Περίληψη : The short reign of Michael V (1041-42) had two important consequences: the family of the Paphlagonians, a member of which was Michael himself, lost its power, whereas a sense of dynastic legitimacy was consolidated upon the citizens of Constantinople, reflected in their support of empresses Zoe and Theodora, members of the Macedonian dynasty. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης beginning of the 11 th century, Constantinople (?) Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου some time after 1042, Elegmoi monastery Κύρια Ιδιότητα emperor (1041-42) 1. Birth family Michael V was most probably born in Constantinople. His father Stephen was a caulker (kalaphates in Greek), thus the scornful surname given to him by the people of Constantinople. His mother Maria was the sister of emperor Michael IV and the all-powerful John Orphanotrophos. Since he was a member of the Paphlagonian lineage, members of which had assumed high offices in the Byzantine state during the reign of Michael IV (1034-1041), and thanks to the activity of John Orphanotrophos, 1 Michael was considered by his uncles as the perfect successor to the throne in order to keep the imperial crown in the family. 2. Ascent to the throne John Orphanotrophos, who had managed to ensure the ascent of his brother Michael IV to the throne, intended to keep the power in the family. Since it was obvious that the marriage of Michael to augusta Zoe, an offspring of the Macedonian Dynasty, was not going to give a legitimate successor to the throne, due to Michael s old age and the complete estrangement between Michael and Zoe, the succession had to be ensured by other means. Moreover, the rapid deterioration of Michael s health due to epilepsy made the matter more urgent, since the succession had to be ensured before a possible premature death of the emperor. The marriage of Michael IV to Zoe had been meticulously organized by John Orphanotrophos, who knew that the Paphlagonians needed an excuse in order to assume the imperial crown: the umbrella of dynastic legitimacy which Zoe could offer as a member of the Macedonian dynasty. 2 In order to legitimize a successor to the throne of Michael IV and thus keep the power in the family, John Orphanotrophos decided to use empress Zoe one more time. He chose his nephew Michael, his sister s son, and, along with emperor Michael IV, managed to convince Zoe to adopt him some time around 1035. Future emperor Michael IV received the title of caesar, a title which ensured his succession to the imperial throne. On 10 December 1041, Michael IV, worn out by his disease, retired to the Hagioi Anargyroi monastery and died. Three days later, empress Zoe crowned Michael V, who promised to honour her as an empress and respect her as his mother. 3 Very soon after his coronation, however, Michael V decided to change tactics. First of all, he stripped his all-powerful uncle John Orphanotrophos of his power and sent him into exile. The custody of John Orphanotrophos annoyed not only young Michael, but also other members of the large family of the Paphlagonians. On the other hand, by stripping John Orphanotrophos of his power, Michael lost a powerful protector and one of the most powerful men in Constantinople. Instead of John Orphanotrophos, Michael sought the protection of his other uncle Constantine, who exercised a great influence in the process of decision making. Moreover, following the exile of John Orphanotrophos, Michael V released from prison Constantine Dalassenos, one of his uncle s political opponents, trying to show that he disapproved of his uncle s policy of persecutions in order to prevent possible uprisings. Among his uncle s exiled Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/10/2017 Σελίδα 1/5
victims were later emperor Constantine Monomachos and later patriarch Michael Keroularios. The greatest mistake of Michael V, however, was his decision, after consulting with his uncle Constantine, to send empress Zoe into exile. Encouraged by the lack of reactions regarding the exile of John Orphanotrophos, Michael V believed that he would not encounter strong reactions in the case of Zoe s exile. Moreover, having emphasized on winning or even buying the favour of the populace of Constantinople, he believed that the populace was devoted to him. He also organized two litanies some time around Easter of 1042 and the positive response of the citizens had convinced him that the public opinion was in favour of him. 4 A few days later he sent empress Zoe to a monastery in Pringipos. In order to justify his decision, he had the eparch of the city (praefectus urbi) to accuse her publicly of conspiring against his life. He also attempted to send patriarch Alexios of Stoudios into exile on the same charges but that second decision was never implemented. The exile of empress Zoe, however, resulted in riots and an uprising in the capital, costing the young emperor his throne. 3. The uprising in Constantinople in April 1042 and the end of the reign of the Paphlagonians On 19 April 1042, eight days after the official litany in Constantinople, which gave Michael V the impression that the people of Constantinople were devoted to him, the demoi(the Circus factions) of the city rebelled not only against the young emperor but also against the entire family of the Paphlagonians, which, thanks to the activity of John Orphanotrophos, had assumed high offices. Michael V had underestimated the devotion of the people to and had violated the dynastic ideal and now the people of Constantinople demanded the return to power of all the members of the legitimate Macedonian dynasty, not only Zoe s but also her sister s, Theodora, who Zoe herself had forced to become a nun and retire to Petrios monastery in 1034. 5 The angry mob attacked and destroyed the property of Michael s relatives and finally laid siege to the palace, demanding the retirement of Michael V Kalaphates and the return of Zoe and Theodora. Being under siege, Michael V and his uncle Constantine attempted to appease the angry mob by bringing Zoe back from exile. The people, however, insisted and a group of them broke into the Petrios monastery and forced Zoe s sister, Theodora, to follow them to Hagia Sophia, where they honoured her as an empress. The uprising kept on raging and the attempt of Michael V and his uncle Constantine to suppress it by military means was unsuccessful. Even the arrival of Katakalon Kekaumenos and his troops from Sicily did not alter the balance in favour of the emperor. On 21 April Michael V was forced to abandon the Great Palace. Along with his uncle Constantine, he escaped by ship to the western part of the city and attempted to seek refuge at the Stoudios monastery and become a monk. Nevertheless, the rage of the people of Constantinople was great due to the large number of victims during the uprising. The mob took them by force out of the main church of the Stoudios monastery, led them to Sigma and blinded them, as was the usual punishment for the usurpers of the throne. The two sisters and members of the Macedonian dynasty, Zoe and Theodora, assumed power. Their joined reign, however, lasted only one and a half month. Zoe married for a third time. Her husband was Constantine IX Monomachos, who John Orphanotrophos and Michael IV had sent into exile to Lesvos as a close associate of Constantine Dalassenos. Following the assuming of power, Constantine IX Monomachos sent Michael V into exile to Chios. 1. Lemerle, P., Cinq etudes sur le XIe siecle byzantin (Paris 1977), p. 254. 2. Renauld, E. (ed.), Michel Psellos. Chronographie ou histoire d un siecle de Byzance (976-1077) I (Paris 1926), p. 88. 3. Vryonis, S., Byzantine DEMOKRATIA and the Guilds in the Eleventh Century, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 17 (1963), pp. 303-305. 4. Janin, R., La géographie ecclésiastique de l'empire buzantin, première partie: Le siège de Constantinople et le Patriarchat Oecuménique III: Les églises et les monastères (Paris 1969), p. 397. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/10/2017 Σελίδα 2/5
5. Vryonis, S., Byzantine DEMOKRATIA and the Guilds in the Eleventh Century, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 17 (1963), pp. 306-308. Βιβλιογραφία : Ιωάννης Σκυλίτζης, Σύνοψις Ιστοριών, Thurn, I. (ed.), Ioannis Skylitzae Synopsis Historiarum, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 5, Berlin New York 1973 Μιχαήλ Ψελλός, Χρονογραφία, Renauld, É. (ed.), Michael Psellos, Chronographie ou histoire d un siècle de Byzance (976-1077), Ι-ΙΙ, Paris 1926-1928 (ανατ. 1967) Μιχαήλ Ατταλειάτης, Ιστορία, Bekker, I. (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1853 Ιωάννης Ζωναράς, Επιτομή Ιστοριών, Büttner-Wobst, T. (ed.), Ioannis Zonarae epitomae historiarum libri XVIII 1-3, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1841-1897 Cheynet J.-C., Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963-1210), Paris 1990, Byzantina Sorbonensia 9 Βραχέα Χρονικά, Schreiner P. (ed.), Die byzantinische Kleinchroniken 1-3, Wien 1975-1977 Lemerle P., Cinq études sur le XIe siècle byzantin, Paris 1977 Μιχαήλ Ψελλός, Scripta Minora, Kurtz E. Fr. Drexl (eds), Michel Psellos, Scripta Minora magnam partem adhuc inedita, I-II, Milano Ι: 1936, ΙΙ: 1942 Μιχαήλ Ψελλός, Orationes panegyricae, Dennis, G.T. (ed.), Michaelis Pselli, Orationes panegyricae, Stutgard-Lipsia 1994 Скабаланович Н., Византийское государство и церковь в ХІ веке, Санкт-Петербург 1884 Литаврин Г.Г., "Восстание в Константинополе в апреле 1042 г.", Византийский временник, 33, 1972, 33-46 Stanković V., "The Alexios Stoudites' Patriarchate (1025-1043): A Developmental Stage in Patriarchal Power", Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta, 39, 2001/02, 69-87 Vryonis S., "Byzantine ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ and the Guilds in the Eleventh Century", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 17, 1963, 287-314 Δικτυογραφία : Medieval Sourcebook: Michael Psellus (1018 - after 1078): Chronographia http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/psellus-chrono05.html Michael Psellus (1018 - after 1078): Chronographia http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/psellus-chrono04.html Γλωσσάριo : augusta Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/10/2017 Σελίδα 3/5
A formal title bestowed by an emperor on his wife, the empress, frequently after the birth of a son and heir. Rarely and extraordinary the title was bestowed on distinguished personages who belong to the emperor s family. caesar In the Roman Empire the title of Caesar was given to the Emperor. From the reign of Diocletian (284-305) on this title was conferred on the young coemperor. This was also the highest title on the hierarchy of the Byzantine court. In the 8th c. the title of Caesar was usually given to the successor of the throne. In the late 11th c. this office was downgraded and from the 14th c. on it was mainly conferred on foreign princes. caulker (kalaphates) Artisan who seals the joints between the planks of the wooden ships. The term kalaphates (Greek for the caulker, ital. calafato < arab. qalafat) emerges between the 6th and the 8th C. Caulkers were very important in Byzantine ship building and they may even have been owners of shipyards. praefectus urbi (prefect of the city) (later referred to as the eparch of the city) Αdministrator and virtual governor of Constantinople in the Early/Middle Byzantine Era. He was responsible for the surveillance and the harmonius life of the Capital. One of his responsibilities was to control the commercial and manufacturing activities of Constantinople. After 1204, however, the office began to diminish, while from the 14th century, his responsibilities were assumed by two officers, the so-called kephalatikeuontai of the capital. Πηγές Thurn, I. (ed.), Ioannes Scylitzes, Synopsis historiarum (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Berolinensis 5, Berlin New York 1973). Büttner Wobst, Th. (ed.), Ioannis Zonarae, Epitomis historiarum III (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae 1897). Bekker, I. (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae historia (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1853). Dennis, G.T. (ed.), Michaelis Pselli orationes panegyricae (Stuttgart Leipzig 1994). Renauld, É. (ed.), Michel Psellos. Chronographie ou histoire dʹun siècle de Byzance (976 1077) I (Paris 1926). Kurtz, E. Fr. Drexl (eds.), Michel Psellos. Scripta Minora magnam partem adhuc inedita I II (Milano, Ι: 1936, ΙΙ: 1942). Schreiner, P., Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken 1. Teil (Einleitung und Text) (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Vindobonensis 12, Wien 1975), pp. 142 3. Παραθέματα The uprising against Michael V, after Zoe was sent into exile νυκτὸς δὲ τὴν βασιλίδα κατασπᾷ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ περιορίζει εἰς Πρίγκιπον, ἀποκεῖραι τοῖς ἄγουσι κελεύσας αὐτὴν καὶ διακομίσαι τούτῳ τὰς τρἰχας αὐτῆς. καὶ οἱ μὲν πεμφθέντες ἐποίησαν, ὡς ἐκελεύσθησαν, ἕωθεν δ οὗτος ἀναφορὰν γράψας καὶ τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἐπάρχῳ δοὺς ἀναγνῶναι ἐν τῷ τοῦ μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου φόρῳ τοῖς πολίταις ἐκέλευσεν. ἐδήλου δὲ ἡ ἀναφορά, ὅτιπερ «κακόνους ἡ Ζωὴ περὶ τὴν βασιλείαν μου φανεῖσα ἐξώρισται παρ ἐμοῦ, συμφρονῶν δὲ ταύτῃ καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξιος ἐξεβλήθη τῆς ἐκκλησίας. ὑμεῖς δὲ ὁ ἐμὸς λαός, εἰ τὴν αὐτὴν διατηροίητε εὔνοιαν πρὸς ἐμέ, μεγάλων τιμῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν τεύξεσθαι καὶ ζωὴν ἄλυπον καὶ καθαρὰν ζήσεσθαι.» ἀναγνόντος οὖν τοῦ ἐπάρχου τὴν ἀναφορὰν εἰς ἐπήκοον τοῦ λαοῦ, φωνή τις ἐξηκούσθη, μηδενὸς εὑρεθέντος τοῦ κεκραγότος, ὡς «ἡμεῖς σταυροπάτην καλαφάτην βασιλέα οὐ θέλομεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀρχέγονον καὶ κληρονόμον καὶ ἡμετέραν μητέρα Ζωήν.» καὶ εὐθὺς ἅπας ὁ λαὸς ὡς ἐκ μιᾶς φωνῆς ἐβόων «ἀνασκαφείη τὰ ὀστᾶ τοῦ καλαφάτου.» Thurn, Ι. (ed.), Ioannes Scylitzes, Synopsis historiarum (Berlin New York 1973), p. 420. Χρονολόγιο around 1035: Empress Zoe adopts Michael (later Michael V), who receives the title of caesar Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/10/2017 Σελίδα 4/5
13 December 1041: Following the death of Michael IV, empress Zoe crowns Michael V emperor some time after 13 December 1041: Michael V sends his uncle John Orphanotrophos into exile. A little later, he sends empress Zoe into exile 19 April 1042: Uprising in Constantinople against Michael V, demanding the return of empresses Zoe and Theodora 21 April 1042: Michael V is overthrown and blinded 1042: Michael V is exiled to Chios by Constantine IX Monomachos Δημιουργήθηκε στις 15/10/2017 Σελίδα 5/5