EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ

ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THESSALONIKI EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA 1912-2012 ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Θεσσαλονίκης 22-24 Νοεμβρίου 2012 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki 22-24 November 2012 ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή Νίκος Μερούσης Αναστασία Δημουλά EDITORS Evangelia Stefani Nikos Merousis Anastasia Dimoula

Γενικός συντονισμός διοργάνωσης Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Επιστημονική Επιτροπή Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Στέλιος Ανδρέου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Νίκος Ευστρατίου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Κώστας Κωτσάκης, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου, Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Οργανωτική Επιτροπή Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αναστασία Δημουλά, Αρχαιολόγος Ουρανία Πάλλη, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αγνή Αποστολίδου, Αρχαιολόγος-Μουσειολόγος ΑΜΘ Αβραάμ Παναγιωτίδης, Πληροφορικός Επιμέλεια Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Νίκος Μερούσης, Αναστασία Δημουλά Coordination Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh Scientific Committee Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh Stelios Andreou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Nikos Efstratiou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Kostas Kotsakis, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou, Professor Emeritus of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Organising Committee Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Anastasia Dimoula, Archaeologist Ourania Palli, Archaeologist AMTh Agni Apostolidou, Archeologist-Museologist AMTh Avraam Panagiotidis, IT Services Editors Evangelia Stefani, Nikos Merousis, Anastasia Dimoula ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ SPONSORS INSTAP Undertaken with the assistance of the Institute of Aegean Prehistory ΙSBN 978-960-9621-14-4 Έκδοση Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Θεσσαλονίκης αρ. 22 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ 2014 Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του ελληνικού νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύπωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετάφραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου. Παραγωγή Production www.ziti.gr

Περιεχόμενα Contents Πρόλογος Foreword... 5 Σημείωμα των επιμελητών Editors' note... 7 Στιγμιότυπα του συνεδρίου Conference snapshots... 9 Συντομογραφίες Abbreviations...21 Οι αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα και το ιστορικό περιεχόμενο της Προϊστορίας Γιώργος Χ. Χουρμουζιάδης Archaeological research in Northern Greece and the historical content of Prehistory Giorgos Ch. Chourmouziadis 23 Η ιστορία της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: ιστορικές και κριτικές προσεγγίσεις The history of prehistoric research in Macedonia: historical and critical approaches Οι αρχές της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία Κατερίνα Ρωμιοπούλου The beginnings of prehistoric research in Macedonia Katerina Romiopoulou 31 Το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης και οι προϊστορικές σπουδές Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the prehistoric studies Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou 37 The contribution of the British School at Athens and its members to a century of prehistoric research in Macedonia Ken Wardle Η συμβολή της Βρετανικής Σχολής Αθηνών και των μελών της σε έναν αιώνα προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία Ken Wardle 45 A century of research in Dikili Tash René Treuil Ένας αιώνας έρευνας στο Ντικιλί Τας René Treuil 57 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 11

Η προϊστορική έρευνα στη Θάσο: 1922-2012 Στρατής Παπαδόπουλος Νεραντζής Νεραντζής Research on the Prehistory of Thasos: 1922-2012 Stratis Papadopoulos Nerantzis Nerantzis 67 Eustratios Pelekidis and the British Salonika Force Museum Aikaterini Kanatselou Andrew Shapland Ο Ευστράτιος Πελεκίδης και η συλλογή της Βρετανικής Δύναμης της Θεσσαλονίκης Αικατερίνη Κανατσέλου Andrew Shapland 91 Το έργο του W.A. Ηeurtley στη Μακεδονία μέσα από το αρχείο της Αρχαιολογικής Υπηρεσίας και της Βρετανικής Αρχαιολογικής Σχολής Μαρία Παππά The work of W.A. Heurtley in Macedonia through the archives of the Greek Archaeological Service and the British School at Athens Maria Pappa 101 Lithics in the Prehistory of Macedonia: historical and methodological approaches Georgia Kourtessi-Philippakis 113 Τα λίθινα στην Προϊστορία της Μακεδονίας: ιστορική και μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση Γεωργία Κουρτέση-Φιλιππάκη Επισκοπήσεις Reviews Η παλαιολιθική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία: σε αναζήτηση της δυναμικής της Νίκος Ευστρατίου Palaeolithic research in Macedonia: in search of its dynamics Nikos Efstratiou 125 Εκατό χρόνια νεολιθικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: τάσεις και κατευθύνσεις Κώστας Κωτσάκης A hundred years of neolithic research in Macedonia: trends and directions Kostas Kotsakis 133 Εκατό χρόνια έρευνας στην Εποχή του Χαλκού της Μακεδονίας: τι άλλαξε; Στέλιος Ανδρέου One hundred years of research in the Bronze Age of Macedonia. What changed? Stelios Andreou 141 12 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

H αρχαιολογική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου. Απολογισμός και προοπτικές Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη The archaeological research in Early Iron Age Macedonia. Review and perspectives Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki 153 Χρονολόγηση Θέσεις και Εποχές Chronology Sites and Eras Νεάντερνταλ στη Μακεδονία Νένα Γαλανίδου Νίκος Ευστρατίου Neanderthals in Macedonia Nena Galanidou Nikos Efstratiou 181 Αναζητώντας την ταυτότητα και τη σπουδαιότητα του σπηλαίου Πετραλώνων για την ελληνική και ευρωπαϊκή Προϊστορία Ανδρέας Ι. Ντάρλας In search of the identity of Petralona cave and its importance for the Greek and European Prehistory Andreas I. Darlas 195 Χρονολόγηση με άνθρακα-14 των μεγάλων πολιτισμικών αλλαγών στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: πρόσφατες εξελίξεις Γιάννης Μανιάτης Radiocarbon dating of the major cultural changes in prehistoric Macedonia: recent developments Yannis Maniatis 205 Intensity of the Earth s magnetic field in prehistoric Macedonia: a multidisciplinary approach for material selection Despoina Kondopoulou Christina Rathossi Elina Aidona Gregory Fanjat Evdokia Tema Konstantinos Efthimiadis Ένταση του μαγνητικού πεδίου της γης στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: μία διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση για την επιλογή του υλικού μελέτης Δέσποινα Κοντοπούλου Χριστίνα Ράθωση Ελίνα Αηδονά Gregory Fanjat Ευδοκία Τέμα Κωνσταντίνος Ευθυμιάδης 223 Περί προϊστορικών θέσεων στη δυτική Μακεδονία: νομοί Κοζάνης και Γρεβενών Γεωργία Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη About prehistoric sites in western Macedonia: prefectures of Kozani and Grevena Georgia Karamitrou-Mentessidi 233 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 13

Γεωφυσική έρευνα και αρχαιολογική πραγματικότητα στον νεολιθικό οικισμό Προμαχών-Topolniča Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη Henrieta Todorova Ιωάννης Ασλάνης Ivan Vajsov Μάγδα Βάλλα Geophysical investigation and archaeological reality in the neolithic settlement Promachon-Topolniča Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki Henrieta Todorova Ioannis Aslanis Ivan Vajsov Magda Valla 251 Η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία. Μια συνθετική επαναπροσέγγιση των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων Ιωάννα Μαυροειδή Early Bronze Age in Macedonia. A synthetic re-approach of the archaeological evidence Ioanna Mavroeidi 261 Αρχοντικό Γιαννιτσών, ένας οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου Εύη Παπαδοπούλου 271 Archondiko Giannitson, an Early Bronze Age settlement in Macedonia Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou Evi Papadopoulou Η στρωματογραφική ακολουθία του νότιου τομέα του προϊστορικού οικισμού του Αρχοντικού Γιαννιτσών Δόμνα Ισαακίδου The stratigraphic sequence of the south sector of the prehistoric settlement of Archontiko Giannitson Domna Isaakidou 281 Η Μέση Εποχή Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Ιωάννης Ασλάνης Middle Bronze Age in Macedonia Ioannis Aslanis 291 Η προϊστορική Όλυνθος. Μια τούμπα της Εποχής του Χαλκού ανάμεσα στα Καρπάθια και στο Αιγαίο Barbara Horejs Reinhard Jung Prehistoric Olynthus. Α Bronze Age mound between the Carpathians and the Aegean Barbara Horejs Reinhard Jung 299 Does time stand still in the Aegean? Early Iron Age chronology at Kastanas revisited Stefanos Gimatzidis Σταμάτησε ο χρόνος στο Αιγαίο; Αναθεώρηση της χρονολόγησης της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου στον Καστανά Στέφανος Γιματζίδης 303 14 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

Ο χώρος και οι νοηματοδοτήσεις του Space and its meanings Settlement and housing during the 6 th millennium BC in western Thessaloniki and the adjacent Langadas province Stavros Kotsos Οικισμός και κατοικία κατά την έκτη χιλιετία π.χ. στη δυτική Θεσσαλονίκη και στην επαρχία Λαγκαδά Σταύρος Κώτσος 315 Ο οικισμός του Κλείτου Κοζάνης στο ευρύτερο φυσικό και ανθρωπογενές περιβάλλον της Νεότερης και Τελικής Νεολιθικής περιόδου Χριστίνα Ζιώτα The settlement of Kleitos Kozanis in its wider natural and anthropogenic environment during the Late and Final Neolithic periods Christina Ziota 323 Αρχιτεκτονικές μορφές της Προϊστορίας στην κοιλάδα του μέσου ρου του Αλιάκμονα Αρετή Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη Architectural forms of Prehistory in the valley along the middle reaches of the Aliakmon river Areti Hondrogianni-Metoki 337 Ενσωματώνοντας το παρελθόν, προσδιορίζοντας το παρόν, νοηματοδοτώντας το μέλλον: αναγνώριση και ερμηνεία πρακτικών δομημένης (εν)απόθεσης στο νεολιθικό οικισμό Αυγής Καστοριάς στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα Γεωργία Στρατούλη Νίκος Κατσικαρίδης Τάσος Μπεκιάρης Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη Integrating the past, determining the present, establishing the future: identification and interpretation of structured deposition at the neolithic settlement of Avgi in Kastoria, Northern Greece Georgia Stratouli Nikos Katsikaridis Tasos Bekiaris Vasiliki Tzevelekidi 349 Αναζητώντας κοινωνικές ταυτότητες: η συμβολή των θερμικών κατασκευών στην οργάνωση του χώρου στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία Εβίτα Καλογηροπούλου In search of social identities: the contribution of thermal structures in the organisation of space in neolithic Macedonia Evita Kalogiropoulou 359 Περίκλειστος κόσμος. Μια συζήτηση για τους περιβόλους στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία με αφορμή το Δισπηλιό Καστοριάς Σταμάτης Χατζητουλούσης Τάσος Σιάνος Γιάννης Σταυριδόπουλος Κοσμάς Τουλούμης Enclosed world: a discussion about enclosures in prehistoric Macedonia based on Dispilio, Kastoria Stamatis Chatzitoulousis Tasos Sianos Giannis Stavridopoulos Kosmas Touloumis 373 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 15

Κοινοτικά έργα και μνημειακότητα στους οικισμούς της Μακεδονίας κατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού Ευαγγελία Στεφανή Communal works and monumentality in the settlements of Macedonia during the Late Bronze Age Evangelia Stefani 381 Παλαιοπεριβάλλον - Αρχαιοβοτανική - Ζωοαρχαιολογία Φυσική Ανθρωπολογία Paleoenvironment - Archaeobotany - Zooarchaeology Physical Anthropology Μεταβολές στη βλάστηση της Μακεδονίας κατά το Μέσο Ολόκαινο: ανθρωπογενής επίδραση ή απόκριση στην κλιματική διακύμανση; Κατερίνα Κούλη Vegetation dynamics in Macedonia during the Middle Holocene: human impact versus climate change? Katerina Kouli 401 Η φυσική βλάστηση και οι προϊστορικές κοινότητες της Μακεδονίας. Μια σύνθεση των πληροφοριών της ανθρακολογικής έρευνας Μαρία Ντίνου Natural vegetation and prehistoric communities in Macedonia, Greece. A synthesis of the results of wood charcoal analysis from prehistoric sites Maria Ntinou 409 Φυτά και άνθρωποι στην προϊστορική Βόρεια Ελλάδα. Τα αρχαιοβοτανικά δεδομένα Σουλτάνα-Μαρία Βαλαμώτη 419 Plants and people in prehistoric Northern Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence Soultana-Maria Valamoti Invitation to dinner. Practices of animal consumption and bone deposition at Makriyalos I (Pieria) and Toumba Kremastis Koiladas (Kozani) Vasiliki Tzevelekidi Paul Halstead Valasia Isaakidou Πρόσκληση σε γεύμα. Πρακτικές κατανάλωσης και απόθεσης οστών ζώων στον Μακρύγιαλο Πιερίας και στην Τούμπα Κρεμαστής Κοιλάδας Κοζάνης Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη Paul Halstead Βαλασία Ισαακίδου 425 The vertebrate fauna from a Late Neolithic settlement in eastern Macedonia. Τhe case of Promachon sector - preliminary results George Kazantzis Η σπονδυλωτή πανίδα ενός οικισμού της Νεότερης Νεολιθικής περιόδου στην ανατολική Μακεδονία: η περίπτωση του ελληνικού τομέα του Προμαχώνα αρχικά αποτελέσματα Καζαντζής Γιώργος 437 16 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

Οι αλιευτικές δραστηριότητες στην Προϊστορία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας: ένα πανόραμα των αρχαιοζωολογικών δεδομένων Τατιάνα Θεοδωροπούλου Fishing activities in the Prehistory of Northern Greece: a panorama of the archaeological evidence Tatiana Theodoropoulou 453 Όψεις της διατροφής και του υλικού πολιτισμού της Νεολιθικής και της Εποχής Χαλκού στην κεντρική Μακεδονία. Μια οστρεοαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση Ρένα Βεροπουλίδου Aspects of Neolithic and Bronze Age diet and material culture in central Macedonia: the evidence from shell analyses Rena Veropoulidou 465 Αρχαίο DNA: εφαρμογές, προοπτικές, περιορισμοί Χριστίνα Παπαγεωργοπούλου Ancient DNA: applications, perspectives, limitations Christina Papageorgopoulou 477 Από τα αντικείμενα στις ιδέες: Τεχνολογίες - Τεχνουργήματα - Επικοινωνία From objects to ideas: Technologies - Artefacts - Communication Lete I. The pottery of a neolithic site in central Macedonia 100 years after Anastasia Dimoula Areti Pentedeka Konstantinos Filis Λητή I. Η κεραμική μίας νεολιθικής θέσης στη Μακεδονία 100 χρόνια μετά Αναστασία Δημουλά Αρετή Πεντεδέκα Κωνσταντίνος Φίλης 491 Pottery and stylistic boundaries. Early and middle neolithic pottery in Macedonia Dushka Urem-Kotsou Anna Papaioannou Trisevgeni Papadakou Niki Saridaki Zoe Intze Κεραμική και στυλιστικά όρια. Η κεραμική της Αρχαιότερης και της Μέσης Νεολιθικής στη Μακεδονία Ντούσκα Ούρεμ-Κώτσου Άννα Παπαϊωάννου Τρισεύγενη Παπαδάκου Νίκη Σαριδάκη Ζωή Ιντζέ 505 Συνταγές υλικών και κεραμική παραγωγή των νεολιθικών οικισμών της ανατολικής Μακεδονίας Παρασκευή Γιούνη Clay recipes and ceramic production of the neolithic settlements in eastern Macedonia Paraskevi Yiouni 519 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 17

Ταυτότητες ανθρώπων και διακοσμημένα κεραμικά σκεύη κατά τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα: παραδείγματα από την κεραμική παράδοση «μαύρο σε ερυθρό» Δήμητρα Μαλαμίδου Human identities and decorated clay pots during Late Neolithic in Northern Greece: examples from the "black-on-red" pottery tradition Dimitra Μalamidou 527 Συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες στην κεραμική των πρώιμων φάσεων του νεολιθικού Δισπηλιού Μαρίνα Σωφρονίδου Σαράντης Δημητριάδης Continuity and discontinuity in the pottery of the early phases of neolithic Dispilio Marina Sofronidou Sarantis Dimitriadis 537 Εικόνες και αφηγήσεις από τα διακοσμημένα θραύσματα του Δισπηλιού Ευαγγελία Βούλγαρη Images and narratives from the decorated sherds of neolithic Dispilio Evangelia Voulgari 549 Η κεραμική παράδοση των προχωρημένων φάσεων της Πρώιμης Εποχής Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία Γιώργος Δελιόπουλος Ιωάννης Παπαδιάς Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου The pottery tradition during the later phases of the Early Bronze Age in Macedonia Giorgos Deliopoulos Ioannis Papadias Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou 561 Η κατανάλωση της κεραμικής και η ενδοκοινοτική οργάνωση στο τέλος της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία: παρατηρήσεις στη χειροποίητη κεραμική από την Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης Ευαγγελία Βλιώρα Ευαγγελία Κυριατζή Στέλιος Ανδρέου Pottery consumption and intra-site organisation in the end of the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia: observations on the hand-made pottery from Toumba Thessaloniki Evangelia Vliora Evangelia Kiriatzi Stelios Andreou 575 The Late Bronze Age pottery of Macedonia: comparisons with the plain of Korçë Tobias Krapf Κεραμική της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού από τη Μακεδονία: συγκρίσεις με την πεδιάδα της Κορυτσάς Tobias Krapf 585 18 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

In search of social networks during the Neolithic Period in Macedonia (Νorthern Greece): the case of chipped stone industries Odysseas Kakavakis Αναζητώντας τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα της Νεολιθικής Εποχής στην περιοχή της Μακεδονίας: η περίπτωση του πελεκημένου λίθου Οδυσσέας Κακαβάκης 599 Ο χαλαζίας ως πρώτη ύλη στις λιθοτεχνίες της προϊστορικής Μακεδονίας Ουρανία Πάλλη Quartz as raw material in the chipped stone industries of prehistoric Macedonia Ourania Palli 607 Η λιθοτεχνία του Ηλιότοπου, μιας προϊστορικής θέσης του ανατολικού Λαγκαδά Σοφία Λύχνα Μαρία Χάδου The lithic industries from Iliotopos, a prehistoric site in eastern Langadas Sofia Lychna Maria Chadou 615 «Είμαστε μόνοι τριγυρισμένοι από νεκρές εικόνες». Προβλήματα των νεολιθικών μαρμάρινων ανθρωπόμορφων ειδωλίων με αφορμή παραδείγματα απο την Ημαθία Νίκος Μερούσης "And we re alone surrounded by dead images". Problems of neolithic marble human figurines according to examples from Emathia Nikos Merousis 625 Η αναπαράσταση των ανθρώπων στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία Στράτος Νανόγλου The representation of humans in neolithic Macedonia Stratos Nanoglou 639 Ταξίδια του νεολιθικού Spondylus. Αρχαιολογικές καταδύσεις στα βαθιά νερά της αιγαιακής Προϊστορίας Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου Φώτης Υφαντίδης The journeys of neolithic Spondylus: a chronicle of research in the prehistoric Aegean Marianna Nikolaidou Fotis Ifantidis 645 Η μουσική στις προϊστορικές κοινωνίες. Η περίπτωση του νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού Καστοριάς Χρύσα Τσαγκούλη Music in prehistoric communities. The example of the neolithic settlement at Dispilio of Kastoria Chrysa Tsangouli 661 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS 19

Μουσειολογία Κοινωνική Αρχαιολογία Museology Social Archaeology Θεωρητική αρχαιολογία και νέα μουσειολογία Δημήτριος Β. Γραμμένος Theoretical archaeology and new museology Dimitrios Grammenos 673 Ευτυχώς, τα στεφάνια μας είναι ακάνθινα Αναστασία Χουρμουζιάδη Thank God, our wreaths bear thornes Anastasia Chourmouziadi 677 Οι αρχαιολόγοι και οι αρχαιο-«λόγοι». Οι ταυτότητες των ερευνητών, οι «λόγοι» και η αναπλαισίωσή τους στην προϊστορική αρχαιολογία της Μακεδονίας Κοσμάς Τουλούμης The archaeologists and the archaeo- logoi. The identities of the scholars, the discourses and their re-contextualization in the prehistoric archaeology of Macedonia Kosmas Touloumis 685 Από τη «Θεά της Παλαιάς Ευρώπης» στην αρχαιολογία του φύλου: η κληρονομιά της Marija Gimbutas Δήμητρα Κοκκινίδου Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου From the Goddess of Old Europe to gender archaeology: the legacy of Marija Gimbutas Dimitra Kokkinidou Marianna Nikolaidou 695 Επίλογος: πού είμαστε τώρα, πού θα είμαστε αύριο Κώστας Κωτσάκης Epilogue: where we stand now, where we will be tomorrow Kostas Kotsakis 707 Κατάλογος συμμετεχόντων... 713 List of contributors... 716 20 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ CONTENTS

Συντομογραφίες Abbreviations ΑΑΑ ΑΔ ΑΕ ΑΕΜΘ Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών, Αθήνα Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Αθήνα Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς, Αθήνα Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη, Θεσσαλονίκη ΑΕΜΘ 20 χρόνια Π. Αδάμ-Βελένη & Κ. Τζαναβάρη (επιμ.), 2009. Επετειακός τόμος, Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 20 χρόνια, Θεσσαλονίκη Αρχαία Μακεδονία ΙΙΙ Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Γ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1977, Θεσσαλονίκη 1983 Αρχαία Μακεδονία IV Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Δ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1983, Θεσσαλονίκη 1986 Αρχαία Μακεδονία V Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ε διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 10-15 Οκτωβρίου 1989, Θεσσαλονίκη 1993 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VI Ανακοινώσεις κατά το ΣΤ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 15-19 Οκτωβρίου 1996, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VII Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ζ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 14-18 Οκτωβρίου 2002, Θεσσαλονίκη 2007 ΠΑΕ Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, Αθήνα AJA BAM BAR BSA BCH JAS PPS American Journal of Archaeology, Cambridge, Mass Beiträge zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, Bonn British Archaeological Reports, Oxford The Annual of the British School at Athens, London Bulletin de Correspodance Helénique, Paris Journal of Archaeological Science, Amsterdam Proceedings of Prehistoric Society, Cambridge ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ABBREVIATIONS 21

Intensity of the Earth s magnetic field in prehistoric Macedonia: a multidisciplinary approach for material selection Despoina Kondopoulou Christina Rathossi Elina Aidona Gregory Fanjat Evdokia Tema Konstantinos Efthimiadis Introduction Archaeomagnetism is a branch of Geosciences which combines geophysical methods with archaeology for the determination of the geomagnetic field elements (Inclination, Declination, Intensity). This technique is based on two fundamental principles: 1. Several archaeological features (usually clay products) contain small quantities of magnetic minerals which can record the direction and the strength of the geomagnetic field under certain circumstances: The material has to be heated up to at least 600 C and during the cooling procedure it can record a remanence magnetization which is oriented parallel to the Earth s magnetic field at that time and place. 2. The direction and the strength of the geomagnetic field are not stable but change through time and place. By comparing the direction and the intensity of a studied feature with well-established reference curves (Secular variation curves-svc) for the same area, it is possible to determine the age of the studied structure. By the inverse procedure, well dated by independent methods, artefacts can be used for the construction of the reference curves for an area. Basic structures that can be used for an archaeomagnetic investigation are kilns, bricks, tiles, ceramics and generally all clay structures that have been heated in antiquity at high temperatures (at least up to 600-700 C) and subsequently cooled. Systematic archaeomagnetic studies in Greece were initiated around 1980 and provided abundant archaeointensity and fewer directional data 1. However, the quality of some of the Greek archaeointensity results has often been disputable. In their compilation 1. Aitken et al. 1989. De Marco et al. 2008 and references therein. Spatharas et al. 2011. Aidona & Kondopoulou 2012. Tema et al. 2012. Fanjat et al. 2013. De Marco et al. 2014. with all available intensity data from Greece until that date, De Marco et al. 2 noticed a large dispersion during the first millennium BC as well as several gaps mostly in the prehistoric period (fig. 1). In a recent study, Tema & Kondopoulou have monitored the secular variation of the geomagnetic field in the southern Balkan Peninsula and they also observed a large scatter in the intensity dataset 3 (fig. 2). Though the recent Balkan SVC cover in a satisfactory way the prehistoric periods, it is of extreme importance to obtain a better coverage for the Greek SVC if accurate datings are expected at the country scale. The basic approach for the present study is the better exploitation of the available archaeological material for the improvement of the SVC for prehistoric Greece which presents a broad uncertainty due to the lack of data. As far as the directional curves are concerned, this gap is difficult to fill since in situ structures are scarce or damaged. On the contrary, the rich ceramic and pottery collections are abundant, often well-studied and can provide intensity values which would drastically improve the corresponding curves. As the intensity variations through time are very frequent, their reference curves can be a sensitive dating tool 4. As mentioned above, the SVC for the prehistoric period in Bulgaria are very accurate, but Bulgarian scientists have avoided the use of pottery for their studies, thus their rich database is established from burnt structures only 5. The study presented here aims to the improvement of the SVC for the intensity of the Earth s magnetic field through the rich ceramic and pottery collections from pre- 2. De Marco et al. 2008. 3. Tema & Kondopoulou 2011. 4. For an overview see Gallet et al. 2009. 5. Jordanova et al. 2001, 2003. Kovacheva et al. 2009. 1912-2012. A CENTURY OF RESEARCH IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA 223

Fig. 1. Intensity SVC from Greece. All data have been relocated to Athens (De Marco et al. 2008). Dots correspond to new data obtained after 2008. a. b. Fig. 2. Balkan SVC for the three elements of the geomagnetic field (Tema & Kondopoulou 2011). Fig. 3. Examples of sampled materials for the archaeomagnetic study: a. Neolithic oven from Sossandra, b. Neolithic pottery sherds from Dikili-Tash. historic Macedonia in order to provide the archaeological community with a sensitive and low-cost dating tool. Methodology The archaeomagnetic method consists in the definition of the three elements of the geomagnetic field (Declination, Inclination and Intensity-F). In order to define the direction of the field (D, I) the studied material has to be in situ, a requirement which is not necessary in the case of the intensity (fig. 3a, 3b). The first prehistoric site studied archeomagnetically in the area was the one in Sitagroi, near the city of Drama 6. The sampling of pottery was extensive, spread within ten meters of stratified deposits which covered 4000 yrs of continuous occupation. Ages were provided 6. Thomas 1981. 224 DESPOINA KONDOPOULOU CHRISTINA RATHOSSI ELINA AIDONA GREGORY FANJAT EVDOKIA TEMA KONSTANTINOS EFTHIMIADIS

Fig. 4. Sampled locations for the present study: Avgi, in situ structures, Vassili and Sossandra in situ structures and pottery sherds, Arhontiko, Skala Sotiros and Dikili-Tash, pottery sherds. by 25 14 C datings and accurate measurements were applied. Nevertheless, the obtained results are not in full agreement with the corresponding ones from Bulgaria 7. The limited number of samples per level, often only one, could account for this discrepancy. In the present study we focus to ceramics from several prehistoric sites in Northern Greece (fig. 4) for which the study of archaeointensity was possible. Intensity results have been obtained in the area from burnt structures also (Avgi, Vassili, fig. 1). Our problematic developed is explained here only for the use of ceramics for such an experiment. The method mostly used for this scope is the Thellier method or its variants. According to this method the ancient field intensity Fa is determined from the simple formula: Fa =b x Flab, where Flab is a given intensity in the laboratory and b is the slope of the line formed by plotting experimentally obtained decreasing values of Natural Remanent Magnetization- NRM- against increasing values of laboratory induced Thermoremanent Magnetization-TRM 8. The method implies repeated heatings thus the reliability of the archaeointensity results is depending on several criteria detecting the mineralogical stability of the samples upon heating. In order to define the magnetic carriers and to investigate the suitability of the material several rock magnetic experiments have to be performed, according to up-to-now worldwide established criteria. Classical tests for material selection The experimental procedures needed for obtaining accurate intensity values are also very time-consuming. The severe selection of the material is a prerequisite and several protocols are applied in the archaeomagnetic laboratories worldwide. These include: 7. Tema & Kondopoulou 2011. 8. Thellier & Thellier 1959. Thermomagnetic analyses to monitor the magnetic susceptibility variation with temperature. They detect mineralogical transformations during heating. Acquisition of Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM-it detects the main magnetic mineral carrying the magnetization by imparting increasing magnetic fields until saturation). Hysteresis loops (it detects the possible presence of several magnetic phases in the material). Examples of such experiments are given below (fig. 5a, 5b). In these, the thermomagnetic curve is reversible. Reversible curves would correspond to ceramics baked in open fires and oxygen rich atmosphere 9. The saturation is reached quickly, implying magnetite as the dominant magnetic mineral. Both parameters indicate a satisfactory quality of the material for this study. Detailed examples of hysteresis analysis will be given below. In spite of all these experiments which have been applied, at least in the last decade, and allowed a careful material selection, in several cases this would not lead to successful intensity calculations. To a large extent this failure was connected to ceramic or pottery products. The question arose: What additional factors could affect the archaeointensity experiments?. Specific characteristics of ceramic products Besides standard archaeointensity determinations and related experiments, their relationship with other parameters such as magnetic properties of the clay raw material, the maximum temperatures reached during the firing process and the thermal distribution inside the kilns are still poorly known. As a consequence, their ceramic products would probably reflect these uncertainties. Important features for the ceramic and pottery 9. Costanzo-Alvarez et al. 2006. INTENSITY OF THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION 225

products are the firing temperatures, the atmosphere and the exposure time and the possible mineralogical transformations due to burial conditions. Potters usually mix several varieties of clays for preparing the ceramic paste, thus different colors and degrees of plasticity are present in a production. This feature should also be carefully examined. Ceramic technology spread in Greece in the Early Neolithic, before the rest of Europe 10. In early stages, the pottery kilns presented a rather simple scheme which nevertheless allowed temperatures up to 850-900ºC to be reached. At a later stage circular or cylindrical kilns, with a unique firing chamber and a roof have been used 11. In spite of the impressive achievements of the early potters, it is clear that the conditions within the kiln were initially very primitive, progressing impressively until the more elaborated features of the Bronze Age. This could possibly affect the quality of the products, as far as their magnetic properties are concerned. In order to gather additional information from laboratory measurements, other than the already mentioned, we used mineralogy, petrography and magnetic properties to obtain the maximum information about samples which were already subjected to intensity experiments. The purpose was to compare their failure or success with the parameters provided first by optical methods, then by more specific magnetic measurements. A. Contribution of mineralogy Representative ceramic samples from the archaeological sites of Vasili (BSc), Dikili Tash (DTc), Skala Sotiros (SKS, SKO), Archontiko (ARH) and Sossandra (SOS) spaning the Neolithic and Bronze age periods, have been selected and subjected to mineralogical investigation using X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The purpose was the assessment of the firing conditions after the elucidation of mineral phases in their ceramic bodies. The presence or absence of specific mineral assemblages determines the degree of thermal transformation which has occurred in the clay paste of ceramics during the firing procedure and as a consequence estimates the firing temperatures during the operation of kilns 12. In addition, the mineralogical analysis provides information about the possible alteration phenomena which could occur during the burial processes 13. This 10. Andreou et al. 1996. 11. Prevost-Dermarkar 2002 and references therein. 12. Rathossi 2005. 13. Rathossi et al. 2010. approach was tested on an important set of samples, spanning in different archaeological periods and from various environments. The results for the above prehistoric sites can be summarized in the following fig. 6 and tables 1 and 2. The neolithic Vassili sherds (BSc) display a wide range of firing temperature between 600ºC (preservation of primary calcite and clay minerals) and 900ºC (new high- T minerals formed i.e. gehlenite, diopside), however even the highly fired samples do not seem to be fired in a complete firing cycle. The short firing time, the prevailing reducing kiln atmosphere and the cooling procedure in air, all these conditions, are depicted in the different colour layers observed across the ceramic body. Regarding the presence of magnetic minerals, their content was sufficient for good intensity results, nonetheless the incomplete firing cycle led to the failure of the intensity experiments. Better firing conditions are observed in Dikili-Tash sherds (DTc) where firing temperature ranged from 750ºC (almost complete decomposition of calcite) to 850ºC (the crystallization of new high T-minerals has been started) with slow soaking time. In two out of three samples the presence of hematite and spinel gave successful intensity results. From the two Sossandra samples only the sample SOS-5 seem to be fired at low T 600-650ºC whereas sherd SOS was detected to be unfired. Concerning the sherds from Bronze age sites, their mineralogical composition shows that both low, T 600ºC (clay minerals preserved) and very high firing, T 1100ºC (new-formed minerals i.e. diopside, mullite) were prevailing in Skala-Sotiros samples (SKS, SKO). For Archontiko samples, their firing temperatures were estimated from 550 up to 800ºC while in Apsalos sherds temperature reached up to 700ºC (circa 500-700ºC). Firing atmosphere was assessed to be either oxidizing or reducing even within the same site (Skala-Sotiros, Archontiko). Nevertheless cooling in air, incomplete firing cycle and organic matters in the clay paste were also observed in Skala-Sotiros samples. The proportion of magnetic minerals in sherds from all sites did not exceed 2 wt %. Failed intensity results were obtained where the magnetic minerals are absent or below <1 wt % and/or the firing cycle was incomplete and organic matters occurred in the clay paste. With up to now mineralogical data, it is deduced that sherds SKO are not suitable for archaeointenisty experiments since the absence of hematite and magnetite, the low spinel content (<1.5%), the short soaking time and the presence of organic matters in their raw materials reinforce the failure of experiments. On the contrary, successful intensity results can be drawn for Apsalos samples. 226 DESPOINA KONDOPOULOU CHRISTINA RATHOSSI ELINA AIDONA GREGORY FANJAT EVDOKIA TEMA KONSTANTINOS EFTHIMIADIS

a. b. Fig. 5. Magnetic experiments for material preselection: a. thermomagnetic curves, b. acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization. Fig. 6. X-ray powder diffraction patterns which show the mineralogical composition of representative sherds. Abbreviations: Qtz=quartz; Pl=plagioclase; Kf=k-feldspar; Mi=mica; Ch=chlorite; Tc=talc; ML=mixed layer clay minerals; Sm=dehydrated smectite; Hr=hornblende; Di=diopside (clinopyroxene); Gh=gehlenite (melilite); Mu=mullite; He=hematite; Mgt=magnetite; Sp=spinel; TMgt=titanomagnetite. B. Contribution of magnetic measurements In order to find additional information about the magnetic behaviour of the samples which were preselected for a Thellier experiment and failed, we tried a set of measurements (full magnetization loops at room temperature) in the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer of the Physics Department of AUTh. In this experiment we have examined two sherds from Vassili as follows: One virgin, that is not used for Thellier, named BSc and a second one, BSc24, after it was heated several times during a Thellier experiment. Sherd BSc, has been crushed until a fine powder was obtained and three separate portions of the powder were measured. From the shape of the hysteresis curves it is clear that the material in INTENSITY OF THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION 227

Samples Neolithic sites Intensity (Thellier) He Mgt Sp Estimated firing conditions (T C, atm) Colour of ceramic body (Munsell soil colour chart) Sample description DIKILI TASH DTc 1_4 successful nd <1 7.60 800-850 C, rd atm 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown pottery DTc 2_9 successful 1.55 <1 nd 750-800 C, rd atm 10YR 5/3 brown pottery DTc 4_2 failed <1 nd nd 750-800 C, rd atm 7.5YR 6/4 light brown pottery SOSSANDRA Intensity (Triaxe) SOS-5* successful n.d. 1.52 n.d. 600-650 C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown pottery SOS** failed n.d. 2.35 n.d. Unfired 5YR 5/8 yellowish red raw clay VASSILI BSc 2a_2 failed < 1 2.09 4.38 850-900 C, rd atm rims: 2.5YR 6/6 light red pottery short firing duration-cooling in air core: 10YR 4/1 dark gray BSc12_2 failed 1.06 < 1 n.d. 750-800 C, ox atm rims: 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow pottery short firing duration-organic matters core: 10YR 5/3 brown BSc 12_5 failed < 1 1.12 n.d. 600-650 C, rd atm rims: 5YR 4/4 reddish brown pottery short firing duration-cooling in air core: 10YR 5/2 grayish brown BSc 15_4 failed <1 1.85 n.d. 600-650 C, rd atm 5YR 4/4 reddish brown pottery BSc 25_4 failed 1.91 3.02 6.48 800-850 C, rd atm short firing duration-cooling in air rims: 2.5YR 6/6 light red core: 10YR 5/1 gray Table 1. Archaeointensity and archaeometric results (i.e. Rietveld-based quantification analysis, in wt %, of the Fe-bearing minerals, estimation of firing conditions, macroscopic observation of ceramic body color) of sherds from the three Neolithic sites (Dikili Tash, Sossandra, Vassili). Abbreviations: He=hematite; Mgt=magnetite; Sp=spinel (MgAl 2 O 4, FeAl 2 O 4 ); n.d.=no detected (no existing or quantity less than 3 wt %); ox=oxidizing atmosphere; rd=reducing atmosphere. Sossandra s sherds=* titanomagnetite, ** maghemite. pottery Samples Intensity Estimated firing conditions He Mgt Sp Bronze Age sites (Thellier) (T C, atm) SKALA SOTIROS SKS 1 failed n.d. n.d. n.d. 750-800 C, ox atm short firing duration-organic matters Colour of ceramic body (Munsell Soil Colour Chart) rims: 2.5 Y 5/2 weak red core: 2.5 Y 5/1 reddish gray Sample description pottery SKS 2 failed n.d. < 1 n.d. 750-800 C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown pottery SKS 3 successful < 1 1.81 1.94 1050-1100 C, rd atm 2.5Y 7/3 pale yellow pottery SKS 5 failed n.d. < 1 n.d. 600-650 C, rd atm short firing duration rims: 7.5YR 4/6 strong brown core: 10YR 4/1 dark gray pottery SKS 7 failed n.d. <1 n.d. 750-800 C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/4 brown pottery SKO 5 <1 <1 1.32 700-750 C, ox atm 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown pottery SKO 9 1.58 n.d. 1.30 700-750 C, ox atm short firing duration- organic matters rims: 10R 5/6 red & 7.5 YR 6/4 light brown core: 5YR 5/3 reddish brown pottery SKO 14 n.d. n.d. 1.44 700-750 C, ox/rd atm layers: 7.5 YR 6/6 reddish brown pottery & 6/4 light brown, 7.5YR 5/4 brown, 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown SKO 21 n.d. n.d. <1 600-650 C, ox atm rims: 10 YR 6/4 light yellow pottery short firing duration-organic matters & 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown core: 2.5 Y 6/1 gray ARCHONTIKO ARH 1 1/3 succ. 1.07 n.d. n.d. 750-800 C, ox atm 6/4 light brown 7.5 YR pottery ARH 3 1/3 succ. n.d. 1.01 n.d. 750-800 C, rd atm short firing duration- cooling in air rims: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown core: 7.5YR 5/1 gray pottery ARH 4 2/4 succ. < 1 1.06 n.d. 600-650 C, rd atm 5YR 5/6 yellowish red pottery ARH 5 3/4 succ. 1.25 < 1 n.d. 600-650 C, ox atm 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow pottery ARH 6 1/4 succ. 1.98 n.d. n.d. 550-600 C, ox atm 7.5YR 5/4 brown pottery APSALOS APP 1 1.89 n.d. n.d. 500-550 C, ox atm 2.5 YR 4/6 red pottery APK 8 1.34 <1 n.d. 650-700 C, ox atm 2.5 YR 5/6 red pottery Table 2. Same parameters as Table 1 for the three Bronze Age sites (Skala Sotiros, Archontiko, Apsalos). 228 DESPOINA KONDOPOULOU CHRISTINA RATHOSSI ELINA AIDONA GREGORY FANJAT EVDOKIA TEMA KONSTANTINOS EFTHIMIADIS

a. b. Fig. 7. Hysteresis loops for two sherds from Vassili. a. Virgin sample, b. sample heated during the Thellier experiment. Colors correspond to different layers as follows: Black from the surface to first 5 mm. Dark gray between 5-10 mm. Light gray from 10-15 mm. not homogeneous since the same magnetic mineral is present but in different portions (fig. 7a). In sherd BSc24 we have sampled three different sub-specimens, at a distance of 5 mm each and all three were subjected to the same measurement: the three curves are similar, with a clear enhancement of magnetic content (fig. 7b). This is probably due to the repeated heatings and subsequent creation of new magnetic minerals, a factor likely to affect the success of Thellier. Comments and additional difficulties From close observation of the previous experiments some features appear clearly: Specimens obtained from the same sherd, may behave differently during the intensity experiment, e.g. Archontiko-ARH (Table 1) where variable success of the specimens from the five studied sherds can be seen. Sub-specimens cut from different layers from the same specimen can show different magnetic properties, e.g. Vassili-BSc (fig. 7a, 7b). It is clear that this discrepancy is related to clay properties (i.e. organic matters, inhomogeneity), specific firing conditions (i.e. incomplete firing cycle) and the absence or very low content, < 1 wt %, of magnetic minerals. Several studies on clay properties related to firings have been or are currently performed in various Physics laboratories worldwide 14. Their basic suggestion is that an enormous range of thermal variations within the same 14. Coey et al. 1979. Gosselain 1992. Prevost-Dermarkar 2002. Morales et al. 2011. Carrancho & Villalain 2011. firing and also the same pottery can exist. In their extensive study, Morales et al. (2011) demonstrate that even in modern kilns important thermal gradients, up to 300 C, exist in vertical dimension and moderate ones, up to 100 C, radially. Consequently, defining the firing temperature on a pottery sherd cannot be representative for the firing conditions of the whole collection! This leads to significant differences in intensity determinations and also its dependence on the baking products position within the kiln. Potential for the improvement of the intensity secular variation curves for Greece The first pre-requisite will always be the use of material as accurately dated as possible. The classical material pre-selection protocols, already established, should be followed but completed, on the basis of the above observations and experiments, as follows: A. By selecting the candidates for study clay products with severe criteria, already in the field or the storage rooms through a macroscopic examination of texture, color, and possible layering. B. By exploiting the wide possibilities of other disciplines mineralogy, petrography in order to assess, at an early stage, the suitability of the material firing, alteration with a first-order screening. C. By adding magnetic measurements, when a Thellier experiment is planned, in order to avoid a loss of time. These should start from hysteresis parameters: the instrumentation is largely available, simple, and a small amount of powered material is sufficient. INTENSITY OF THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD IN PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION 229

When all the above would have been taken into account, then we can hope for an optimum pre-selection of the material candidate for intensity studies which will reduce the failure rate. Final conclusions Fired clay products constitute a source of information about the Earth s magnetic field which can lead to an accurate and low-cost dating tool, if reliable reference-svc are available for an area. A systematic effort is provided by the team of the Aristotle University and collaborators in Greece and abroad, in order to improve these curves for the broader area. A condition sine-qua-non for successful experiments is the combination of optical and magnetic methods before any archaeomagnetic measurement is attempted. Additional applications of advanced magnetic experiments could further develop, with the existing infrastructure, in order to offer to archaeologists a non-destructive alternative for classifying pottery sherds and contribute to unravel provenance and manufacturing techniques. Acknowledgements During almost twenty years of efforts in order to develop archaeomagnetism in Greece, we have been guided and advised by several people whose valuable contribution is sincerely acknowledged. As the list is long, we simply mention here the archaeologists/excavators who assisted us to the above presented prehistoric sites: Drs. Ch. Koukouli and Z. Tsirtsoni (Skala Sotiros and Dikili Tash respectively), Dr. A. Georgiadou (Apsalos and Sossandra), Dr. G. Stratouli (Avgi), G. Deliopoulos (Archontiko) and G. Toufexis (Vassili). They are all warmly thanked! Bibliography Aidona, E. & Kondopoulou, D., 2012. 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