Tutorials: November 3, 2013 Conference: November 4-6, 2013 Sponsored by the IEEE Sensors Council, www.ieee-sensors.org
Source: Yole Développement, Inertial Sensors in Mobile Products, 2012
M. Judy, Proc. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, Jun. 2004 Source: Yole Développement, MEMS Packaging sample report, 2012
The Evolution of Compact Three Axis Accelerometers, St.J. Dixon-Warren, Chipworks Inc. Source: www.bosch-sensortec.com Source: System Plus Consulting Reverse costing sample reports
LGM-118 Peacekeeper ICBM IMU
ma in = kx x a in = m k
g 0 dc dx = ε w t g 0 x ( ) 2 l dc dx = ε 2n t g 0 g 0 t: thickness, n: # of fingers
J. Chae, et. al., Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 14, No 2, Apr. 2005 Electrode fixed to substrate Electrode fixed to mass
ΔC x S a x + a 2 x S x2 x + S y a y + S z a z + C 0 Scale Factor Non-linearity Cross-Axis Sensitivity Offset Parameter Units Expression Description Resonance Frequency Hz ω 0 = k m Free-vibration frequency of accelerometer Scale Factor F/(m/s 2 Linear term of the acceleration to ) SF 1 ε A elec capacitance change sensitivity ω 0 2 Quadratic non-linearity F/(m/s 2 ) 2 SF Quadratic term of the acceleration to 2 1 ε A elec capacitance change sensitivity ω 0 4 g 0 2 g 0 3 Brownian Noise (m/s 2 )/ Hz MNEA = 4k B T ω 0 Q m Mechanical noise equivalent acceleration Pull-in Voltage V V pi = 8ω 2 3 0 m g 0 27ε A elec Voltage required to snap-down moving device to parallel Bandwidth Hz ω 3dB Q ω 0 Approximate 3 db Bandwidth in over-damped second-order system
m = ρ V = ρ ( h w l) k = C n E I l t 3 I = 1 12 b3 h h b ρ E I C n 48 C n 384 C n 36 l t h l w l t l t 2 l t 1 for: l t1 = 2 l t2
m d 2 x dt 2 + b dx dt + kx= ma in ω 0 = k m Q = km b X(s) A in (s) = 1 s 2 + ω 0 Q s +ω 2 0 ω << ω 0 X( jω) A in ( jω) 1 ω = m 2 0 k
1 Q = 1 Q SFD + 1 Q TED + 1 Q anchor + 1 1 Q material Q 1 Q SFD Plate ΔP Air flow Air flow x 2 P x + 2 P 2 y = 12μ eff 2 h 3 dh dt h: Gap size P: Pressure µ: Coefficient of viscosity
b μ eff l t 3 h 3 Q h 3 λ = μ P K s λ h 2k B T m Plate μ eff μ 0 1+ 9.638K s 1.159
Q = km b n elec b n elec μ eff h 3 l t3 3 n elec µ eff l t h Damping coefficient (Ns/m) Electrode area (um 2 ) Gap, Area Larger damping Gap size (nm)
SF = ΔC a in 1 ω 0 2 BW 3dB Q ω 0 ε A elec g 0 2 F elec 1 2 ε A elec 3 V 2 8 k g V pull in 0 2 g 0 27 ε n sens A elec t b = μ eff l 3 g 0 3 ( m ) (nn sens + n damp
Output Voltage (mv) Applied acceleration (g) Output Voltage (mv) Applied acceleration (g)
Z-AXIS GYRO Y-AXIS GYRO X-AXIS GYRO 3-AXIS ACCEL MUX Reference Capacitor DEMUX X Y Z
f 0 = 1 2π k m eff
f 0 = 1 2 2π k + Δk m eff
F elec = 1 2 C x V 2 = 1 2 ε A (g 0 x) 2 V 2 F elec 1 ε A V 2 1 ± 2 2 2 g 0 g 0 g x + 3 3 0 g x2 ±... 0 F electot = F elec1 F elec2 F electot ε A g 0 V AC V P + 2 V P 2 g 0 V 2 x
m d 2 x dt 2 + b dx dt + kx= ma in + F electot Mechanical Transfer Function Input Electrostatic Acceleration Force ω TOT = k 2 ε A g V 2 3 P m g 0 a in m d 2 x dt + b dx 2 dt + k 2ε A g 3 2 V P x = ma in + ε A g V V 2 ac P ω TOT a in 3 2 ε A kω 0 g V 2 4 DC
TCF CTE α TCE f = 1 2π k m eff w ρ l 2 w = w 0 ( 1+α ΔT) l = l 0 ( 1+α ΔT) ρ = ρ 0 ( 1 3α ΔT) TCF α = 1 f 0 df dt α 2 f = 1 2π TCF TCE = 1 f 0 k m eff E df dt TCE 2 E = E 0 ( 1+TCE ΔT) TCF -30 ppm/ºc SF 500-1500 ppm/g
f = f 0 1+ NL2 EI Differential FM Accelerometer SF 200 Hz/g @ 83 KHz SF 7.7 Hz/g @ 2.6 KHz
Vac ain ΔC+ RF ΔC+ proof-mass Vac ΔCx ΔC- TIA RF ω 3dB Q ω 0 Q <1 V out ΔC 2 R F j jω ac VV ac Magnitude [db] ω3db ωac ω ac >> ω 3dB Frequency [rad/s]
Vcm CP1 CP2 ain proof-mass x CN1 CN2 CP1 CN1 CP2 CN2 Sampling Phase Amplifying Phase OTA OTA V out = 1 2 V DD C F C TOT (C TOT = C P1 C N1 + C P2 C N 2 )
dc dx = ε A g 0 x ( ) 2 Feedback electrodes F err x 0 y = F elec FB F ext FB = m a in FB
a test a ref Programing Interface
ain go go proof-mass ΔC Amp Vtest Felec proof-mass ΔC Amp x ΔC 1 ε A elec 2 2 a in ω 0 g 0 x ΔC 2 V test 1 2M ω 0 2 ( ε A elec ) 2 4 g 0 Change in Capacitance [F] Input Stimulus
Integrated Self-Test proof-mass Ccal CP1 CN1 SC-AMP
V out = 1 2 V DD C F (C P1 C N1 + C P2 C N 2 ) = 2V DD C F ΔC + V DD 2C F (C S.P1 C S.N1 + C S.P2 C S.N 2 )
C eq b C + b C + b C + b C 0 b0 1 b1 2 b2 3 b3 C t 2 (C b0 + C b1 + C b2 + C b3 )+ C t1 C t 2 + C t3 C t 4 CP1 CN1 proof-mass Ceq SC-AMP Ceq
V out = 2V DD C F ΔC + V DD 2C F C mismatch + 0.5V DD V cal C F C offset
S OUT F IN 1 FB + C OFF k α FB + C OFF k mod α FB
Tutorials: November 3, 2013 Conference: November 4-6, 2013 Sponsored by the IEEE Sensors Council, www.ieee-sensors.org