5. Τραπεζικό δίκαιο (ευθύνη τραπεζών και ηλεκτρονική µεταφορά χρηµάτων)

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 109. Controversial = Αµφιλεγόµενος 110. Attachment = Κατάσχεση 111. Tax = Φόρος, φορολογικός, φορολογώ 112. In principle = Κατ αρχήν 113. Provide = Προβλέπω 114. Canton = Καντόνι (αυτοδιοίκητη περιφέρεια της Ελβετίας, ως οµοσπονδίας) 115. Fraud = Απάτη 116. Shelter = Προστατεύω 117. Comprehensive = Πλήρης, εκτενής, κατανοητός 118. Mutual assistance = Αµοιβαία βοήθεια 119. Enter into force = Θέτω σε ισχύ 120. Voluntary basis = Εθελοντική βάση 121. Bilateral treaty = Διµερής συνθήκη 122. Conclude = Υπογράφω συνθήκη, συµπεραίνω 123. Explicit = Ρητός, σαφής 5. Τραπεζικό δίκαιο (ευθύνη τραπεζών και ηλεκτρονική µεταφορά χρηµάτων) A. TEXT CHAPTER 12 The Giro System and Electronic Transfers of Funds 1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS The word giro, which is used to describe money transfer operations is derived from the Hellenic word for circle. Giro denotes the cyclic operation involved in the transfer of credit balances from one bank account into another. On the Continent such systems have been used successfully for a considerable period of time as an alternative to the payment of accounts by cheques. Even in the United Kingdom, where payment by cheques has been predominant for a considerable period of time, the money transfer system is no novelty. In an elementary form it has been operable for along time by means of individual letters in which customers instructed their banks to pay given amounts of money to 106

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ the credit of designated payees. As a fully operative system providing an alternative to the settlement of accounts by cheques, the bank giro came into operation in the 1960s, in the wake of the introduction of the national giro, originally operated by the Post Office. 62 In the early 1980s, the bank giro and the national giro became linked so that an amount could be transferred from an account maintained with a clearing bank to an account maintained with the National Girobank. Subsequently, in 1985, the National Girobank became a member of the clearing house. Later still, it was acquired by the Leicester and Alliance Building Society. At present, the Girobank (at it is currently known) is a member of APACS and of its subsidiaries and the national giro has become amalgamated with the bank giro. The current bank giro, which is of considerable magnitude, is a money-transfer system which operates either on the basis of a written instruction or, in some cases, on the basis of instructions encoded on a tape. Certain transactions, such as the withdrawal of cash, can, further, be carried out by means of plastic tokens, known as cashpoint cards or ATM cards, used at computer terminals linked to the system. In a giro operation, the person who wishes to effect payment -the payor- instructs his bank (the transferring bank ) to pay a specified amount to the credit of a designated account, maintained either in the payor s own name or, more usually, in the name of a third party. The bank to whom the amount is to be remitted, is best described as the recipient bank and the person whose account is to be credited as the payee. Where a payor wishes to use the bank giro he has to complete a standard form, issued by his own bank. The form is signed by the payor and, usually, is either delivered by him to the branch with which he maintains his account or posted to it. Such procedure is employed in the case of individual money transfer orders. The very nature of giro operations anticipates the existence of a suitable clearing system. Where two banks are involved, the settlement between the transferring and recipient bank is not made by delivery of cash but by the striking of a balance between the total amounts transferred on a given day. At present there are a number of clearing systems in operation for these procedures. An electronic system for substantial payments was introduced in 1984. It is known as CHAPS 63 and is operated by means of gateways utilizing a network of British telecommunications. 62 Operations commenced in the 1960s. Subsequently, the Post Office (Banking Services) Act 1976 (which widened the scope of s. 7(1)(b) of the Post Office Act 1969 which, basically, conferred only the power to engage in giro activities) conferred on the Post Office the power to provide full banking services for its clients. And see the British Telecommunications Act 1981, s. 58(1). 63 Clearing House Automated Payments Systems. 107

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ An entirely separate system is used for the electronic transfer of funds overseas, known as SWIFT. 64 It facilitates the transfer of amounts by a telecommunications system operable for bankers international transactions throughout the world. An alternative method for such transfers remain telex and the mail transfers. In operations of this type, the transferring bank communicates to the recipient bank, either directly or through an intermediary, details of the account to be credited with the amount involved and the method by which the recipient bank is to reimburse itself. 5. THE LEGAL NATURE OF MONEY TRANSFER ORDERS (v) Position of the correspondent bank It will be recalled that the correspondent bank is employed only where the transferring bank is unable to transmit the funds directly to the recipient bank. As the correspondent is engaged by the transferring bank, there is no privity of contract between the correspondent bank and the payor. The fact that under English law there is no privity between the payor ad the transferring bank s correspondent should not, however, lull British banks that have offices abroad into a sense of safety. The point is illustrated by an American authority. In Evra Corporation v. Swiss Bank Corporation (522 F Supp. 820 (1981)), a rental was due under a charterparty at the Banque de Paris in Geneva at a predetermined time. The charterer ordered his bank in Chicago to effect the transfer. A telex message was duly transmitted by the London branch of the Chicago bank to its correspondent in Geneva, the defendants. Owing to the fact that the defendants telex terminal in Geneva ran out of paper, the message was not received, although the terminal automatically acknowledged the message to the transferring bank s branch in London. When the breakdown was discovered, the time for the payment of the amount to the shipowners bank, the Banque de Paris in Geneva, was over. The shipowner accordingly withdrew the ship. The charterer then brought an action against the correspondent bank, the defendants, in Illinois. The United States District Court held that bank liable in damages for breach of contract and in negligence. It concluded, by an analogy from article 4 of the Uniform Commercial Code, that under the common law of the United States there was privity of contract between the charterer -the payor- and the defendants, his bank s Swiss correspondents. The same conclusion would undoubtedly have been reached if the correspondents had been a British bank. This decision was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals (Seventh Circuit), on the ground that the defendants, who had not been familiarized with the special circumstances of the case, where not liable for consequential loss. The loss sustained 64 Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications. 108

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ by the charterers as a result of the withdrawal of the ship was t o o r e m o t e. But the appellate court did not question the existence of privity between the charterers or transferors and the correspondent bank. Although this decision may be questioned on the basis of considerations of private international law (was the alleged contract between the charterer and the correspondent governed by Swiss or by American law?), it constitutes a cause for alarm. The United States is not the only country in which a correspondent bank is deemed to have privity of contract with the customer of the bank by which it is engaged. [Ellinger EP & Lomnicka E, Modern Banking Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996, pp. 421-423, 451-452] C. LEGAL TERMS AND WORDS 1. Concept = Έννοια 2. Giro =Γύρος, σύστηµα µεταφοράς χρηµάτων µέσω λογαριασµών 3. Transfer of funds =Μεταφορά κεφαλαίων 4. Operation = Λειτουργία 5. Derive from = Προέρχοµαι από, spring from 6. Circle = Κύκλος 7. Denote = Σηµαίνω 8. Cyclic = Κυκλικός 9. Credit balance = Πιστωτικός ισολογισµός 10. Bank account = Τραπεζικός λογαριασµός 11. On the Continent = Στην Ηπειρωτική Ευρώπη 12. Considerable = Σηµαντικός 13. Alternative = Εναλλακτική λύση 14. Payment of account = Πληρωµή λογαριασµού 15. Cheque = Επιταγή 16. Predominant = Επικρατέστερος 17. Novelty = Πρωτοτυπία, νέο 18. Elementary = Στοιχειώδης 19. Operable= Λειτουργικός, ικανό να λειτουργεί 109

20. By means of = Μέσω 21. Individual = Ατοµικός 22. Instruct = Καθοδηγώ 23. Given amounts of money = Δεδοµένα ποσά χρηµάτων 24. Credit = Πίστωση, πιστώνω 25. Designated = Καθορισµένο 110 ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 26. Payee = Δικαιούχος πληρωµής, ο προς ον η πληρωµή (κοµιστής επιταγής) 27. Provide = Προβλέπω 28. Settlement = Διακανονισµός, συµβιβασµός 29. Bank giro = Τραπεζικό σύστηµα διακανονισµού λογαριασµών σε σύνολο τραπεζών 30. Come into operation = Αρχίζει να λειτουργεί 31. In the wake = Ως επακόλουθο 32. Introduction = Εισαγωγή 33. Originally = Αρχικά 34. Post Office = Ταχυδροµείο 35. Commence = Αρχίζω 36. Post Office Banking Services Act = Νόµος ταχυδροµικών τραπεζικών υπηρεσιών 37. s. = section Άρθρο (νόµου) 38. Scope = Πλαίσιο, πεδίο εφαρµογής 39. Confer = Παρέχω 40. Power to engage in giro activities = Εξουσία να µετέχω στις δραστηριότητες του γύρου (υπό 2 έννοια) 41. Client = Πελάτης, customer 42. British Telecommunications Act = Νόµος Βρετανικών Τηλεπικοινωνιών 43. Link = Σύνδεσµος 44. Maintain = Διατηρώ, υποστηρίζω 45. Clearing bank = Η τράπεζα που πληρώνει την επιταγή 46. National Girobank = Εθνική τράπεζα µεταφορών ταχυδροµικών λογαριασµών 47. Subsequently = Επακολούθως

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 48. Member = Μέλος 49. Clearing house = Γραφείο που οι τράπεζες ανταλλάσσουν επιταγές και τακτοποιούν λογαριασµούς πληρωνόµενες σε µετρητά 50. Acquire = Αποκτώ 51. Leicester and Alliance Building Society = Οργάνωση παρέχουσα δάνεια στα µέλη της που επιθυµούν να χτίσουν ή να αγοράσουν σπίτι, χρησιµοποιώντας κονδύλια που καταβάλλονται από τα µέλη της 52. Currently = Υπό τις παρούσες συνθήκες 53. Subsidiaries = Θυγατρικές (εταιρείες) 54. Amalgamate = Συγχωνεύω 55. Magnitude = Σπουδαιότητα, µέγεθος 56. Written instruction = Γραπτή οδηγία 57. Encode = Κωδικοποιώ 58. Withdrawal (of cash) = Ανάληψη (µετρητών) 59. Plastic tokens = Πλαστικές κάρτες 60. Cashpoint card = Κάρτα τραπεζικής συναλλαγής 61. ATM card = Κάρτα ΑΤΜ, Automated Teller Machine 62. Computer terminal = Ηλεκτρονικός υπολογιστής 63. Effect payment = Ενεργοποιώ πληρωµή 64. Payor = Πληρωτής 65. Third party = Τρίτο µέρος 66. Remit = Εµβάζω ποσό, απαλλάσσω από 67. Recipient bank = Η παραλήπτρια Τράπεζα 68. Payee = Δικαιούχος πληρωµής, ο προς ον η πληρωµή (κοµιστής επιταγής) 69. Complete = Πλήρης 70. Standard form = Πανοµοιότυπη µορφή (συµβολαίου) 71. Sign = Υπογράφω 72. Deliver = Παραδίδω 73. Branch = Υποκατάστηµα (τράπεζας) 74. Procedure = Διαδικασία 111

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 75. Employ =Απασχολώ 76. Order = Σειρά, τάξη 77. Anticipate = Προεξοφλώ, προλαµβάνω 78. Suitable = Κατάλληλος, appropriate 79. Striking of balance = Το να πετυχαίνω την ισορροπία 80. Total = Ολοκληρωτικός 81. Substantial = Ουσιώδης 82. CHAPS = Γραφείο (υπό 49 έννοια), Clearing House Automated Payments Systems 83. Gateway = Πύλη 84. Utilize = Εκµεταλλεύοµαι 85. Network = Δίκτυο 86. Entirely = Εξ ολοκλήρου 87. Overseas = Εξωτερικό (όταν µιλούν οι Άγγλοι, οι Κύπριοι, οι Αυστραλοί, κλπ) 88. SWIFT = Οργάνωση (υπό 82 έννοια), Society for Worldwide Interbank 89. Facilitate = Διευκολύνω 90. Transaction = Συναλλαγή 91. Telex transfer= Μεταφορά µέσω τέλεξ 92. Mail transfer = Μεταφορά µέσω ταχυδροµείου 93. Directly = Απευθείας 94. Intermediary = Μεσίτης, µεσάζων 95. Reimburse = Αποζηµιώνω 96. Legal nature = Νοµική φύση 97. Correspondent bank = Τράπεζα ανταποκριτής 98. Transmit = Μεταβιβάζω 99. English law = Αγγλικό δίκαιο, αγγλικός νόµος 100. Engage = Προσλαµβάνω, σχετίζω, συνδέω 101. Privity of contract = Νοµική σχέση σύµβασης 102. Lull = Κατευνάζω 103. Sense of safety = Αίσθηση ασφάλειας 112

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 104. Illustrate = Διευκρινίζω, επεξηγώ 105. American authority = Αµερικανική αρχή 106. Rental = Μίσθωµα 107. It is due = Οφείλεται 108. Charterparty= Ναυλοσύµφωνο 109. Banque de Paris = Τράπεζα του Παρισιού 110. Geneva = Γενεύη (Πρωτεύουσα της Ελβετίας) 111. Predetermined = Προκαθορισµένο 112. Charterer Ναυλωτής 113. Duly = Δεόντως 114. Defendant = Εναγόµενος, κατηγορούµενος 115. Run out of = Εξαντλούµαι (αποθέµατα) 116. Receive = Δέχοµαι 117. Breakdown = Κατάρρευση 118. Time is over = Ο χρόνος έληξε 119. Shipowner = Πλοιοκτήτης 120. Accordingly = Αναλόγως 121. Withdraw the ship = Ανακαλώ το πλοίο 122. Bring an action = Ενάγω 123. Illinois = Ιλλινόις (Πολιτεία των ΗΠΑ µε πρωτεύουσα το Σικάγο) 124. United States District Court = Περιφερειακό δικαστήριο ΗΠΑ 125. Liable in damages = Ευθύνη προς αποζηµίωση 126. Breach of contract = Παραβίαση σύµβασης 127. Liable in negligence = Ευθύνη εξ αµελείας 128. Conclude = Καταλήγω 129. By analogy = Κατ αναλογία 130. Uniform Commercial Code = Ενιαίος Εµπορικός Κώδικας 131. Common law = Κοινοδίκαιο που διαµορφούται από την νοµολογία 132. Undoubtedly = Αναµφίβολα 113

133. Reach the conclusion = Φθάνω στο συµπέρασµα 134. British bank = Βρετανική τράπεζα (χρηµατοπιστωτικό ίδρυµα) 135. Decision is reversed Η απόφαση ακυρώθηκε (από Εφετείο) 136. Circuit Court of Appeals = Περιφερειακό Εφετείο 137. On the ground that = Βάσει του ότι 138. Familiarize = Εξοικειώνω 139. Consequential loss = Συνακόλουθη απώλεια 140. Sustain = Αποδέχοµαι Θεωρώ 141. Remote = Απόµακρος, [τηλεχειριστήριο = remote control] 142. Appellate court = Εφετείο 143. Transferors = Μεταφορείς 144. Question = Ερώτηµα 145. On the basis of = Βάσει του 146. Consideration = Μελέτη, λήψη υπ όψη 147. Private International Law = Ιδιωτικό Διεθνές Δίκαιο 148. Allege = Κατηγορώ, ισχυρίζοµαι 149. Alarm = Συναγερµός C. QUESTIONS 1. Is there any other way for payment of accounts except cheques? 2. Which are the three phases of the bank giro s evolution? 3. Why is the Post Office involved in bank giro? 4. Could you explain how ATM cards operate? 5. Could you name the parties in a giro operation? 6. Which is the procedure in case of individual money transfer orders? 7. How do two banks co-operate in giro operations? 8. Which are the major differences between CHAPS and SWIFT? ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 9. Which were the facts in Evra Corp., what was held in the first and second instances, why can man question the decision and why does it constitute a cause for alarm? 114

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ ANSWERS 1. Yes. 2. Individual letters, national giro by the post office, ATM. 3. Because it is suitable. 4. The holder of the account has an ATM card, he enters the PIN and the Automated Teller Machine supplies him with money or information required. 5. The payor, the transferring bank, the corresponding bank, the recipient bank, the payee. 6. In a giro operation, the person who wishes to effect payment -the payor- instructs his bank (the transferring bank ) to pay a specified amount to the credit of a designated account, maintained either in the payor s own name or, more usually, in the name of a third party. The bank to whom the amount is to be remitted, is best described as the recipient bank and the person whose account is to be credited as the payee. Where a payor wishes to use the bank giro he has to complete a standard form, issued by his own bank. The form is signed by the payor and, usually, is either delivered by him to the branch with which he maintains his account or posted to it. Such procedure is employed in the case of individual money transfer orders. 7. By the striking of a balance between the total amounts transferred on a given day. 8. The SWIFT is international. 9. In Evra Corporation v. Swiss Bank Corporation (522 F Supp. 820 (1981)), a rental was due under a charterparty at the Banque de Paris in Geneva at a predetermined time. The charterer ordered his bank in Chicago to effect the transfer. A telex message was duly transmitted by the London branch of the Chicago bank to its correspondent in Geneva, the defendants. Owing to the fact that the defendants telex terminal in Geneva ran out of paper, the message was not received, although the terminal automatically acknowledged the message to the transferring bank s branch in London. When the breakdown was discovered, the time for the payment of the amount to the shipowners bank, the Banque de Paris in Geneva, was over. The shipowner accordingly withdrew the ship. The charterer then brought an action against the correspondent bank, the defendants, in Illinois. The United States District Court held that bank liable in damages for breach of contract and in negligence. It concluded, by an analogy from article 4 of the Uniform Commercial Code, that under the common law of the United States there was privity of contract between the charterer -the payor- and the defendants, his bank s Swiss correspondents. The same conclusion would undoubtedly have been reached if the correspondents had been a British bank. 115

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ This decision was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals (Seventh Circuit), on the ground that the defendants, who had not been familiarized with the special circumstances of the case, where not liable for consequential loss. The loss sustained by the charterers as a result of the withdrawal of the ship was t o o r e m o t e. But the appellate court did not question the existence of privity between the charterers or transferors and the correspondent bank. Although this decision may be questioned on the basis of considerations of private international law (was the alleged contract between the charterer and the correspondent governed by Swiss or by American law?), it constitutes a cause for alarm. The United States is not the only country in which a correspondent bank is deemed to have privity of contract with the customer of the bank by which it is engaged. 6. Αθλητικό δίκαιο A. TEXT [Gardiner S, Felix A, James M, Welch R, O Leary J, Sports Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, Sydney, 1998, pp. 491-492] B. LEGAL TERMS AND WORDS 1. Legal control = Νόµιµος έλεγχος 2. Non-legal control = Παράνοµος έλεγχος 3. Sportsfield violence = Βία στον αγωνιστικό χώρο 4. Liability = Ευθύνη 5. Match official = Επίσηµος υπεύθυνος αγώνα (διαιτητής, παρατηρητής, κλπ) 6. Player violence = Αθλητική βία 7. Injuries = Τραυµατισµοί 8. Judicial thought = Δικαστική σκέψη 9. Potential = Πιθανός 10. Suffer = Υποφέρω 11. Create a massive area = Δηµιουργώ µια µεγάλη περιοχή 12. In all probability = Πολύ πιθανό 13. Coach = Προπονητής 14. Plaintiff = Ενάγων 116

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 15. In the front row = Στην πρώτη γραµµή 16. Scrum = Συµπλοκή 17. Under-19s = Κάτω των 19 18. Colts = Άπειροι νεαροί, πουλάρια 19. Rugby = Ράγκµπι 20. Fixture = Ηµέρα αθλητικού αγώνα, εξάρτηµα 21. During the course = Κατά την διάρκεια της εξέλιξης 22. Game = Αγώνας, παιχνίδι 23. Collapse = Καταρρέω 24. It is found = Αποδείχθηκε 25. Abnormally = Αντικανονικά 26. Procedure = Διαδικασία 27. Engage = Συνδέω 28. Rule = Κανόνας 29. Suppose = Υποθέτω 30. Ensure = Διαβεβαιώνω, εξασφαλίζω 31. Safety = Ασφάλεια 32. At junior levels = Σε επίπεδο µίνι (παιδιών) 33. Court = Γήπεδο, δικαστήριο 34. Referee = Διαιτητής 35. Enforce = Επιβάλλω 36. Correct = Ορθό, διορθώνω 37. Engagement = Ενασχόληση, σύνδεση 38. High number = Μεγάλος αριθµός 39. Suffer a broken neck = Υποφέρω από σπασµένο λαιµό 40. Paralyse = Παραλύω 41. The court held = Το δικαστήριο είπε 42. Law = Δίκαιο, νόµος 43. It is stated = Λέγεται 117

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 44. Namely = Δηλαδή 45. Standard of care = Ο µέσος όρος µέριµνας 46. Negligence = Αµέλεια 47. In all the circumstances = Σε κάθε περίπτωση 48. Καθήκον = Duty 49. Impose on = Επιβάλλω σε 50. Exercise care = Επιδεικνύω επιµέλεια 51. Degree of care = Βαθµός επιµέλειας 52. Appropriate = Κατάλληλος, αρµόδιος 53. Grounds = Βάσεις 54. Public policy = Δηµόσια πολιτική 55. Operate = Λειτουργώ 56. Exclude liability = Εξαιρώ ευθύνη 57. Role = Ρόλος 58. Especially = Ειδικά 59. Evidence = Στοιχεία 60. Inference is drawn = Συµπέρασµα εξήχθη, conclusion is drawn 61. Breach the duty = Παραβίαση καθήκοντος, υποχρέωσης 62. Fail = Αποτυγχάνω 63. Reasonable care = Επιµέλεια του µέσου συνετού ανθρώπου 64. Skill = Ικανότητα 65. Prevention = Αποφυγή 66. Sufficient = Αρκετός 67. Instruction = Οδηγία 68. Unexplored area = Ανεξερεύνητη περιοχή 69. Open up = Ανοίγω 70. Judge = Κρίνω, δικαστής 71. Particular facts of the case = Ειδικά περιστατικά της υπόθεσης 72. General applicability = Γενική ισχύς 118

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 73. Levels of sport = Επίπεδα αθλητισµού 74. Effect = Αποτέλεσµα 75. Negligently = Αµελώς 76. Allow breaches = Επιτρέπω παραβιάσεις 77. Safety rules = Κανόνες ασφαλείας 78. As opposed = Όπως αντιτίθεται 79. Merely = Απλώς 80. Playing rules = Κανόνες παιχνιδιού 81. Result = Αποτέλεσµα 82. Bring a civil action = Ενάγω 83. Civil action = Αγωγή 84. Consequence = Συνέπεια 85. Potentially = Πιθανόν 86. Very far reaching = Φθάνει πολύ µακρυά 87. Send a player off = Αποβάλλω παίχτη 88. Offence = Έγκληµα 89. Liable for = Υπεύθυνος για 90. Commit foul = Κάνω φάουλ 91. In the first place = Κατ αρχήν, σε πρώτο βαθµό/ επίπεδο 92. Problem arise from = Το πρόβληµα µπορεί να προκαλείται από 93. State = Κράτος, δηλώνω 94. Playing surface = Επιφάνεια αγωνιστικού χώρου 95. Pitch = Γήπεδο, βολή 96. Uneven = Ανώµαλη (επιφάνεια αγωνιστικού χώρου) 97. Allow the game to proceed = Επιτρέπω να συνεχιστεί το παιχνίδι, ο αγώνας 98. Negligently = Αµελώς 99. Unplayable = Μη δυνατόν να παιχτεί (παιχνίδι) 100. Unsafe = Μη ασφαλές 101. Consequent = Με συνέπεια 119

102. Find myself liable = Θεωρώ τον εαυτό µου υπεύθυνο 103. True extent = Αληθής έκταση 104. Over time = Μετά από καιρό ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ 105. Cases are brought before the court = Υποθέσεις έρχονται στο δικαστήριο 106. Devastating = Καταστροφικός 107. Immediate = Άµεσος 108. Outcome = Αποτέλεσµα 109. Insure = Ασφαλίζω 110. Take to the field = Παίρνω στο γήπεδο 111. Too great risk to run = Υπερβολικά µεγάλο ρίσκο για να το πάρω 112. Fun element = Στοιχείο διασκέδασης 113. Remove = Μετακινώ, αφαιρώ 114. Grow from = Προέρχεται από 115. Negligent application of the rules = Αµελής εφαρµογή κανόνων 116. By analogy = Κατ αναλογία 117. Negligent supervision = Αµελής επίβλεψη 118. Training methods = Προπονητικές µέθοδοι 119. Training tactics = Προπονητικές τακτικές 120. Growth = Μεγάλωµα 121. Players are forced to play = Οι παίχτες εξαναγκάζονται να αγωνιστούν, να παίξουν 122. Whilst = Ενώ 123. Still recovering from injury = Ακόµα αναρρώνουν από τραύµα 124. Exacerbation = Χειροτέρευση (τραύµατος, πόνου) 125. Fault = Σφάλµα 126. True nature = Αληθής φύση 127. It is kept from player = Κρύβεται από τον παίχτη 128. Encourage = Ενθαρρύνω 129. Play on = Συνεχίζω να παίζω 120

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 130. Increasingly = Αυξανόµενα 131. Law involved in sport = Το δίκαιο αναµιγνύεται στον αθλητισµό 132. New situations = Νέες καταστάσεις 7. Αθλητικό δίκαιο (συνέχεια) Α. TEXT [Extracts] 1 Doctor Andrian Whiteson, Chief Medical Officer of the British Boxing Board of Control and Chair of the World Boxing Council s Medical Commission, says= diet, no smoking, very little drink, certainly no drugs. [Gardiner S, Felix A, James M, Welch R, O Leary J, Sports Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, Sydney, 1998, p.111]. *-* 2 The doctor-author (Delbeke) describes the medical issues of the abuse of doping agents in competed body builders in Flanders (1988-1993). He draws the conclusion that anabolic steroids might have contributed to rident behaviour including homicide and near-homicide! E x t e n s i v e testing for drugs in body builders is therefore imperative. [Delbeke F. T. and others, The Abuse of Doping Agents in Competing Body Builders in Flanders (1988-1993), Int. J. Sports Med. 16 (1995), p.69]. *-* 3 Doping can be traced back to the third century BC, at the Ancient Olympic Games. In Hellas nowadays, the definition of doping in sport is based on the European Anti- Doping Convention and article 7.1 of Law 1646/1986 relating to the use of drugs= the taking of a blood sample is prohibited, as is administration (by an athlete or any other person) of a substance which would affect natural athletic capability (doping). The element of affecting natural athletic capability in the doping definition is interesting because it does not distinguish between increasing or decreasing of the athlete s performance. In most definitions in other countries, it is stated to enhance performance or (in French definition) to modify capability. 121

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ For amateur or professional soccer players the penalties are= a. Minimum of two years suspension, b. Removal of the athlete s name from the register, c. Withdrawal of his or her professional license. Apart from the criminal penalties which are different for an athlete (maximum of one year s imprisonment) and for any person pushing a prohibited substance to the athlete (minimum of one year s imprisonment and fine), there is the penalty of s u s p e n s i o n o f l i c e n s e for a period equal to the period of imprisonment for the pushers. This penalty can be regarded as either a secondary criminal penalty or as an administrative penalty. Furthermore, the Secretariat General for Sport (responsible for general anti-doping polices) may (a) have the competent disciplinary authority to institute disciplinary proceedings against the perpetrator of the violation and (b) revoke financial aid to athletes. [IOC, Rules Governing Doping and Drug Trafficking in the various countries, Summary 1998, Internet, www.ioc.com, p. 31]. *-* 4 Are athletes who have been found guilty of doping liable for criminal sanctions, or only sanctions given by sports authorities? At the moment, on an international level, athletes found guilty of doping are subject only to sanctions imposed by the sports movement (International Olympic Committee and International Federations). However, when the nature of the offence is such that athletes face legal proceedings (use of or trafficking in illegal drugs, incitement to doping, supplying doping substances), athletes are, of course, subject to the provisions of the law like everyone else. [IOC, Frequently Asked Questions, Internet, www.ioc.com] *-* 5 3. Any person assisting or inciting others, or admitting having incited or assisted others, to use a prohibited substance, or prohibited techniques, shall have committed a doping offence and shall be subject to sanctions in accordance with Rule 60. If that person is not an athlete, then the Council may, at its discretion, impose an appropriate sanction. 122

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 4. Any person trading, trafficking, distributing or selling any prohibited substance otherwise than in the normal course of a ecognized profession or trade shall also have committed a doping offence under these Rules. [IAAF Control of Drug Abuse, Rule 56 - Ancillary Offences] *-* 6 The Tour de France drug scandal took another turn today when the doctor for the ousted Festina team charged that riders were ordered by the team manager to pay for illegal substances. The riders were obliged to put part of their win bonuses into a black box fund to buy banned substances, Arsene Ryckaert, lawyer for team doctor Eric Ryckaert, told Le Parisien newspaper. These products, like regular drugs, were held at Festina s headquarters in Lyon. [Associated Press, Paris, 14.9.1999] *-* 7 Frischke (coach of Dynamo Berlin swimming club) charged with giving drugs causing bodily harm to seven young female swimmers. [Associated Press, Another ex- coach fined in German drug trial http= //espn.go.com/ other/news/9705221/00244122.html] John Coates (President of the Australian Olympic Committee) cited the case of a Chinese swimming coach who was stopped by customs while entering Australia for the world championships this year (1998). The coach s luggage was searched and found to contain vials of banned growth hormone. The coach was deported. [Reuters, Australia wants to jail pushers, not athletes, 15.9.1998] *-* 8 Carl Lewis states= there is no question in my mind that they (officials) have more knowledge about the drug problem than they are telling the public. This statement of one of the greatest Legends in all athletics supports the view that they (Government, Organizations, Clubs, Media) are responsible, they are aware of it. [Reuters, Carl Lewis accuses officials of hiding doping, www.espn.go.com/other/ news/970521/00244122.html] *-* 123

9 124 ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ ΝΟΜΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ The pharmaceutical manufacturers have a moral and professional obligation to contribute to the campaign against doping in sport. [Revised Canadian Position and Recommendations on Doping in Sport submitted to the IOC World Conference on Doping in Sport, 16 December 1998, p.6]. B. LEGAL TERMS AND WORDS 1. Chief Medical Officer = Ιατρικός διευθυντής 1. British Boxing Board = Βρετανική οµοσπονδία πυγµαχίας 2. Chair = Πρόεδρος 3. World Boxing Council s Medical Commission = Ιατρική επιτροπή διεθνούς οµοσπονδίας πυγµαχίας 4. Diet = Δίαιτα 5. No drugs = Όχι φάρµακα 6. Abuse of doping agents = Κατάχρηση ουσιών ντόπινγκ 7. Competed body builders = Συναγωνιζόµενοι µπόντι µπίλντερς 8. Draw the conclusion = Εξάγω το συµπέρασµα 9. Anabolic steroids = Αναβολικά στεροειδή 10. Contribute to = Συµβάλλω σε 11. Rident = Επιθετικός 12. Homicide = Ανθρωποκτονία 13. Extensive = Εκτενής 14. Imperative = Επιτακτικός 15. Int. J. Sports Med. = Διεθνές Περιοδικό για την Αθλητιατρική 16. Trace = Ίχνος 17. Doping = Ντοπάρισµα 18. Law = Δίκαιο, νόµος 19. Convention = Σύµβαση 20. Blood sample = Δείγµα αίµατος 21. Administration of substance = Χρήση ουσίας 22. Affect = Επηρεάζω

ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΚΕΙΜΕΝΩΝ 23. Athletic capability = Αθλητική ικανότητα 24. Element = Στοιχείο 25. Definition = Ορισµός 26. Distinguish = Διαχωρίζω 27. Increase = Αυξάνω 28. Decrease = Μειώνω 29. Performance = Απόδοση, επίδοση 30. Enhance = Ανεβάζω, ανυψώνω 31. Modify = Τροποποιώ, µετριάζω 32. Amateur = Ερασιτέχνης 33. Professional = Επαγγελµατίας 34. Soccer player = Παίχτης ποδοσφαίρου 35. Minimum = Ελάχιστο όριο 36. Suspension = Αποκλεισµός 37. Removal = Μετακίνηση 38. Register = Εγγράφοµαι, µητρώο 39. Withdrawal = Ανάληψη, αφαίρεση 40. Professional license = Επαγγελµατική άδεια 41. Criminal penalty = Ποινή ποινικού δικαίου 42. Maximum = Ανώτατο όριο 43. Imprisonment = Φυλάκιση 44. Prohibit = Απαγορεύω 45. Equal to = Ίσος προς 46. Regard = Θεωρώ, αφορώ 47. Secondary criminal penalty = Δευτερεύουσα ποινή ποινικού δικαίου 48. Administrative penalty = Διοικητική ποινή 49. Secretariat General for Sport = Γενικός Γραµµατέας Αθλητισµού 50. Responsible for = Υπεύθυνος για 51. Policy = Πολιτική 125