35 9 2015 9 Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae Vol 35 No 9 Sep 2015 DOI10 13671 /j hjkxxb 2014 0943 2015 1 J 359 2723-2731 Yue X YLi Z QFan Jet al 2015 Observation and analysis on soluble ions in aerosols on Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi RiverTianshan MountainsChina J Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 359 2723-2731 1 1 1 2 * 3 4 1 730070 2 / 730000 3 730000 4 730050 2014-08-31 2014-09-28 2014-09-28 2003 2004 2007 3 155 1 2 759 μg m - 3 NO3 - SO 2 - Ca 2 + CO 2 3-2007 > 2004 > 2003 Ca 2 + Na + Mg 2 + CO 2 3 - Cl - NO 3 - NH 4 + SO 2 4 - K + 3 2000 m 1 4 0253-2468201509-2723-09 X513 A Observation and analysis on soluble ions in aerosols on Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi RiverTianshan MountainsChina YUE Xiaoying 1 LI Zhongqin 1 2 * FAN Jin 3 WEI Yongshan 4 1 College of Geography and Environment SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070 2 State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences /Tianshan Glaciological StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000 3 College of Atmospheric ScienceLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000 4 School of Petrochemical TechnologyLanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou 730050 Received 31 August 2014 received in revised form 28 September 2014 accepted 28 September 2014 AbstractMajor soluble ions were measured in 155 aerosol samples collected at Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi River in Tianshan Mountains in the year 2003 2004 and 2007 Concentrationannual change and sources of aerosol were analyzed The average concentration of water-soluble ions was 2 759 μg m -3 and NO3 - SO 2 4 - Ca 2 + and CO 2 3 - were major compositions Ambient air condition over the glacier area was characterized by alkaline Inter annual variation of total water-soluble ions was the highest in 2007 followed by 2004 and 2003with different trends for different ions Concentrations of aerosol ions were mainly dependent on the strength of dust storm in Asia For soluble inorganic ionsca 2 + Na + Mg 2 + CO 3 2 - and Cl - were mostly from the land sourcewhile NO - 3 and NH + 4 were mainly from the anthropogenic source SO 2-4 and K + were mainly originated from both crustal surface and anthropogenic sources According to the air mass trajectory clustering analysisglacier No 1 was mainly influenced by airflows from three directionssouthwestwest and northwest At about 2000 m AGL large amount of dust were carried by these airflows and impacted the ambient environment of glacier area KeywordsUrumqi Glacier No 1aerosols chemistrysoluble ionscharacteristicssources No KJZD-EW-G03-01 No 41471058 Supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No KJZD-EW-G03-01and the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo 41471058 1988 E-mailyuexiaoying2011@ 126 com* E-maillizq@ lzb ac cn BiographyYUE Xiaoying1988 femalee-mailyuexiaoying2011@ 126 com* Corresponding author E-maillizq@ lzb ac cn
2724 35 1 Introduction 1999 2 Study area 1 86 49' E 43 06' N 2007 1 7 1-2 035 km 1 677 km 2 1993 4075 m 3777 m 2011 2001 1 1983 1 - - 5 9 88% 1992 1 Mayewski et al 1990 20 80 1 105 km Yalcin et al 2006Ming et al 2007Shrestha et al 2000Zhang et al 2012Zhou et al 2012 1 2003 2004 2007 3 155 50 m 1996 Sun et al 1998 2010Zhao et al 2006 2008 2009 2009Zhao et al 2010Li et al 2011 1 Fig 1 1 Location of Glacier No 1 at the headwater of Urumqi River
9 1 2725 2 km 216 1 3 2 3 Data and methods 3 1 http/ /cdc 1 cma gov cn /home do 4130 m 16 2 2003 1 2005 1 2007 1 12 155 1 1000 2 98 ~ 8 35 m 3 New Hampshire Pall Zeflour Teflon 1 58 m 3 h - 1 25 3 cm s - 1 1 0 2 Fig 2 Distribution of sandstorm station 4 3 3 100 SO 2 NO 2 200 μl http/ /www zhb gov cn / 25 ml http/ /www xjepb gov cn /2004 2007 30 min 4 Dionex-320 API 1 2004 2010 1 API Table 1 Formula of API to concentrations API PM 10 SO 2 NO 2 O 3 < 50 C = API C = API C = 1 6API C = 2 4API 4 50 ~ 100 C = 2API - 50 C = 2API - 50 C = 0 8API + 40 C = 1 6API + 40 8 100 ~ 200 C = 2API - 50 C = 6 5API - 500 C = 1 6API - 40 C = 2API 200 ~ 300 C = 0 7API + 210 C = 8API - 800 C = 2 85API - 290 C = 4API - 400 8 8 300 ~ 400 C = 0 8API + 180 C = 5API + 100 C = 1 85API + 10 C = 2API + 200 ng g - 1 Ca 2 + 2 843 NH + 4 Na + 2 147 Mg 2 + 0 221 K + 0 043 NO - 3 9 608 SO 2-4 13 730 Cl - 4 441 400 ~ 500 C = API + 100 C = 5 2API + 20 C = 1 9API - 10 C = 2API + 200 μg m - 3 3 4
2726 35 Blifford 1967 30 4 1 Salvador et al 2004 2007 Wang et al 2005 2011 μg m - 3 μeq m - 3 1985 = / 80% 4 Results and discussion 1 NOAA HYSPLIT + / - 1 1 + / - 1 6722 1 0 NCEP /NCAR ICDC - I + / - 2 5 2 5 1 4130 1 0 m 86 49'E 43 06'N CO 2-3 800000 UTC20001200 UTC CO 2-3 = + - - CO 2-3 2700 magl HYSPLIT 4 8 2002 model 1 2011 CO 2-3 17 470 3 d neq m - 3 0 524 μg m - 3 2 1 Table 2 Normality of soluble ions in aerosol samples collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 neq m - 3 NO3 - SO 2 4 - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + NH 4 + Cl - CO 2 3 - + - + / - 11 298 11 592 24 533 4 115 1 343 6 814 6 636 3 081 17 470 43 441 25 971 1 672 + = Ca 2 + + Mg 2 + +K + +Na + +NH + 4 - = NO - 3 +SO 2-4 +Cl - CO 2-3 = + - - 3 0 157 μg m - 3 2 759 μg m - 3 16 873 μg m - 3 2007 3 0 650 μg m - 3 Ca 2 + > Na + > NH + 4 > K + > Mg 2 + Ca 2 + > Na + > K + > Mg 2 + 2003 8 NO - 3 0 700 μg m - 3 SO 2-4 0 556 μg m - 3 Cl - 0 109 μg m - 3 Liet al 2011 Ca 2 + 0 491 μg m - 3 Na + 3 1 Table 3 Concentrations of soluble ions in aerosol samples collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 μg m - 3 NO3 - SO 2 4 - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + NH 4 + Cl - CO 2 3-0 700 0 556 0 491 0 049 0 052 0 157 0 120 0 109 0 524 2 759 3 695 5 702 3 515 0 624 0 314 1 410 0 747 1 459 5 153 16 873-0 055 0 025 0 003 0 009 0 010-0 006-0 650 1 044 1 054 0 685 0 119 0 074 0 263 0 182 0 332 0 892 3 391 = Ca 2 + + Mg 2 + +K + +Na + +NH 4 + + NO 3 - +SO 2 4 - +Cl - +CO 2 3 -
9 1 2727 NO - 4 NH 4 NO 3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Ca 2 + CO 2-3 25% 20% Na + Cl - CO 2-4 19% 18% 82% 1 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + CaCl 2 MgCl 2 NaCl CO 2-3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + SO 2-4 CaSO 4 MgSO 4 Na 2 SO 4 2009 4 Cl - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + NH + 4 NO - 3 K + 4 0 834 NH + 4 NH 4 NO 3 K + 2010 NH + 4 NH 4 4 HSO 4 NH4 2 SO 4 SO 2-4 0 325 4 1 N = 61 p < 0 05 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soluble ions in aerosols collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 NO - 3 SO 2-4 Cl - CO 2-3 Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + Cl - 0 147 0 783 CO 2-3 - 0 045 0 693 0 941 Ca 2 + 0 260 0 893 0 912 0 891 Mg 2 + 0 169 0 802 0 946 0 914 0 877 K + 0 434 0 654 0 563 0 448 0 703 0 446 Na + 0 125 0 745 0 933 0 896 0 824 0 942 0 444 NH + 4 0 834 0 456 0 172-0 005 0 260 0 215 0 281 0 138 4 2 NO - 4 Ca 2 + CO 3 2014 2007 83 3% 2004 > > > 85 6% 2003 76 5% NO - 3 > > > 3 9 4 1 NO - 4 NH + 4 2003 2004 2007 NO - 3 2007 > 2003 > 2004 SO 2-4 NH + 4 2003 > 2007 > 2004 NO - 3 NO - 3 2007 2 Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Mg 2 + 2007 3 132 μg m - 3 2004 2 811 μg m - 3 2003 2 030 μg m - 3 2004 2007 2003 Ca 2 + 2 CO - 3 2004 2007 3 Na + NO - 3 > SO 2-4 > Ca 2 + 2 > CO - 3 > Na + > NH + 4 > Cl - Cl - > Mg 2 + > K + 2004 CO 2-3 > NO - 3 > Ca 2 + > 2003 2007 2004 4 SO 2-4 > Na + > NH + 4 > Cl - > Mg 2 + > K + 2003 K + 3 NO - 3 > SO 2-4 > Ca 2 + 2 > CO - 3 > Na + > Cl - > NH + 4 > K + > Mg 2 +
2728 35 3 1 Fig 3 Annual changes and relative contribution of the average concentrations of soluble ions in aerosols collected at Urumqi Glacier No 1 2003 NO - 3 NH + 4 16 2003 2004 2007 4 6 1 5 NO 2 SO 2 2004 29 NO 2 SO 2 2007 2003 2007 2004 4 6 2007 NO - 3 SO 2-4 2003 18 2003 2007 1 9 2003 2 4 Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Mg 2 + Okada et al 2004 2004 2007 NO - 3 NH + 4 5 Table 5 Summary of dust weather in Tianshan Mountain /km /d 2003 2004 2007 1996 5 6 2007 5 6 10 11 14 5 4 2 1 ~ 10 1 5 3 4 1 0 5 ~ 1 4 6 9 1 3 0 05 ~ 0 5 2 4 1 2 1 < 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 18 29 18 11 7 6 2004 2007 SO 2 NO 2 Table 6 Concentration of SO 2 and NO 2 of YiningBoleShiheziand Urumqi in 2004 and 2007 μg m - 3 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 SO 2 NO 2 2004 312 1 317 2 166 8 109 2 172 7 116 7 77 9 87 1 2007 88 1 94 3 65 4 82 5 87 5 66 8 71 4 85 9
9 1 2729 4 3 CaSO 4 7 N = 61 7 9 Table 7 Loading for factor analysis of nine ions 3 1 65 04% Ca 2 + CO 2-3 Na + Mg 2 + SO 2-4 Cl - K + 1 2 3 1 Mg 2 + 0 970 0 128 0 102 96 7% 1 Na + 0 953 0 060 0 106 92 2% CO 2 3-0 951-0 126 0 181 95 3% Cl - 0 944 0 064 0 251 95 9% Ca Mg Na K Ga 2 + 0 849 0 156 0 457 95 4% 1983 SO 2 4-0 750 0 338 0 401 83 8% NH 4 + 0 108 0 967 0 032 94 8% Na + SO 2-4 NO3-0 012 0 919 0 242 90 3% Cl - 2 21 K + 0 328 0 222 0 908 98 2% 04% NO - 3 NH + 5 853 1 925 0 646 4 2 SO 2-65 04% 21 04% 7 18% 4 65 04% 86 43% 93 61% 1 200 1 105 km 50 216 2 km HYSPLIT 1 3 d 3 2191 4 1 NO - 3 NH + 4 3 3 7 18% K + Ca 2 + 23% SO 2-4 1 K + Pio et al 2008-1 1 2011 Ca 12 Ca 1958 1 K 55% 1 CaSO 4 2005 1 2000 m SO 2-4 1 2 3
2730 35 4 Fig 4 2003 2004 2007 3 1 Cluster mean trajectories ending at the sampling site of the rümqi Glacier No 1 in 20032004 and 2007 1 23% 1 1962 E-maillizq@ lzb ac cn 1 References 4 8 Blifford I H JrMeeker G O 1967 A factor analysis model of large scale pollution J Atmospheric Environment12 147-158 2005 J 192 98-100 2011 J 33122238-2247 5 Conclusions 1 2 759 μg m - 3 NO - 4 Ca 2 + CO 2-3 82% Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Na + NH + 4 NH 4 NO 3 K + 4 2 Ming JZhang D QKang S C 2007 > 2004 > 2003 3 9 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2000 m 2009 D 121 Li Z Q Zhao S H Edwards R et al 2011 Characteristics of individual aerosol particles over rümqi Glacier No 1 in eastern Tianshan central Asia China J Atmospheric Research 99157-66 2011 1 M 2 1983 1 J 52 55-64 Mayewski P A Lyons W B Spencer M J et al 1990 An ice-core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitratej Nature 3466284554-556 et al 2007 Aerosol and fresh snow
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