σ n=1 m Σ n=1 R m, n 1 τ n R m, n 1 τ nw τ n τ n 3 4 τ n n DGD1 PMD τ n 1 n 1 PMD R n DGDR n 4 DGD 9 1 PMD FSR DGDDGD DGD 7.5 ps FSR DGD 133.3 GHzDGD DGD PMD DGD PMD DGD 4 1 DGD D PSD SOPMD 3 PMD DGD 3 ps SOPMD 6 ps 1.7 db 3. PMD PMD MMM 1 PMD 1 PMD R m, n R m R m 1... Rn m n R m, m R m R m, m 1 identity matrix 5 DGD DGDPMD DGD τ 1 τ θ τ τ 1 τ τ 1 τ cosθ 6 τ ω τ 1 τ sinθ 7 PMD 1 SOPMD PSD DGDPMD DGD SOPMD Free Spectrum Range: FSRDGD 3. PMD 3.1 PMD 1 3 1 Variable Faraday Rotator PMD Schematic for the first- and second-order PMD emulator with VFR Tunable Laser Polarizer DUT Variable Faraday Rotator Polarimeter PMD Schematic for the first- and second-order PMD measurement system with VFR 11 15 7
DGD (ps) 3 5 15 1 5 Emulator SOPMD= 75ps theory SOPMD= 75ps Emulator SOPMD=1ps theory SOPMD=1ps Emulator SOPMD=15ps theory SOPMD=15ps SOPMD (ps ) 175 15 15 1 75 5 5 Emulator SOPMD= 75ps Theory SOPMD= 75ps Emulator SOPMD=1ps Theory SOPMD=1ps Emulator SOPMD=15ps Theory SOPMD=15ps 75ps 1ps 15ps 1547. 1547.4 1547.6 1547.8 1548. 1548. 1548.4 1548.6 1548.8 a) DGD 1547. 1547.4 1547.6 1547.8 1548. 1548. 1548.4 1548.6 1548.8 b) SOPMD 3 SOPMD 75 1 and 15 ps a DGD b SOPMD Measured and theoretical a) DGD and b) SOPMD curves for SOPMD values of 75, 1 and 15 ps PMD PMD1 PMD 3 PMD PMD /6 ms 3.3 DGD PMD 1548 nm DGD ps SOPMD 75 1 15 ps SOPMD 75 ps : 31. 67.5 31. deg. SOPMD 1 ps : 6.4 65. 6.4 deg. SOPMD 15 ps : 1.8 63.5 1.8 deg. PMD 3 a DGD b SOPMD PMD 5 SOPMD 1 ps SOPMD D PSD 4 D PSD D SOPMD PSD D PSD DGD PMD PMD PMD Absolute of D, PSD (ps ) 4 175 15 15 1 75 5 5 Absolute of D (Emulator) PSD (Emulator) 1547. 1547.4 1547.6 1547.8 1548. 1548. 1548.4 1548.6 1548.8 Absolute of D (Theory) PSD (Theory) SOPMD1 ps D PSD Absolute value of D and PSD separated from an SOPMD value of 1 ps PMD PMD DGD 1 3 15 ps 15 ps DGD 1.5 ps 7.5 ps DGD 1 9 1 DGD DGD7.5 ps 7.5 ps DGD 4 PMD 75 1 15 ps SOPMD 4 PMD PMD PMD PMD 11 15 7 3
4. PMD 4.1 PMD 5 a 1 PMD 4 PMD 5 b 8,11 b1 Polarization Maintain Fiber: PMF 1 PMD Polarization Beam Splitter: PBS HO PBS1 PMD HO a 1 PMDC Degree of Polarization: DOP HO DOP DOP HO PMDC DOP HO 1 PMDC DOP DOP 1 PBS PBS b a PMD 4. PMD PMDPSD, 5 PMD PSD PMD PSP x PSD PMD K E out η {φ η τ û * û [ φ η τ κ φ η τ κ ]û [ φ η τ κ φ η τ κ ]û * } 8 η τ DGD κ PSD K SOP S 1 PSD S1-S û û * κ φ DGD PSP φ κ φ PSD 1 PMDC PSPSOP HOPSP x 1 [ ]. û * û * û 9 1 PMDC HO K E η {φ η τ 1 1 [ φ η τ κ φ η τ κ φ η τ κ φ η τ κ ]} û * û κ φ PSD 1 PMDC HO PMD 4.3 1 Gbit/s-NRZ Non-Return Zero 6 1 PMD 3 ps DGD3 ps DGD 441 ps PSD SOPMD a) PMF DOP Monitor (Maximize DOP) Polarizer Power Monitor (Maximize Power) 1Gbps Tx (NRZ) -.8dBm PMD Emulator 1 st -order PMD compensator -1.54dBm Pol. Con. Pol. Con. 1 st -order PMD compensator nd -order depolarization canceller PMF (4ps) for Compensation b) PMF 1 st -order PMD compensator and nd -order depolarized component canceller PBS Power Monitor (Minimize Power) PBS -5~9dBm -7.65dBm nd -order depolarized component canceller Power meter Feedback Controller Controller Variable Attenuator Rx Error Detector -16~dBm 5 PMDC a b Conventional and novel configurations 6 Configuration of test system 11 15 7 4
(c) (b) (a) (e) (d) -. -19.5-19. -18.5-18. -17.5-17. -16.5-16. 7 BER test results 1E-5 1E-7 1E-9 1E-11 Power (dbm) (a)back to Back (b)dgd 3 ps + SOPMD 441 ps with our PMDC with HO (average with regard to the input SOP) (c) DGD 3 ps + SOPMD 441 ps with only 1st-order PMDC (average) (d)dgd 3 ps (worst case), (e)dgd 3 ps + SOPMD 441 ps (worst case) PMD PMD SOPMD PSD DGD SOPMD 1 PMDC PSPSOP DGD DGD SOP PMD DGD PMD SOP 1 PMDC SOP BER BER 7 a Back to backb DGD 3 ps SOPMD 441 ps 1 PMDC HO c DGD 3 ps SOPMD 441 ps 1 PMDC d DGD 3 ps PMD e DGD 3 ps SOPMD 441 ps PMD PMD bc SOP BER PMD d e SOP BER bc 1 PMDC HOPMDC PMDC PMD 1 PMDC 3 BER 5. PMD PMD PMD DGD PMD 1 PMDC HO 1 Gbit/s-NRZ PMD PSD PMD PMD PMD PMD PMD 1 H. Ooi et al. : Automatic polarization-mode dispersion compensation in 4-Gbit/s transmission, OFC 99, WE5-1 1999, 86. F. Bruyere: Optical Fiber Technol., 1996, 69. 3 T. Takahashi et al. : Automatic compensation technique for timewise fluctuation polarization mode dispersion in in-line amplifier systems, Electron. Lett., 3 1994, 348. 4 F. Roy et al. : A simple dynamic polarization mode dispersion compensator, OFC 99, TuS4-1 1999, 75. 5 C. Francia et al. : Photon. Technol. Lett., 1 1998, 1739. 6 F. Bruyere: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 1 1996, 696. 7 J. P. Gordon and H. Kogelnik: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 97, 4541. 8 J. Poirrier et al. : OFC, W14, 36. 9 : 3, B-1-119 3. 1 R. M. Jopson, L. E. Nelson, and H. Kogelnik: IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 11 1999, 1153. 11 K. Ikeda: OFC3, MF9 3. 1 K. Ikeda: NFOEC, Technical Proceedings,, 1965. 11 15 7 5