ADVANCES IN WATER SCIENCE

18 3 2007 5 ADVANCES IN WATER SCIENCE Vol118,No13 May, 2007 1, 2, 3, 4 (11,,, 730020 ; 21, 730000 ; 31, 730020 ; 41, 730020) : 3 102 5 9,,, 40 (1961-2000 ) 6,,,, 20 %, 414 %, 0105 ; 1 400 m,,, 3 600 m,, ;,,,,,,,, : ; ; 3 ; ; ; : P4261613 : A : 100126791 (2007) 0320319208, [1 ],, [2 ], [3 ] 2,,,,, Roberston [4 ], [5 ],,,, [6 ],, [7 ], [8 ], [9,10 ],, Naoum [11 ], Kravchenko [12 ] : 2006203206 ; : 2006206227 : (40475038) : (1975 - ),,,,, 3S E2mail : gs2zhangjie @1631com ; jiezhangami @sohu1com

320 18 [13 ] [14 ] (90 105 E, 26 38 N), 3 (Digital Elevation Madel, DEM),, 40 (5 9 ),, 1 111 90 106 E, 28 39 N, 1 281077 N, 951405 E, 142 m, 281169 N, 901183 E, 7118 m, 6976 m,,,,, 34116 m(, 2818 N, 10416 E), 4700 m(, 311383 N, 901017 E), 435814 m, Fig11 1 General situation of the east of Qingzang tableland, 100, 1961 2000, 102,,,,,,,,, 94 94 40 (1961-2000 ), 5 9, 40 5 [2 ] : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1961

3 : 321,, R, R < - 60 % 5, - 59 % < R < - 20 % 4, - 19 % < R < 20 % 3, 21 % < R < 60 % 2, R 61 % 1, DEM (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) (National Geospatial2Intelligence Agency, NGA) The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), 2000 2 11 d, 1 3 30,, 3 1 1,,,, ; m, 1 m 3 DEM, 90 m, ENVI,,,,, ftp : / / ftp1glcf1umiacs1umd1edu/ glct/ 112,, DEM, 6 3 DEM, r = 1 km 20 20,, 1 ;, r = 1 km ;,,,, [14 ],,,,,, 113, 2, 340 1 700 m,, 340 1 400 m,,,, ( h) 3 600 m,,, h < 1 400 m, 1 400 < h < 3 600 m, h > 3 600 m 2 Fig12 Upright distribution with altitude in rainy season precipitation over the east of Qingzang tableland 114, P = P(,, h,,,, g), ; ; h ;

322 18 ; ; ; g, g, P = a 0 + a + a + a h h + a + a + (1), : ( h < 1 400 m ) P = 23 068178-441631 4-1971157 - 01509 33 h + 1 0981124-881535 9-1351185 ( r = 0195 3 3 3 n = 11) (2) ( 1 400 < h < 3 600 m ) P = - 1 200149-521737 7 + 311583 96 + 010707 69 h + 21540 57-21542 01 + 811980 09 ( r = 0182 3 3 3 n = 62) (3) ( h > 3 600 m ) P = 2661633-181024 3 + 131663 11-01117 51 h - 171844 8-1031656 - 2051812 ( r = 0172 3 3 3 n = 21) (4), 40, 120 ( ) 2 40 3 120, 40,,, 211 94 40 ( 3), ( 3 (b) ) ( 3 (a) ),,, ( 3 (c) ), 012, 2 000 m 012, 012, 414 %, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40, 4,, 3 Fig13 Average precipitation distribution of observed and simulated values and relative errors in the rainy season in the east of Qingzang tableland

3 : 323 40, 0105 0169 0182 0190, 212, 1965 1972 1997, - 25 % - 20 % - 25 %, 1961 1966 1967 1973 1981 1984 1988 1990, 31 % 24 % 20 % 22 % 20 % 23 % 23 % 26 % 1,,, R 2 0180 0155 0143 0142 01415,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, Table 1 1 Coefficient change of geographical and topographical factors of three regions in wet and dry years / / 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 + 0 2 0 0 0 1 0-3 1 3 3 3 2 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 + 6 3 8 7 6 4 4-2 5 0 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 + 0 3 3 0 3 2 0-4 1 1 4 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 + 1 1 5 1 4 2 2-4 4 0 4 1 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 + 1 4 6 1 6 4 6-5 2 0 5 0 2 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 + 4 1 2 4 1 3 2-1 4 3 1 4 2 3 213 1962 1965 1972 1991, - 25 % - 25 % - 20 % - 20 %, 1967 1979 1988 1993 1998, 31 % 24 % 23 % 23 % 23 % 1,,, R 2 0148 0142 0132 0131 0129, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,,

324 18,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 214 1968 1969 1971 1973 1977 1978, - 29 % - 21 % - 20 % - 35 %, 1985 1989 1991 1998 1999, 35 % 27 % 23 % 25 % 25 % 1,, :, R 2 : 0142 0139 0130 0128 0123,,,,,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,, 215,, [15 ] 4 (a),,,, [15 ], ;,,, 4 ( (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) ) Fig14 Relationship between tableland monsoon index anomaly in rainy season, geographical and topographical factors

3 : 325? 4,, ( 4 (b) ),, ( 4 (c) (f) ) 01639 3 01571 8 01561 01111,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 3 40 (1961-2000 ) 6,,, : (1), 20 %, 414 %, 0195 (2) 1 400 m,,,,,, ; 3 600 m,,,,, ;, ;, (3),,,,,,,,,,,,, : [1 ],,. [J ]1, 2002, 17 (6) :713-720. [2 ],,,. [J ]1, 2001, 6 (1) :103-111. [3 ] Roberston P R, Smith P J1 The kinetic energy budgets of two severe storm prodaling extratropial cyclones[j ]1 Mon Wca Rev, 1980, 108 :127-143. [4 ],,. [J ]1, 1996, 39 (5) :608-614. [5 ],,,. 2 [J ]1, 2002, 60 (3) :257-266.

326 18 [6 ],,. [J ]1, 2001, 25 (4) : 444-454. [7 ],. [J ]1, 1983, 2 (2) :9-16. [8 ],. [J ]1, 1996, 54 (4) :558-568. [9 ],. [J ]., 1999, 18 (4) :659-667. [10 ],,,. [J ]1, 2002, 20 (2) :108-119. [ 11 ] Naoum S, Tsanis I K1 Orographic precipitation modeling with multiple linear regression[j ]1 Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2004, 9 :79-102. [ 12 ] Kravechenko A, Zhang R, Tung Y K1 Estimation of mean annual precipitation in Wyoming using geostatistical analysis[a]1in : H1J1 Morel2 Seytoux (ed1), Proc1 16th Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days[ C]1 Atherton CA : Hydrology Days Press, 19951271-282. [13 ],. [J ]1, 2004, 23 (1) :81-88. [14 ],,,. [J ]1, 2005, 48 (3) :535-542. [15 ]. [J ]1, 1993, 12 (1) :95-101. Influence of terrain on precipitation distribution in Qingzang tableland in wet and dry years Ξ ZHANGJie 1, LI Dong2liang 2, HE Jin2mei 3, WANG Xiao2yan 4 (11 Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Key Opening Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China ; 21 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China ; 31Lanzhou Meteorological Center, Lanzhou 730020, China ;41 Gansu Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China) Abstract : Combined 3 digital elevate model (DEM) data with the precipitations of 102 stations in the east of Qingzang table2 land from May to Nov1, based on the relation of precipitation distribution with altitude, the stations are divide into three parts, and the relatioships between the rainy season precipitations of 40 years (1961-2000) and six factors longitude, latitude, alti2 tude, gradient, direction of slope and opening are established by using the stepwise regress method. Based on the relationships (models), the change laws of every factor s coefficiency in wet and dry years are analyzed1 The result show that the relativity of the models are remarkable : the relative error is less than 20 %, average value of relative error 414 %, and the relativity passes by 0105 test1 The precipitation distribution in wet and dry years is influenced by altitude and opening in the first region with less than 1 400 m altitude ; as for the second region with more than 1 400 m altitude and less than 3 600 m altitude, the precipitation is influenced by altitude, longitude and opening, as for the third region with more than 3 600 m altitude, the pre2 cipitation is influenced by opening and gradient1 When the tableland monsoon becomes strong, the influence of opening and longitude on precipitation is more remarkable, and the influence of gradient and altitude is weaker, therefore, the regional character of water2vapor distribution is notable, the difference in the east and the west become more obvious, so did the pre2 cipitation1 Therefore, the geographical and topographical factors influence upright motion of atmosphere, which results in dif2 ference of precipitation distribution1 Key words : east of the Qingzang tableland ; precipitation distribution in rainy season ; 3 DEM data ; geographical factors ; topographical factors ; wet and dry years Ξ The study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No140475038) 1