2005 7 7 :100026788 (2005) 0720087206, (, 430074) :,,, (A,D,R),, : ; : TP30114 : A A Method for Describing Coordination Problem Based on Coordination Knowledge Level MA Qiao2yun, CHEN Xue2guang, HONG Liu ( Institute of Systems Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074,China) Abstract: Describing coordination problem is a base for coordination theory According to the nature of coordination, we present a research scheme of coordination theory based on coordination knowledge level, which can be expressed by the coordination elements, such as activity, resource, interdependence and coordination mechanism Furthermore, we abstract the general coordination problem following the three steps of analyzing activities, checking resources and identifying interdependences, and then express it by a triple (A,D,R) In this way, it reduces the coordination process to the management of three basic interdependences and also provides a base for further study on general coordination theory by computer Key words : coordination ; coordination knowledge level ; interdependence 1, [1 ],, [2 ], Middleware [3 ],, [4 ], GPGP( [5,6 ) Linda Manifold COOL ], [7, Malone Crowston(1994), ],,, :2004206223 : (60274065) : (1968 - ),,,,, : :0272 62148569,E2mail :maqiaoyun @163 com 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved
88 2005 7,,,, (DSS), 2 [8, Newell (1982), ] ; McGuinness(2000), [9 ] ;Barbuceanu Fox (1996), ( [10 ), ] ;Jennings(1996), [11 ], :, ;,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,, 1,,, Malone Crowston (1994), [7 ], :, ;,,, (, ),,,,, 3,, 311, Thompson (1967), (pooled) (sequential) ( reciprocal) 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved
7 89 [12 ] ;, Allen (1984) before [13 meet overlap start end during equal ] ;, Malone Crowston, (flow), (sharing), (fit) [14 ] Raposo (2001), [15 ],,, 31111, Malone(1999), : (flow), (sharing) (fit) [14 ] 2, (a), ; (b), ; (c),, 2, 3, a 1 a 2, X 1, X 2, Y 1, Y 2, ( X 1 X 2 ) ( X 1 Y 2 3 ) ( Y 1 X 2 ) ( Y 1 Y 2 ), : Y 1 X 2 ( X 1 Y 2 ), a 2 a 1 ( a 1 a 2 ), a 2 a 1 ( a 1 a 2 ), 2 (a) ; X 1 X 2, a 1 a 2, a 1 a 2, 2 (b) ; Y 1 Y 2, a 1 a 2, a 1 a 2, 2 (c), (flow) (sharing) (fit) 31112,,, n n ( 4 (a) ), n ( 4 (b) ), n ( 4 (c) ), m : (a) C 2 m ( 5 (a) ) ; (b) m - 1 C 2 m - 1 ( 5 (b) ) ; (c) m - 1 C 2 m - 1 ( 5 (c) ) ; 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved
90 2005 7 (d) C 2 m ( 5 (d) ) ; (e) ks C 2 k C 2 s ( 5 (e) ), k, s 2, k + s = m m n, n, 4 n 5 m,,, 312,,,, ;, ;,, [15 ],,,, ( ),,,,,,, [ n 1, n 2 ],, n 1, n 2, n 1 n 2, n 1, n 2,,, q,,,,, r a, 313,,, 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved
7 91,,,,, R A D, : R, R = { r 1, r 2,, r m } r i, (due time) dt i, p i, p i = [ n i1, n i2 ], m i, q i, r i = (name i,d t i, p i, m i, q i ) x = (name x,d t x, p x, m x, q x ), p x = [ n x1, n x2 ], x R r i = (name i,d t i,[ n i1, n i2 ], m i, q i ), r i R, name i = name x,d t i > d t x ( r i x ),[ n i1, n i2 ] Β [ n x1, n x2 ], m i < m x, q i > q x ; A, A = { a 1, a 2,, a n } a i X i Y i, X i = { x i1, x i2,, x imi }, Y i = { y i1, y i2,, y ini }, x ij, y ij, a i X i Α R ; D, D = { D 1, D 2, D 3 }, D 1, D 2, D 3 Π R { D 1, D 2, D 3 }, R Α A A, R ( a i, a j ) a i a j, D 1 ( a i, a j ) ( Y i X j <) ( X i Y j <), D 2 ( a i, a j ) X i X j <, D 3 ( a i, a j ) Y i Y j <, ( A, D, R), D, R A :,,, a i X i R, X i R,, a i,,,, : (1) a i X i, X i Α R ( i = 1,2,, n) X i Α R, (2) (3), (4) (2) X i X j < a i a j, (3) Y i Y j < a i a j, (4) X i R a i, Y j ( j i), X i Y j < a i,, ( A, D, R),, r i 4,, : (1), 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved
92 2005 7 ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) : [ 1 ] Carley K M, Gasser L Computational organization theory[a ] G Weiss Multiagent Systems[ C] Massachusetts, MA : The MIT Press, 1999 299-330 [ 2 ] [M] 2 :,1990 216-227 Qian S D Operational Research[M] 2nd Edition Beijing :Qinghua University Press,1990 :216-227 [ 3 ] Lind L MASSIVE: Software engineering for multiagent systems[d] PhD thesis, University of the Saarland, 2000 http :ΠΠwww agentlab deπdocuments [ 4 ] Antonio Brogi,Jean2Marie Jacquet On the expressiveness of coordination via shared dataspaces [J ] Science of Computer Programming, 2003, 46(1-2) : 71-98 [ 5 ] Ossowski S Coordination in Artificial Agent Societies : Social Structures and Its Implications for Autonomous Problem Solving Agents [M] Lecture notes in artificial intelligence LNAI 1535,1999,31-63 [ 6 ] Arbab F Coordination and its relevance [A ] Database and Expert Systems Applications[ C] Ninth International Workshop on, 1998,26-28,529-535 [ 7 ] Malone T W,Crowston K The interdisciplinary study of coordination[j ] ACM Computing Surveys, 1994, 26(1) :87-119 [ 8 ] A Newell The knowledge level[j ] Artificial Intelligence, 1982,18 :87-127 [ 9 ] McGuinness D L Conceptual modeling for distributed ontology environments[a ] Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues ( ICCS) [ C] Darmstadt, Germany August, 2000 14-18 [10 ] Barbuceanu M, Fox M S Capturing and modeling coordination knowledge for multiagent systems [J ] International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems, 1996, 5(2-3) :275-314 [11 ] Jennings N R Towards a cooperation knowledge level for collaborative problem solving [ A ] Proceedings of 10th European Conference on AI[ C] Vienna,Austria, 1992 :224-228 [12 ] Thompson J D Organizations in Action : Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory[M] McGraw2Hill, New York 1967 [13 ] Allen J F Towards a general theory of action and time[j ] Artificial Intelligence,1984,23 :123-154 [14 ] Malone T W, Crowston K,et al Tools for inventing organizations : toward a handbook of organizational processes[j ] Management Science, 1999,45(3) :425-443 [15 ] Raposo A B, Magalhaes L P, Ricarte I L M Coordination of collaborative activities2a framework for the definition of tasks interdependencies[a] Proceedings Seventh International Workshop on Groupuare[ C], 2001,6-8 :170-179 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co, Ltd All rights reserved