The Effects of Gender and Competitive Level on Athletes' Burnout in Individual Sports

9-5.9. /$4 0 /.,-!"# $% %& ' ( ) $ *+# The Effects of Gender and Competitive Level on Athletes' Burnout in Individual Sports 9//5 :;$59: 65# 9/9/ :(-5/ 65# Zahra Sedighi 4, Saeed Keshavarz 5, Raziyeh Hajizadeh 6, Javid Didari 7 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender and competitive level on athletes' burnout in individual sports. To this aim, in a causal-comparative study, 85 athletes from Track and Field, Shooting, Wushu, Karate, and Taekwondo (age: 5.9±4.78 yrs, competitive experience: 8.4±6.07 yrs, gender: 96 male and 89 female, competitive level: 98 national and 87 international) who participated in national championships or Asian Games preparation camps in 00 were selected using random cluster sampling method and completed individual information form and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests at the 95% confidence level. Results showed that burnout of females is higher than males in all dimension (p<0.0). Athletes who compete in national championships had higher reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation than athletes who compete in international championships (p<0.0), but in dimension of physical/emotional exhaustion, the results was inverse (p=0.009). Multiple comparisons for interaction effect of gender and competitive level showed that females who compete in national championships have the highest level of burnout in reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation dimensions and females who compete in international level have the highest level of burnout in physical/emotional exhaustion dimension (p<0.05). Findings of the study suggest that female athletes, especially in low competitive level, are in exposure of greater risk of reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation, while in high competitive level may be more vulnerable for experiencing physical/emotional exhaustion. Key Words: Burnout, Individual Sports, Gender, Competitive level. >? = <5= $ 4 =5/ =5) /)@ 0 A =.C ). *(+, $% *)$ ( "#$% &'! % #$% 85 *)7/ - 4 5 *)./ 0 /,# ); $ *%,,/ ( *)$ 8/4±6/07 : D7 C 5/9±4/78 :) +, 87 : "% 89 (/ 96 : C I;,/J K7/ ( ); (4 / +, 98 G. ;$ 89 C ( M **% *%L(/M *(,$ RS, *)7Q0 '(P O % L(+ $( #$% &'! *(' K5T0 *)/I U,! % L(+ L((.,(; G# (ABQ) )X U,! Q7 *"/%M LV/W (( "I, Z,.,$! %95 "G0 ( LSD "(/ % I ( /G ( ",% &'! % I *I; * ( [\ "#$%.(p<0/0) ; ]\ G. * ( [\ "#$% % ^ ( / (p<0/0) $( $% ]\ 'I.(p=0/009) ( ]#/ Z,,` /G _(' / * ),_W *)7/ ]\ ( ( *I; * ( ",% (( "I, * ( $% ]\ 'I ; I *(,` /G _(' ^ ( G. *)'.(p<0/05) &'! b ( L) "% "#$% ); ;/ (JI [\ ; ]\ * *I c d/ ( b ( );.\ (,( $% ]\ 'I /G _(' D` * #G/ e.$ gfm,` *O% &'! :- D=!?. *(+, -. Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch 4. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (Ci/ j,) (M h`, \ /T (%M L&I,(. - Email:zahra_sedighi@phu.iaun.ac.ir *k;/ "J \ /T (%M L&I,(.4

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49....,-!"# $% %& ' ( ) $ *+# P. (009). Relations between multidimensional perfectionism and burnout in junior-elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 0, 457 465.. Caccese, T., & Mayerberg, C. (984). Gender differences in perceived burnout of college coaches. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 79-88.. Coakley, J. (99). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or a social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 7-85. 4. Cremades, J. G., & Wiggins, M. S. (008). Direction and Intensity of Trait Anxiety as Predictors of Burnout among Collegiate Athletes. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 0(). 5. Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (006). Changes in athlete burnout over a thirty-week rugby year. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 5-4. 6. Dale, J., & Weinberg, R. (989). The relationship between coaches leadership style burnout. The Sport Psychologist,, -. 7. Dale, J., & Weinberg, R. (990). Burnout in sport: A review and critique. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,, 67-8. 8. Durband-Bush, N., Salemla, J. H., Green-Demers, I. (00). The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OM- SAT-). The Sport Psychologist, 5, - 9. 9. Feigely, D. A. (984). Psychological burnout in high-level athletes. The Physician and Sports Medicine,, 09-9. 0. Fender, L. (989). Athlete burnout: Potential for research and intervention strategies. The Sport Psychologist,, 6-7. C;) ($/ L(k' "#$% &'! Q K./ ( /5 (006,T; D7/ % o L(Q, "77!/ ) (/ 7/ K77! Z, [\ Z,., ( (( "I, [\ *)' ; 0) "% "#$% G. *I; ( -/ &'! W( I "(/ )7/ ( #G/ ); ;/ (JI $.,$ +/ K &'! ( "% "#$% "(/ % gfm O% % *_L;, "M "% "#$% *[ ].$ *&I * ", O% ";,( zg %.,_ ;),Q *(Q &'! % *Lk&, *7 ) "/ (Q D G *_ ; $% Kg.,/,( #$% *OT,SG /) ),_CG;, f/ $k&, (` k, Z, G "k/ D7/ v5 /) x.(; L$ (/ "% "#$% *(( ( (( "I, [\ *)' zg (/ "#$% L_ ( e b {Q,.,( *(%,` - G _(' "% k,, G * KG `\ #G/ *%L(/M *)/, ( ƒ (` (,` - G _(' % *&I * v%e ); $ ~/ e b "#$% "/ % 5,/J O% ";,( ( "#$% (c k, "$" "Q/ ' K+ ) (c *W *k)/,.; ( :N%. Appleton, P. R., Hall, H. K., & Hill, A.

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