Περίληψη : The Late Roman/Early Byzantine province of Hellespont of the diocese of Asiana was established in northwestern Asia Minor by Diocletian; its metropolis was Cyzicus. In the 7th century the province came under the Opsikion theme. Γεωγραφική Θέση Northwestern Asia Minor, mod. northwestern Turkey Ιστορική Περιοχή Asia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Diocese of Asiana 1. Administration Political Geography The Late Roman/Early Byzantine province of Hellespont of the diocese of Asiana was established in northwestern Asia Minor by Diocletian (284-305) around 293 and belonged to the diocese of Asiana since 314, i.e. from the time that the dioceses of the Roman Empire were founded. In the Verona List (Laterculus Veronensis), compiled in the first quarter of the 4th c., the Hellespont is reported as an autonomous province. The political metropolis (the capital) of the consularia province of the Hellespont was Kyzicos, the seat of the administering official of the province and, later on, the metropolitan of Kyzicos as well. From 361 on, the inhabitants of the Hellespont province could appeal to the prefect of Constantinople. In the acta of the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (325) the see of Kyzicos appears on the top of the list of the province of Asia and the cityof Ilium comes third. 1 In Synekdemos of Hierocles, compiled in the first quarter of the 6th century, there are 33 cities catalogued in the province of Hellespont, while, according to the first notitiae episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the metropolis of Kyzicos was responsible for the operation of twelve bishoprics based in the province. 2 The province of Hellespont bordered the provinces of Asia, Lydia and Bithynia to the south, southeast and east respectively. To the north/northwest the Hellespont was washed by the Propontis. In the third quarter of the 7th century the province of Hellespont came under the theme of Opsikion. From the 8th century on, the coast of the former province came successively under the jurisdiction of the themes of Kibyrrhaiotai, the theme of Samos and the the theme of Aegean. 2. Historical Events in the Province of Hellespont In 366 the revolter Prokopios tried unsuccessfully to enter the metropolis, Kyzicos. In 399 the outskirts of the cities of the province of Hellespont were sacked by 300 rebellious Goths of Phrygia, while marching to Europe under the leadership of Tribigildus, the former comes rei militari, and defeated the imperial troops near the coastal city of Abydos as a result of treachery. In the same city, built along the road to Constantinople, Zeno (474-475/476-491) confined the delegates of Pope Felix III (483-492) during the conflict between the two men over the recognition of Patriarch Akakios (471-489). In 610 the troops of Emperor Herakleios (610-641) walked through Abydos, on their way to Constantinople, in order to dethrone Phokas (602-610). In 742 Constantine V (740-775) included Abydos inside the siege he laid to Constantinople, where the usurper Artabasdos had been enthroned. Towards the late 7th century Justinian II (685-695/705-711) attempted to increase the population of the province of Hellespont by settling a large number of Cypriot colonists a fact reflected in the ecclesiastical administration of both Cyprus and the Hellespont. However, the colonists either failed to reach the Asian coast or preferred to return home. 3 A the time the policy of settling populations in territories of the provinces of Bithynia and Hellespont was connected with the desolation caused when the Arabs laid Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 1/7
siege to Constantinople in 673-678. The wider area was inhabited by Slav settlers. 3. The Narrows of Hellespont The northwestern part of the province was the Asian coast of the Hellespont Straits, through which the Aegean Sea links to the Black Sea. The European coast was a part of the province of Europe. At this point ships sailing to and from the Black Sea as well as those intending to anchor in Constantinople were controlled. Abydos, at the mouth of the Straits, had its own customs station. In Late Antiquity the military power in this sensitive area was initially exercised by an archon (a military official), while later by a comes based in Abydos, who commanded five "dromons" (warships). It becomes evident that the crossroads of the continents and the seas was a point of enormous military importance. 4 At the same time, the operation of the horreum of the Hellespont and Constantinople proves the connection between the economy of the capital and the Straits. The first horreum of Abydos is dated to 659-668. 1. Six cities are listed in total. The ecclesiastical seat of Ephesus is second in order. Honigmann, E., La liste originale des pères de Nicée (A propos de l évèché de Sodoma: en Arabie), Byzantion 14 (1939), p. 17-76, esp. p. 47. 2. Συνέκδημος Ιεροκλή (Synekdemos of Hierocles), Honigmann, E. (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre (Bruxelles 1939), p. 23 (661.14-664.5); Εκκλησιαστικά Τακτικά (notitiae episcopatuum), Darrouzès, J. (ed.), Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (Paris 1981) 1.10, 31; 2.5, 150-163; 3.11, 187; 4.10, 140; 5.5; 6.5; 7.5, 179. 3. Θεοφάνους Χρονογραφία, Boor, C. de (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia I-II (Leipzig 1887), p. 365. 4. Later on, in the 11th century, the military administration of the Straits and the city of Abydos must have been separated from the theme of the Aegean Sea. The defence of both regions was undertaken by strategoi; see Τακτικά πρωτοκαθεδρίας, Oikonomidès, N. (ed.), Les listes de Préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles (CNRS, Paris 1972), p. 260, 267, 343 and (317) 358, 393. Βιβλιογραφία : Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis 1: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium, Padova 1988 Honigmann E., "La liste originale des pères de Nicée (À propos de l évêché de Sodoma: en Arabie)", Byzantion, 14, 1939, 17-76 Toynbee A., Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World, OUP, London New York Toronto 1973 Zuckerman C., "Sur la Liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l Empire et la date de création des diocèses", Mélanges Gilbert Dagron, Paris 2002, Travaux et Mémoires 14, 617-638 Βλυσίδου Β., Λουγγής Τ., Λαμπάκης Σ., Σαββίδης Α., Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη Ε., Η Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.), Αθήνα 1998, Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1 Άμαντος Κ., "Άβυδος-Στενόν", Ελληνικά, 1, 1928 Αναγνωστάκης Η., "Περιούσιος λαός", Oι σκοτεινοί αιώνες του Bυζαντίου (7ος-9ος αι.), Αθήνα 2001, 238-252 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 2/7
Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη Ελεονώρα, "Ο 39ος κανών της Πενθέκτης Oικουμενικής Συνόδου (692) και η εκκλησιαστική πολιτική του Iουστινιανού B ", Mνήμη Bruno Lavagnini, Δίπτυχα 6, 1994/5, 169-177 Gregory T. E., "Hellespont", A. Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II, New York, Oxford 1991, 912-913 Δικτυογραφία : Le Synekdèmos d'hiéroclès et l'opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, Bruxelles 1939: charted are the lands of: Europe, Asia Minor, Near East http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/hierocl/harta1.htm Provincial Reorganisation http://penelope.uchicago.edu/thayer/e/roman/texts/secondary/burlat/21*.html#2 The Roman Empire. Diocese of Asiana http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/dioceses/diocl-asiana.html Γλωσσάριo : archon Term that designates a governor in general. When it is not used in a technical sense, it denotes members of the aristocracy, high officers of the byzantine empire and it is even used for independent princes. comes 1. A title in the Roman and the Byzantine Empires, designating an official with political but mostly military jurisdiction. Especially the comes Orientis held the position corresponding to that of a vicar in Early Byzantine period. In the years of Justinian I, the comes in head of wider provinces assumed political and military powers, while in the Middle Byzantine period the Opsikion theme was one of the few themes which was the jurisdiction of a comes instead of a strategos. 2. A nobility title in medieval Europe. comes rei militari The commander of provincial military units. The office appears immidiately after the death of Constantine I. In certain occasions, basing on the reformation of Stelichon, the office of comes rei militari could be combined with the one of magister militum, in order to widen the jurisdiction of one and the same person. consularis Provincial governor. According to the later roman and the early byzantine administrative organisation, the provinciae consulariae belonged to the jurisdinction of the consuli and later the consularii (consularis, vir clarissimus as far as the senatoral rank is concerned). The dignity of consularios had been an administrative innovation of Constantine I, relating to the exercise of the politcal authority. horreum (apotheke) 1. horreum, ὡρεῖ ον, σιτοφυλακεῖ ον (granary), ἀποθήκη: originally the term applied to a special place where fruits, harvest mainly, used to be garnered but later the depository place for every commodity was a horreum. During Late Antiquity the roman public horrea used to be structures where individuals deposited real assets and the state garnered harvest. In the byzantine era the horrea (αποθήκαι), administering by horrearius, used to be erected inside the imperial estates in order to secure the garnered produce. 2. From the late 7 th c. onw, there existed state αποθήκαι, administering by kommerciarioi, that served adminnistrative units or locations of special commercial importance in the field of the traffic of goods. Those αποθήκαι turned to become the royal commercia. Notitia episcopatuum The Notitiae episcopatuum are official documents of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and Antioch, containing the ecclesiastical dioceses in hierarchical order.these documents were modfied regularly. praefectus urbi (prefect of the city) (later referred to as the eparch of the city) Αdministrator and virtual governor of Constantinople in the Early/Middle Byzantine Era. He was responsible for the surveillance and the harmonius life of the Capital. One of his responsibilities was to control the commercial and manufacturing activities of Constantinople. After 1204, however, the office began to diminish, while from the 14th century, his responsibilities were assumed by two officers, the so-called kephalatikeuontai of the capital. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 3/7
Synekdemos of Hierokles A geographical text book composed a little before 535 by Hierokles the Grammarian. It constitutes a list of 64 provinces and 923 (originally 935) cities of the Empire, being the most important source for the administrative and political geography of the Byzantine Empire prior to the Arab raids. It is assumed to have been based on state documents, and presents the political, administrative, and, to an extent, the ecclesiastical geography from mid- 5th c. However, it contains additions from the age of Justinian I, while some of its evidence is still under discussion. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos used it as a major source, along with Stephen of Byzantium, for the composition of the work De thematibus. This most important work of Hierokles was published by G. Parthey (Hieroclis Synecdemus, Berlin, 1866), and A. Burckhardt (Hieroclis Synecdemus, Leipzig, 1893). The last and most authoritative edition is E. Honigmann (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d'hiéroklès et l'opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre (Brussels 1939). theme A Byzantine term that signifies wide military and administrative units under the administration of a strategos (general). The institution was consolidated in the 7th century and was characteristic for the organization and the division of Byzantine Empire at the Middle Byzantine period. The term applies also to the army unit that resided in each administrative unit and was staffed by farmer-soldiers. The thematic system was maintained until the end of Byzantine period. However, in the Later Byzantine period it was used in order to declare mostly tax units. Πηγές E. Honigmann (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre (Bruxelles 1939), p. 23 (661.14 664.5). C de Boor (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia I (Leipzig 1883), p. 365. Laterculus Veronensis Notitia Dignitatum, I (Leipzig 1883), p. 365. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 4/7
Laterculus Veronensis Notitia Dignitatum, ed. A.H.M. Jones, Appendix III: The Verona List The Notitia Dignitatum, Dioceses and Provinces, in (Bruxelles 1939), p. 23 (661.14 664.5). C de Boor (ed.), Theophanes Chronographia I (Leipzig 1883), p. 365. Laterculus Veronensis Notitia Dignitatum, I (Leipzig 1883), p. 365. Laterculus Veronensis Notitia Dignitatum, ed. A.H.M. Jones, Appendix III: The Verona List The Notitia Dignitatum, Dioceses and Provinces, in Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284 602. A Social Economic and Administrative Survey III (Oxford 1964). Παραθέματα 1. Consequences for the transgressors of the imperial invoice in Abydos as well as for the official of the Straits (from the edict issued by Anastasios I in 492): «Eι δε τις [τολμήσει παραβήναι ταύτα, θεσπίζομεν αυτόν] στρατίας εκπίπτειν η[ν έλαχεν και τη νομίμη ποινή υπο] βάλλεσθαι, τον δε την αρχήν έχοντα των σ[τενών ποινήν] πεντήκοντα χρυσού κατατιθέναι λίτρας ει τε οιωδήποτε τρόπω παραβαθώσιν οι τύποι της ημετέ ρας ευσεβίας. Aγρυπνείν γαρ αυτον και πολυπραγμονείν έκαστα βουλόμεθα ώστε μηδένα κακουργούντα Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 5/7
λανθάνειν, ταύτα δε και εν αυτοίς προτεθήναι τοις τό ποις εθεσπίσαμεν, και στήλαις ενχαράττεσθαι λιθίναις ενπηγνυμέναις εκεί προς τη θαλάττη ώστε και τους απ αιτούντας και τους απαιτουμένους αναγιγνώσκειν τον νόμον και τους μεν δεδιότας απέχεσθαι της απλησ τίας, τους δε θαρρούντας μη ανέχεσθαι βλάβης, και τον περίβλεπτον κόμητα των στενών αεί την απειλήν εν τοις πράγμασιν ορώντα την εν τοις έργοις πείραν». Durliat, J. Guillou, A. (ed.), Le tarif d Abydos (vers 492), Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 108: I (1984), p. 581 598, esp. p. 583. 2. The contributions of the prefect of the Hellespont for the benefit of the state officials in Justinian I s years (527-565): «Aπό του άρχοντος Λυδίας ούτως τοις περιβλέπτοις χαρτουλαρίοις τρισί του θείου κουβουκλείου νομ.(ίσματα) θ (= 9) τω πριμικηρίω των λαμπροτάτων τριβούνων νοταρίων νομ.(ίσματα) κδ (= 24) τω αυτώ βοηθώ νομ.(ίσματα) γ (= 3) τη τάξει των ενδοξοτάτων επάρχων υπέρ προστάγματος νομ.(ίσματα) μ (= 40)» Schöll, R. (ed.), Corpus Iuris Civillis v. tertium: Novellae (Dublin, Zürich 10 1972), p. 83. 3. Measures to restrain the greed of state officials under Justinian I (527-565): «IB ΠEPI EΛΛHΣΠONTOY <Προοίμιον> Eδιδάχθη το ημέτερον κράτος Iωάννην σκρινιάριον πεμφθήναι κατά τον Eλλήσποντον ως δη τύπους τινάς εγκεχειρισμένον προφάσει λογοθεσίων πολιτικών πόρων ήτοι των καλουμένων σολεμνίων. και ως εν τη χώρα γενόμενος ουδενός απέσχετο παντελώς των εις αρπαγήν εσχάτην ηκόντων τας τε πόλεις ληϊσάμενος και επανελθών εις ταύτην την ευδαίμονα πόλιν αυτός μεν χρυσίου μεστός, τη δε Eλλησποντίων χώρα πάσαν απολιπών πενίαν. τα μεν ουν κατ εκείνον οποίον προσήκει διατεθήναι τρόπον και θεραπευθήναι τους ηδικημένους διώρισται παρ ημών.» Schöll, R. (ed.), Corpus Iuris Civillis v. tertium: Novellae (Dublin, Zürich 10 1972), p. 711. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι 1. The cities of Hellespont according to the Synekdemos of Hierokles: Kyzicos Prokonnessos Eξορία Baris Parion lampsakos Abydos Dardanos Ilion Troas Skamandros Polichna Poimanissos Artremia Rekita Blaudos Miletoupolis Germe Ataos Kerge Sagara Adrianou Therae Pionia konision Argiza Amaxitos Mandakanda Ergasteria Mάνδραι Hippoi Ōke Siderou Skepsis Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 6/7
Skelenda Honigmann, E. (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d Hiéroklès et l opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre (Bruxelles 1939), p. 23 (661.14 664.5). 2. The bishoprics of Hellespont acording to the notitia episcoatum of Constantinople no 1: Kyzicos Germe Poimanissos Ōke Baris Adrianae Thyrae Lampsakos Abydos Dardanos Ilion Troas Pionia Melitoupolis Darrouzès, J. (ed.), Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (Paris 1981), 1.10, 31. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/3/2017 Σελίδα 7/7