Περίληψη : Γεωγραφική Θέση Northwestern Asia Minor. Ιστορική Περιοχή Paphlagonia

Περίληψη : The historical region of Paphlagonia, in the north northwest of Asia Minor was the jurisdiction of the provinces of Paphlagonia and Honorias towards the end of the 4th century. During the Middle Byzantine Period it was divided into two themes. The Paphlagonians were fully integrated in Byzantine society. Persian, Arab, Seljuk, Danişmendid and Isfendiyarogullari attacks often reached the inland. The Genoese advanced on the coast in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the Ottomans settled in Byzantine territories and in the 15th century in those of the Genoese and the Isfendiyarogullari. Γεωγραφική Θέση Northwestern Asia Minor Ιστορική Περιοχή Paphlagonia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Province of Bithynia and Pontus, province of Bithynia, province of Paphlagonia, province of Honorias, province of Paphlagonia and Honorias, theme of Opsikion, theme of Boukellarion, theme of Armeniakon, theme of Paphlagonia, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond 1. Location The historical region of Paphlagonia, in the north/northwest of Asia Minor, was washed by the Black Sea to the north and bordered the district of Pontos to the east, Galatia to the south and Bithynia to the west. Under roman rule, Paphlagonia was part of greater administrative units, regardless of the historical and geographical context, and became autonomous after the administrative reformation of Diocletian (284-305). During the Byzantine period, from the end of the 4th century onwards, it was administratively divided into two provinces: Paphlagonia, whose metropolis was Gangra, and Honorias to the west, whose metropolis was Claudioupolis. From the third quarter of the 7th century onwards, there were always two themes in the wider area. Αround 826, part of the territory which had kept its ancient administrative name during late Antiquity came under the rule of the Theme of Paphlagonia. 1 The most important cities of Paphlagonia proved through the years to be Gangra, Claudioupolis and the coastal Heraclea Pontica (Ereğli) and Amastris. In inland Paphlagonia, the road network crossed Gangra and Claudioupolis, heading south/southeast and west. Gangra was directly linked to the north coast. Ports served navigation, the transit trade with the Crimean peninsula and communication with all coastal sites of the Empire in the Black Sea and Constantinople. The naval bases on the coast of Pontos finally came within the remit of the theme of Paphlagonia; as for the katepano οf Boukellarion and Paphlagonians mentioned on a 10th century seal, his base must have been Amastris. 2. Economy The economy of Paphlagonia was based mainly on the agriculture. Its fertile land produced mainly grain, but also apples, dried fruits, honey, wine, olive oil and legumes. In several areas people were engaged in stock breeding. Dry pork of Pahlagonian origin was a basic foodstuff in Byzantium for centuries. Nonetheless, local society lived mainly on fishery. Gangra s subsoil was rich in mineral salt, the famous "salt of Gangra"; Amastris subsoil was rich in pyxite. The mountains, which isolated the coastal zone, provided wood mainly to the shipyards of the Pontos coastline but also to the arm manufacturers. In the cities of Paphlagonia resided, amongst others, pottery and bow manufactories; as for Amastris, it was the base of the imperial fleet throughout the Byzantine period. The wider area of the Pontos coastline was more or less in the same economic status, without major differences. 2 From the 8th century on, as Vita of St. Philaretos indicates, there are in Paphlagonia large estates. Until the Comnenian era, the whole region is under the control of this landed aristocracy, who has considerably raised in power in the political life of the Empire. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 1/6

3. History In the beginning of the 7th century, the Persians advanced inland to Paphlagonia, which they pillaged, but did not attempt to capture important cities. Subsequently, from the mid-7th century until the beginning of the 10th century, the Arabs systematically raided and besieged Paphlagonia, while, in the 9th century, the Paulicians attempted raids in the southeast of the region. However, the coastline was not seriously threatened in any case except, in the 10th and 11th centuries, by the people of Russ and the Normans. The Danişmendids and the Seljuks of Ikonio, who threatened the entire land of Paphlagonia for a long time, continued to advance during the second half of the 11th and throughout the 12th century. At inland sites, the dominant forces shifted regularly. In the beginning of the 13th century, Paphlagonia was a highly contested area between the Empire of Nicaea and that of Trebizond, until the intervention of the Seljuks of Ikonio. The Byzantine domination in the interior of Paphlagonia, restored since 1261, was gradually limited to the western part. During that period, namely the second half of the 13th century, the Byzantine coast came under the authority of the Italian city of Genoa; the only city under Byzantine rule was Herakleia Pontike. In the 14th century, Ottomans and Isfendiyarogullari, whose centre was Kastamon, settled in Byzantine Paphlagonia. In the 15th century the coast of Genoa came under Ottoman rule, while the Isfendiyarogullari were forced out. 4. Society The Paphlagonian coastline was Hellenized in ancient times, as a result of the establishment of Greek colonies in the area. Gradually but steadily, the interior was Romanized under the auspices of the spreading Christianity. The inhabitants of the Paphlagonian cities enjoyed solid urban structures, good education and, to a great extent, especially compared to their neighbours, security; in addition, their public buildings and market places were well groomed. 3 The Byzantine Paphlagonians were treated with aggressive satire, following a tradition traced back in the texts of late Antiquity, especially in Lucian. Homer is considered the initial source of this notoriety: the Paphlagonias were depicted as pig-assed, impostors, morons and wicked. This reputation was established not because of the satire as such but because the Paphlagonian elite prospered and often played a key role in intrigues at the Byzantine court through a number of notorious eunuchs of the period 906-1042 as well as the other high-ranking officials of Paphlagonian origin. 4 The most eminent noble Paphlagonian lineages appeared in the 11th century: the Argyroi, the Doukai, the Kourkouai and the Komnenoi. They were families of dynatoi, landed aristocracy whose descendants climbed to the throne of Constantinople and held the highest offices. But in spite of the Paphlagonian aristocrats aspirations in Constantinople, the region of Paphlagonia never became a theatre of civil conflicts. Only the proclamation of the magistros Isaac Komnenos, later to be named Isaac I (1057-1059), took place in Paphlagonian territory, namely in Kastamon. Amongst the leading intellectual figures ranks poet Symeon the Theologian, monk of Paphlagonian descent and former royal spatharokoubikoularios, whose secular name was George, as well as John Mauropous, scholar and head of the Imperial Law School in the middle-11th century. 1. For more details see the chronological timetable: "Paphlagonia: the Byzantine Administration". 2. Stepanova, E., 'New Finds from Sudak', Studies in Byzantine Sigiliography 8 (2003), pp. 123-130, especially p. 126: with respect to the seal of Anastasios, the commerciarius of the warehouse of Honorias, Paphlagonia and the coastal Pontus as far as Trebizond in the year 721/2. 3. In the sources of the Early Byzantine period the inhabitants of Paphlagonia are described as Paphlagonians and Honoriates, because the Early Byzantine society early on assimilated the administrative names of the historical region. However, from the middle Byzantine era onwards, people of Paphlagonia are referred to either as the people from the themes of Opsikion, Armeniakon, Boukellarion and Paphlagonia, when administration or military matters are concerned, or simply as Paphlagonians, when the place is indicated as the birthplace or the place of residence. 4. See Magdalino, P., "Paphlagonians in Byzantine High Society", in Λαμπάκης, Σ. (edit.), H Bυζαντινή Mικρά Aσία 6ος αι.-12ος αι., (IBE/EIE Διεθνή Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 2/6

Συμπόσια 6 = Σπύρος Bρυώνης 27) (Athens 1998), pp. 141-150. As for the references with negative descriptions connected with Paphlagonians in the Byzantine literary tradition, see pp. 141-142, while for the Paphlagonians in the court of Constantinople, see p. 143 onward. Βιβλιογραφία : Λουγγής, Τ., Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη, Ε., Λαμπάκης, Σ., Βλυσίδου, Β., Σαββίδης, Α. (επιμ.), Η Mικρά Aσία των Θεμάτων: έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.), Αθήνα 1998, Ερευνητική Βιβλιοθήκη 1, ΙΒΕ/ΕΙΕ Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis 1: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium, Padova 1988 Honigmann E., "La liste originale des pères de Nicée (À propos de l évêché de Sodoma: en Arabie)", Byzantion, 14, 1939, 17-76 Lilie R.J., Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, München 1976, Miscellanea Byzantina Monacensia 22 Brandes W., Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Amsterdam 1989, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten 56 Belke K., Mersich N., Paphlagonien und Honorias, Wien 1996, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 9 Magdalino P., "Paphlagonians in Byzantine High Society", Λαμπάκης, Στ. (επιμ.), H Bυζαντινή Mικρά Aσία 6ος αι.-12ος αι., IBE/EIE, Aθήνα 1998, Διεθνή Συμπόσια 6 = Σπύρος Bρυώνης 27, 141-150 Foss C., "Paphlagonia", Kazhdan, A. (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3, Oxford, New York 1991, ODB 3, 1579 Procopii Caesariensis, Opera Omnia, II De Bello Gothico, Haury, J. Wirth, G., Teubner, Leipzig 1961 Κωνσταντίνος Πορφυρογέννητος, Περί θεμάτων, Pertusi A. (ed.), Constantino Porfirogenito, De thematibus, Studi e Testi 160, Città del Vaticano 1952 Stepanova E., New Finds from Sudak, München/Leipzig 2003, Studies in Byzantine Sigiliography 8 Δικτυογραφία : The Paphlagonia Project (The Archaeological Research) http://web.deu.edu.tr/paphlagonia/index.html Γλωσσάριo : katepano (from "epano","above") Governor of a katepania. Title that from the end of the 10th century characterized the commanders of large provinces as Italy or Mesopotamia and from the 11th century, it was used also in the regions of Bulgaria, Antioch etc. magistros Higher office that Philotheos in his Kletorologion places above the anthypatos. This title lost its importance from the 10th century and gradually disappeared - most probably in the middle of the 12th century. spatharokoubikoularios Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 3/6

Spatharokoubikoularios was a title for eunuch koubikoularioi who had also the rank of spatharios. They served at the court and they formed the emperor's ceremonial guard of honour for official occasions. Lead seals belonging to various spatharokoubikoularioi have been preserved and they date to the 11th and the 12th centuries. Πηγές Hauri, J., Wirth, G. (edit.), Procopii Caesariensis Opera Omnia II: De Bello Gothico (Teubner, Leipzig 1961), p. 490. Pertusi, A. (edit.), Constantino Porphyrogenito, De Thematibus (Studi e Testi 160, Città del Vaticano 1952), p. 72. Stepanova, E., ʺNew Finds from Sudakʺ, Studies in Byzantine Sigiliography 8 (2003), pp. 123 130. Παραθέματα The Reputation of the Paphlagonians in the 10th century ʺVII. Z. Ἕβδομον θέμα τὸ προσαγορευόμενον Παφλαγονία Τὸ δὲ θέμα τὸ καλούμενον Παφλαγόνων ἀρχαιότατον ἔθνος ἐστὶ καὶ ἐπίψογον, ἐπὶ ἀναισχυντίᾳ τε καὶ κακοτροπίᾳ διαβαλλόμενον καὶ Ὅμηρος αὐτοῦ μνημονεύει ἐν τῷ τῶν νεῶν καταλόγῳ ἐπικούρους ἐλθόντας Πριάμου πρὸς τὴν πόλιν Ἴλιον, λέγων οὕτως Παφλαγόνων δ ἡγεῖτο Πυλαιμένεος λάσιον κῆρ ἐξ Ἐνετῶν ὅθεν ἡμιόνων γένος ἀγροτεράων, οἱ ῥα Κύτωρον ἔχον καὶ Σήσαμον ἀμφενέμοντο ἀμφί τε Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ δώματ ἔναιον Κρῶμνάν τ Αἰγιαλόν τε καὶ ὑψηλοὺς Ἐρυθίνους. Διὸ καὶ τὸ ἡμιόνων γένος ἐκεῖθεν πρῶτον ἐκφῦναι λέγει, τεκμήριον τοῦτο τῆς αὐτῶν πονηρίας καὶ μοχθηρίας δεικνύς. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν Ὅμηρος περὶ Παφλαγόνων. Αἱ δὲ παραθαλάσσιοι πόλεις, ἥ τε Σινώπη καὶ Ἄμαστρα καὶ Τήϊον καὶ ἡ λεγόμενη Ἀμινσός, Ἑλληνίδες εἰσὶ πόλεις καὶ Ἑλλήνων ἄποικοι. Διορίζει δὲ τὴν Παφλαγονίαν Ἅλυς μὲν ποταμὸς ἐξ ἀνατολῶν, πρὸς δὲ δυσμὰς ὁ καλούμενος Βίλλαιος. Καὶ αὕτη μὲν ἡ Παφλαγονία. Εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ Παφλαγόνες γένος Αἰγύπτιον, ἀπὸ Φινέως τοῦ πρώτου τὴν Παφλαγονίαν οἰκήσαντος, ὃς ἔσχεν υἱὸν Παφλαγόνα, ἐξ οὗ καὶ ἡ χώρα τὴν προσηγορίαν ἐκληρονόμησεν. Ἔχει δὲ πόλεις ἐπισήμους ἡ Παφλαγονία τοσαύτας πρώτην μὲν μητρόπολιν Γάγγραν, δευτέραν δὲ Ἄμαστραν, τρίτη Σῶραν, τετάρτην Δάδυβραν, πέμπτην Ἰωνούπολιν, ἕκτην Πομπηϊούπολιν πομπὴ γάρ εἰσι καὶ ὄνειδος καὶ ἐξουθένημα τοῦ ἀνθρωπείου γένους.ʺ Pertusi, A. (edit.), Constantino Porphyrogenito, De Thematibus (Studi e Testi 160, Città del Vaticano 1952), p. 72. Χρονολόγιο PAPHLAGONIA: THE BYZANTINE ADMINISTRATION 250-293: province of Bithynia and Pontus, Nicomedia is the metropolis 293-305: province of Bithynia, Nicomedia is the metropolis c. 305: province of Paphlagonia, Gangra is the metropolis (from 314 on under the adminisration of Pontike) 398/9: province of Paphlagonia, Gangra is the metropolis province of Honorias, Claudioupolis is the metropolis (administration of Pontike) 535-548: province of Paphlagonia, Gangra is the metropolis 548-3rd quarter of 7th c.: province of Paphlagonia, Gangra is the metropolis province of Honorias, Claudioupolis is the metropolis Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 4/6

(administration of Pontike) 3rd quarter of 7th c.: theme of Opsikion (western territories) and theme of Armeniakon (eastern territories) 763: theme of Boukellarion (western territories) and theme of Armeniakon (eastern territories) 826: theme of Boukellarion and theme of Paphlagonia 1204-1214: Empire of Nicaea and Empire of Trebizond 1214-1261: Empire of Nicaea Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι THE CITIES OF THE PROVINCE OF PAPHLAGONIA according to Synekdemos of Hierokles: Gangra, Pompeopolis, Sora, Amastris, Ionopolis, Dadybra THE CITIES OF THE PROVINCE OF HONORIAS according to Synekdemos of Hierokles: Claudiopolis, Prousias, Herakleia, Tios, Krateia, Adrianople THE ECCLESIASTICAL SEES IN THE PROVINCE OF PAPHLAGONIA according to the ecclesiastical taktiko of Constantinople no. 1: Gangra, Amastris, Iounoupolis, Dadybra, Sora THE ECCLESIASTICAL SEES IN THE PROVINCE OF HONORIAS according to the ecclesiastical taktiko of Constantinople no. 1: Claudiopolis, Herakleia Pontike, Prousias, Tios, Krateia, Adrianople THE CITIES OF THE THEME OF PAPHLAGONIA according to Constantine Porfyrogennetos: a. on the coast of Pontus: Sinope, Amastris, Tios, Amisus b. in the theme of Paphlagonia: Gangra, Amastris, Sora, Dadybra, Ionopolis, Pompeopolis NOTABLE PAPHLAGONIANS I. emperors: Romanos III (Argyros) (1028 1034), Michael IV (Paphlagonian) (1034 1041), Isaac I (Komnenos) (1057 1059), Constantine X (Doukas) (1059 1067), Michael VII (Doukas Parapinakis) (1071 1078), Alexios I (Komnenos) (1081 1118), John II (Komnenos) (1118 1143), Manuel I (Komnenos) (1143 1180), Alexios II (Komnenos) (1180 1183), Andronicos I (Komnenos) (1183 1185) II. augustas: Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 5/6

Maria (Constantine VI 780 790/7), Theodora (Theophilos 829 842), Helen (John I Tzimiskes 969 976) III. clergymen: Ignatios the Deacon (Patriarch of Constantinople 847 858/858 867), Michael Kourkouas (Patriarch of Constantinople 1143 1146), John Mauropous, Leo (archbishop of Bulgaria) IV. officials: Constantine (magister, epi tou kanikleiou, parakoimomenos), Anastasios Gongylios (prepositus), Constantine Gongylios [prepositus (provost) meaning leading man ], Theodore, John Kourkouas [proconsul, patrikios, strategos of Armeniakon Domestikos ton Scholon (Domestic of the Schools)], Joseph Briggas (patrikios, prepositus, sakellarios, drouggarios tou stolou), George/ Symeon the Theologian (spatharokouvikoularios), John Orphanotrophos, Theodore Dadybrinos, John Ionopolites, George Oenaeotes, John Kourkouas (proconsul, patrikios, Domestikos ton Scholon) Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/1/2017 Σελίδα 6/6