LESSON EIGHTEEN: FUTURE AND AORIST MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICES

LESSON EIGHTEEN: FUTURE AND AORIST MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICES In lesson seventeen, we examined the middle and passive forms in tenses that share the forms. We now turn to the future and aorist tenses where there is a form for middle voice and a form for passive voice. Vocabulary Memorization 18 ἁγιάζω - I make holy, set apart, consecrate ἀλλάσσω - I change ἀπαίρω - I take away ἃπτω - I light, shine ἀρνέοµαι - I deny, disown βάλλω - I throw ἐγείρω - I raise up εἰσακούω - I hear (prayers), obey κτάοµαι - I acquire, gain σπείρω - I sow φαίνω - I shine, give light φανερόω - I reveal 1. The Future tense The forms of the future are as follows: 1. Future middle forms This are exactly like those of the present middle, except for the presence of the sign of tense (σ) for the future. Thus the future middle indicative mood forms are: 1 st person λύσοµαι λυσόµεθα I/we will loose (for myself/ourselves) 2 nd person λύσῃ λύσησθε you will loose (for self) 3 rd person λύσεται λύσονται he/she/it will loose (for self) (note the iota subscript in the second person singular) 2. Future passive forms These differ from the middle voice forms in that they have a θ as sign of future passive (also found in the aorist passive see below). This is placed before the sign of tense, σ, (and as roommate to it in the four room theory). In between the two (sign of tense [σ] and sign of voice [θ] is placed η - to keep peace between the two roommates! smoothen pronunciation). The future passive forms are thus: 1

1 st person λυθήσοµαι λυθησόµεθα I/we will be loosed 2 nd person λυθήση λυθήσεσθε you will be loosed 3 rd person λυθήσεται λυθήσονται he/she/it/ they will be loosed B. The Aorist tense 1. Aorist Middle forms These follow closely those of the imperfect middle indicative, except for two things: the sign of aorist tense (σ) and the ending vowel which is α throughout the aorist forms. Thus: 1 st person ἐλυσάµην ἐλυσάµεθα I/we loosed (for myself/ourselves) 2 nd person ἐλύσω 1 ἐλύσασθε you loosed (for yourselves) 3 rd person ἐλύσατο ἐλύσαντο he/she/it/they loosed (for self) compare with the imperfect middle forms: ἐλυόµην ἐλυόµεθα ἐλύου ἐλύεσθε ἐλύετο ἐλύοντο (Except for 2 nd person singular, the difference is that where 1 st aorist has σα, the imperfect has ο) 2. Aorist passive forms. The most distinguishing features in recognizing these are the θ which is sign of passive only in the future and aorist, and the augment (for the indicative mood forms). Remember that the future would not have an augment and so this helps in differentiating future and aorist (in the indicative mood which is the only mood that takes augment). The future passive also keeps the sign of tense (σ) while the aorist passive forms do not. The aorist passive, therefore, are: 1 st person ἐλύθην ἐλύθηµεν I was/we were loosed 2 nd person ἐλύθης ἐλύθητε you were loosed 3 rd person ἐλύθη ἐλύθησαν he/she/it was/they were loosed 1 The ω ending here is the result of contraction of α and ο in ε λυ σ α (σ) ο just as the imperfect form, ἐλυου, is contraction of ε and ο in ε λυ ε (σ)ο, the sigma dropping because of being between two vowels. 2

C. The Irregular patterns (both in future and aorist) Apart from the above future and aorist passive forms, there are verbs which follow different pattern basically, no θ as sign of voice. While the ones discussed above may be referred to as first (that is, 1 st future and 1 st aorist) the following may be referred to as second (2 nd future and 2 nd aorist). The forms (using the verb, γραφω) are as follows: 1. Second future passive The indicative forms of γραφω are (note: no θ as in first future passive) 1 st person γραφησοµαι γραφησοµεθα I/we will be written 2 nd person γραφηση γραφησεσθε you will be written 3 rd person γραφησεται γραφησονται he/she/it/they will be written 2. The Second aorist passive The indicative forms are (note no θ as in first aorist passive, and no σ either) l 1 st person ἐγραφην ἐγραφηµεν I was/we were written 2 nd person ἐγραφης ἐγραφητε you were written 3 rd person ἐγραφη ἐγραφησαν he/she/it was/they were written Compare with the 2 nd aorist middle forms ἐγραφοµην ἐγραφοµεθα ἐγραφου ἐγραφεσθε ἐγραφετο ἐγραφοντο D. Moods other than the indicative: 1. In the middle voice, first aorist imperative forms are: 2 nd person: λυσαι λυσασθε (loose for yourself) 3 rd person: λυσασθω λυσασθωσαν (let him/her/it/them loose 2. In the passive voice, the first aorist imperative forms are: 2 nd person: λυθητι λυθητε and (be loosed) 3 rd person: λυθητω λυθητωσαν (let him/her/it be loosed) 3

3. The second aorist middle imperative forms are: 2 nd person: γραφου γραφεσθε (write for yourself/ yourselves) 3 rd person: γραφεσθω γραφεσθωσαν (let him/her/it/they write for themselves) 4. The 1 st aorist middle subjunctive 1 st person: λυσωµαι λυσωµεθα 2 nd person: λυσῃ λυσησθε 3 rd person: λυσηται λυσωνται 5. The 1 st aorist passive subjunctive 1 st person: λυθω λυθωµεν 2 nd person: λυθῃς λυθητε 3 rd person: λυθῃ λυθησι(ν) 6. The 2 nd aorist middle subjunctive 1 st person: βαλωµαι βαλωµεθα 2 nd person: βαλῃ βαλησθε 3 rd person: βαληται βαλωνται 7. The 2 nd aorist passive subjunctive 1 st person: ἀλλαγω ἀλλαγωµεν 2 nd person: ἀλλαγῃς ἀλλαγητε 3 rd person: ἀλλαγῃ ἀλλαγωσι(ν) (vocabulary form is ἀλλασσω) 8. The middle infinitive forms are λυσασθαι (to loose for oneself) for 1 st aorist and βαλεσθαι (to throw for oneself) or γραφεσθαι (to write for oneself) for 2 nd aorist. 9. The passive infinitive forms are λυθηναι (to be loosed) for 1 st aorist and σπαρηναι (to be sown) for a 2 nd aorist form 10. The infinitive forms in the future are λυσεσθαι for middle voice (to be about to loose for oneself), λυθησεσθαι (to be about to be loosed) for 1 st future passive, and σπαρησεσθαι (to be about to be sown) for the 2 nd future passive 11. First aorist passive participle masculine Nominative λυ/θ/εις λυ/θ/εντες ( having been loosed if time is in view) Accusative λυθεντα λυθεντας ( having been loosed ) Genitive λυθεντος λυθεντων (of the one having been loosed Dative λυθεντι λυθεισι(ν) (to/for the one having been loosed ) 4

feminine Nominative λυ/θ/εισα λυ/θ/εισαι (same as masculine, used with feminine) Accusative λυθεισαν λυθεισας Genitive λυθεισης λυθεισων Dative λυθεισῃ λυθεισαις (iota subscript in dative singular) neuter (same forms as masculine except nominative and accusative) Nominative λυ/θ/εν λυ/θ/εντα (same, used with neuter) Accusative λυθεν λυθεντα Genitive λυθεντος λυθεντων Dative λυθεντι λυθεισι(ν) Note: Second aorist passive participle share the same endings. Thus: γραφεις (masculine), γραφεισα (feminine), γραφεν (neuter) - ( having written nominative) Exercise 18 Parse from the following and make any necessary observations 1. ἐφανερωθη ( John 1:2 from φανεροω - I reveal, make known) 2. ἀγιασθυτω (Matthew 6:9, from ἀγιαζω - I consecrate, set apart, make holy) 3. εἰσακουσθησονται (Matthew 6:7, from εἰσακουω - I hear) 4. φανης (Matthew 6:18, from φαινω - I shine) 5. ἡψατο (Matthew 8:3, from ἁπτω - I light, ignite) 6. ἀπαρθη (Matthew 9:15, from ἀπαιρω - I take away) 7. ἠγερθη (Matthew 9:25, from ἐγειρω - I raise up) 8. κτησησθε (Matthew 10:9, from κταοµαι - I acquire, gain) 9. ἀρνησηται (Matthew 10:33, from ἀρνεοµαι - I deny, disown) 10. ἀρνησοµαι (Matthew 10:33, from ἀρνεοµαι - I deny, disown) Samuel M. Ngewa Africa International University 5