Stratigraphy and volcanic activities of Hijiori volcano, Northeastern Japan arc

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/, (,**1) 0 -++ --- :,**0 - -*,**1 3,+ Stratigraphy and volcanic activities of Hijiori volcano, Northeastern Japan arc Isoji MIYAGI The volcanic activity of Hijiori volcano (N-2-0 -/, E+.* 3,* ;WGS2.) is reported in detail as a case study to understand how a new felsic volcano commences the activity. Hijiori volcano, a small caldera with approximately, km in diameter, is an active volcano of Japan, which started a series of eruptions +,,*** years ago (in Calendar age), where no volcanic body had existed before. The eruptive history of Hijiori volcano was divided into four major stages (Stage +,,, -,.) and the subdivisions (Stage +, Stage, +,,,, Stage - +, -,, - - [a, b], Stage. + [a, b, c, d, e],.,,. -). Time span of each hiatus among the four major stages is shorter enough to produce no black soils, and no significant di#erence in the +. C age have been recognized between the stage + and stage -. The major eruptive product of Hijiori volcano turns out to be valley filling non-welded (Stage +, - - [a, b]) and partly welded (Stage,,) pumice flow deposits with total maximum thickness of about +/* m and with a range / km to the southward and 3 km to the northward. The accompanying pumice fall (Stage +,,,, - - [a, b]) and ash fall (Stage.,) are dispersed 0* km to the eastward. All the essential pumice from the eruptions were hypersthene-hornblende-quartz dacite. There are phreatic (or phreatomagmatic) eruptions at the beginning of Stage,, -, and. which deposited lapilli falls and flows (Stage, +, - +,. + [a e]) in the proximity. The volume of the valley filling pyroclastic flow deposit and the air fall deposit are +.. and *.0 km -, respectively, and the caldera filling deposit is estimated to be *.- km -. Therefore, total eruptive volume of Hijiori volcano is estimated to be about,.- km -. Key words : Hijiori, caldera, new volcano, pyroclastic flow + +3/3 ; Katsui et al., +313 ; Takahashi, +32* +33. ; +3/- ;Ui,+31+ +32/ +30. ; +323 -*/ 2/01 + + + Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba Central 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ 2/01, Japan. Corresponding author: Isoji Miyagi e-mail: miyagi.iso+.***@aist.go.jp

312,, + -2-0 -/ +.* 3,* ; WGS2..* km,**/ (Tamura et al.,,**,) (Fig. +) Vp Vs (Nakajima et al.,,**+) +/ km Fig. +. Location. Hijiori volcano is located at the northeastern Japan arc. It is just on the edge of a mantle hot finger (gray filled regions) proposed by Tamura et al. (,**,).,, +./ km,, km, *., km (+3/-) (+30+) (+31+) 2,2** +,2** ++,*** +-,***,**- (+31-) 3,12* +*,1.* B.P., (+31/) 3,/** +1* B.P. (+33.) +,. - (+33.) KM Miyagi (,**.) KM + KM. ++,3,* +,,--* cal B.P. (+s) KM + KM. +,,*** (+3/-) (+300) -.* -2* m,**,

: 313 +32- ; +33/,**- ; +32- ; +32-, - +/* m / km 3 km (Fig.,) +.. km - (+3/-) +.. km - Ui (+31+) *.0, km - (+300) +.0 +* 3 Ui (+31+), (+33.) - (+33.) Fig.,. Distribution of Hijiori pyroclastic flow deposits. Modified after Kawaguchi and Murakami (+33.). The filled circles with identifier represent locations of outcrops referred in the text. Filled stars represent the locations of boreholes by NEDO.

314.,. /* km +,,*** (+323) (+33,), /,**, Fig., +31. (+32-) (Fig. -), km.** 0** m.. (+32-) SKG-- +,1** m 1 km K-Ar 31.+..3 Ma, 3-.2 Ma +33- Fig. -. Geological section of Hijiori volcano. Ko : Kodake granite, Ga: Gassan F. (altered basalt and andesite), Ty: Tatsuyazawa F. (mudstone and tu#), As : Aosawa F. (basalt), Ok : Ookura acidic tu#, Ts: Tsunokawa F. (mudstone), Ks : Kusanagi F. (shale), Fu: Furuguchi F. (mudstone), No: Noguchi F. (silty sand and tu#ceous sandstone), Hj: Hijiori pyroclastic deposits.

: 315 +,1** m +,,** m /** m 3** m +,,** m -** m 3** m -** m m 2 +** m,** m +32-, km,** m, Fig. - *.- km - (Fig. -), 0 ++ km -2 -+.0 +.* +, -2 ; Fig., Hayama (+333) - SKH+,.-1 *.*2 Ma, SKH,,.-* *.*0 Ma, SKH-,.-0 *.*0 Ma +/ km -2 -, /1 +.* + -1 ; Fig. + K-Ar *... *.*. Ma, *..1 *.*- Ma, *./+ *.*, Ma +330-2 -0 / +.* 1 -/ ; Fig., Asasa-yama caldera (+31.),.3 km -2-1.2.3, +.* 2 1.,* ; Fig., Oike +/* m (+31.) +31. +/ km -2 -. -- +.* +3. ; Fig., Ootakaneyama +3/2 +3/2

316,.- Ma +*,**, +* km -2-1...,/ +.* +0 3.,, ; Fig., DKS max + m - Fig.. Ui (+31+) (+3/-), Fig.. a b, (+32-) Fig... Comparison of the stratigraphy of Hijiori volcano determined by previous works and this study. Fig... Lower, Middle, Upper (+33.) KM + KM, KM. Ui (+31+) a KM +, b KM. KM,. KM - KM / (+33.) (+33.). KM / Fig.. KM/. +, -. (+33.) (+300) (+300) +* +/ cm +/,/ cm +/ -/ cm +300 -, - -., Fig.. Lower, Middle Upper Fig. / Table + - + + + (+33.) KM + +

: 317 Fig. /. Schematic columnar section of Hijiori volcano. - - +,.3 km + -2 -/ 1.2+ +.* 2-1.00 ; Fig., + /., km, -2 -- /1.22 +.* +*.+.+, / m + + cm +, m / +* cm +. +33. - / km - +,* km.* km,, -.

318 Table +. Characteristics of Hijiori eruptive stages. + + + Fig. 0A +,.2..* mm 00 ; 1,1 Fig. 1 stage + + 0.0 km - -2-1 +/..0 +.* +-.3./3./ km +* km (Fig. 2A) *./ cm + *.**, km - -,,, + 0.0 km - + / mm + cm, +, + - + cm (1 km), + (Fig. /) -, + /* D/* *.,/ mm,.2..* mm * + +,/ 1/ Fig. 1, +, + +,, + +33. +, + +, +, +,,

: 319 Fig. 0. Backscattered Electron Images of typical essential materials from Hijiori volcano (data from Miyagi,**0). A : stage +, B : stage,ῌ,, C : stage -ῌ-a.

320 Fig. 1. Constituent of pyroclastic particles (,.2 to..* mm in size) from Hijiori volcano. For the eruptive product of stage - +, discrimination among the essential, accessory, and reworked particles was not possible., + +, - + cm, +,,, +,, 2., km. -2-0 /..-0 +.* +. /0.,0 +,, +, + +, +, + +,,,, (+33.) KM, +,.2 km / -2 -/ 1.2/ +.* 2 /-..3 +,, +,, - -,,,, -* m 3* m +33.,,,.. km 0-2 -/.2.2, +.* +*...,+,,,, Fig. 0B 0.0 km - 2., km., + -* cm,, D/*,..km 0,./, mm, 0.0 km - -.+mm, 3.+ km 0.01 mm -,,,.2..* mm 2+ 2 ++ Fig. 1,, 0,,, +* ;,**1 0,, - 0 ;,**+,, +, km (Fig. 2B)

: 321 * +* cm.3.1 km, / cm, +* -* cm -*.* km,,* cm -* cm +..3 km,.* cm *.*+. km - -, +,, +1.0 km 1-2 -, +1.// +.*,* 2.3+ +,,,, - - - - + -,, - - + - + - / cm ( 1 km), + - - +,.2..* mm + /, +* -1 - + *.*+ km - (Houghton and Smith, +33-) -,a, b, c -, - + - +..+ km 2-2 -0.,.-* +.* +, 3.,0 / -,a -,b -,c -,b, 2 -,a - -, (1 km /* km) a, b, c 2 -,a, b, c (Fig. 2C) * +* cm /-2 km, / cm +*,* cm,// km, +/ cm -* cm,0.2 km, -* cm -,a, b, c *.*1 km - 2 -,b,.2..* mm 0, 0 -- Fig. 1 -, -,a, b, c 1 +,, - -, *.*1 km - *.*+0 *.*,0 km - - + *.** *.*+ km - -, - -a, b - - -, (+33.) KM. (+300) (Fig..),.. km 0,, - -

322 Fig. 2. Isopachs in centimeters for fallout deposits of Hijiori volcano. The locations of outcrops are shown by cross marks. Thickness of fallout at a location is shown by a figure on the right of each cross mark, or expressed as nd if no data available. The origin of these plot corresponds to the center of Hijiori caldera. Valley-filling pyroclastic flow deposits are not included. A: stage +, B: stage,,, C : stage -,, D: stage - -a, E: stage - -b, F: stage. +, G: stage.,, H (solid curves) : Hj-O from Machida and Arai (+33,), H (dotted curves) : Hj-O from Yonechi and Kikuchi (+300).

: 323 Fig. 2. Continued

324 -* cm 2 m - - - -a, - -b - -a Fig. 0C..+ km 2 - - -, +/* cm 2* cm - -a 1* cm - -b - -a - -b 2 D/* - -a, - -b *.+3 mm *.,. mm - f 0.0 km - -,,.* cm - - - -a - -b - -a D/* *.,. mm,.2..* mm 2. ++. - -b *.-, mm,.- +..- Fig. 1 - -a - -b - - - -b - -a 3.* km 3-2 -/ /0.23 +.* +/,2.-0,,,* cm,/ cm - -a, - -b - -a - -b - 3 - -a 0* km +* km (Fig. 2D) - -b (Fig. 2E) - -a +300 - -a +* -* cm /3+ km,,* cm -* /* cm +/3 km,.* cm /* cm -+./ km, 1/ cm +* cm *.,+ km - - -b +* -* cm,+. km,,* cm -* /* cm -0 km,.* cm /* cm -2.+ km, 0* cm +* cm *.*2 km - +1.0 km 1 - -b 0.0 km - - -b. -... +a, b, c, d, e +* km - -b. + (+33.) KM / *./ cm /. +a. +b. +c. +d. +e 2.1 km. +,.2..* mm * +,

: 325 22 Fig. 1. + a e - -b - -b. + - -b. +c - m,.2 km +* -2-0 +/.0- +.* ++ ++.2/ -., km ++ -2-0 +-.0. +.* ++,3.**. +a, b, c, d, e / m Fig. 3F. + 3.* km 3 + cm. /* cm (Fig. 2F). +. +a, b, c, d, e +* -* cm +2./ km,,* cm -* /* cm +,.1 km,.* cm /* 1* cm 0.3 km, 0* cm 1* cm 2.2 km, 2* cm +* cm *.*, km -., -.0 km +, -2 -/ 0.12 +.* +* /0.*0 -. +, m / cm., (+33.) KM /., (Fig. 3D)., - -a (Fig. 0C) 3 +, cm. +.* cm -.,,.2..* mm 0, +-,0 Fig. 1.,., Fig. 3E.,., - -a (+300) +/ -* cm.,.,., +,, - -a., (Fig. /)., +,, - -a - -a., +/ km.* km (Fig. 2G).,,* km,* km -/ km / km.* km.,.* km (+300) Fig. 2H -, - -., -, - -

326 ῐ Fig. 3. Typical occurrences of Hijiori eruptive products. A : Stage -ῌ-a pyroclastic flow deposit at Warabi-no, bearing 0+ degrees and /.* km from the caldera center. B : Close up of photo A. C : Flat floor of the Hijiori caldera covered with lake deposit and circular pit with,/* m in diameter and ῌ.* m of relative height (center of this photo) at Kan-kane-no. D : Proximal faces of the stage.ῌ, pumice flow deposit at the eastward of Mogami-tai, bearing +-3 degrees and -./ km from the caldera center. E : Distal faces of the stage -ῌ-a fallout and.ῌ, pumice flow deposit at Yakurai-san, bearing 3/ degrees and.1., km from the caldera center. F : Unconformity between the stage -ῌ-b pyroclastic flow deposit and stage.ῌ+ lapilli fall at Yuno-tai, +*, degrees and -., km from the center.

: 327.,.,. -., ( /* km) m +32* / +2 (Carey and Sigurdsson, +32,)., -., +32- ; Self and Sparks, +312.,., +* -* cm /-. km,,* cm -* /* cm +-/ km,.* cm /* 1* cm /*.- km, 0* cm 1* cm +2.+ km, 3* cm +* cm *.,+ km - 3* km - DRE (dense rock equivalent) Self, +32- member +, - /.,. -,.3 km +- -2-0,-.-2 +.* ++ +3.1-., +./ m. - (+33.) KM / +- -1* m ++ /* +** cm +-. -. +.,. -. -.. + +,.2 km.,.. km,/ +., *.0 km - +.. km - +3/- ;Ui,+31+ - 1 +.+. +3/-,.0/./ dense rock equivalent *.2- km - *.2 km - +3/- (+33.) KM. - -

328 - +, - +,, - -a, - -b Fig. 1,.2. mm., - -a, - -b 00 /*., Fig. +* - +, - (+33.) - -. + Fig. +*. Estimated amount of eruptive product from the Hijiori stage +,,,, -,, - -a, - -b,. + and.,.., -. - (+33.) KM,,, +** m /** m Fig., Komatsubuchi lava dome,, +33. ; (+33.) +, - KM. (+3/-) vent intrusion vent agglomerates - -a +31. ; +32- ; Ui, +31+ - (- -a) -* cm -,, - -,,,, +, km,,

: 329 Suzuki et al.,,**/,, (Fig. 2B),, + - -a.. (Fig. +*, ++),**,, / - +. -2-0.0.+, +.* 3...*.,/* m.* m (Fig. 3C) +33. ; +31. ; +32- *./ + km Fig. ++. Estimated amount of accidental material and essential ( accessory) material from the Hijiori stage +,,,, -,, - -a, - -b,. + and.,., +3/- Fig. -,/* m +., Fig., +. SKG-- +..** m SKG--, SKG-- SKG--, / +,1** m +,1** +,,** m /** 3** m 0** +,*** m +,1** +,,** m 0** -** m +,1** +,,** m -** m m +,1 Fig. 1 +,1** +,,** m,** m SKG-- (-/* m) +/* m + +,2/* +,-/* m

330, + -** m m, + + +/* m,,, +,, + Fig. 1 +,1** +,,** m,, +,2/* +,-/* m -,c, - -a - -b +,2/* -/* m. +./* +,*/* m.,., +,2/* m, +. + m + -,c, - -a, - -b,., +,2/* +,-/* m,*** - -+ +.2 -.* km - km (Miyagi et al.,,**1) (+,2/* +,-/* m) (Miyagi et al.,,**1) +, ; Miyagi, +33/. /,/* m +. +33. ; +31. ; +32- (+33.) +. (+33.) KM / KM / +33. ; +33. km km KM / + km +33. ; +33. KM /, - cm +* +/ cm +33. ; +33.,**+,**/ (+33.),**/ ; +.,/* m +/ -2-0 -1.0, +.* 3.1.+1 +, cm +* +/ cm - m

: 331 *.1 mm *.+2 mm /,* mm +/ KM / - -a - -a +/ +/ + m +. +-* m..* m KM / - KM / KM / KM / KM /. - KM /,/* m +. +..., +. - +.. +.,. +., *.*+2 km - *.*/. km - (Fig. +*, ++). +./* +,*/* m 1/* m +2* m.,, km +3* m +.,/* m. +. +. m m +. +., +* - km -.* m,,/* m., *.*/. km - -.1 +. +.,/* m +/ +/ / +*.* /* +/ +. - -a.,

332 / +,,***. +.. km - *.0 km - 2** km, + *.**3 km -, *.*00 km - - +.1 km -. *.,- km - *.2 km - *.2- km - DRE *.- km -, km + km,/* m.., (+32-) / ++0 +,+. (+32-) : / 0. 1,. Carey, S. and Sigurdsson, H. (+32,) Influence of particle aggregation on deposition of distal tephra from the May +2, +32*, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. J. Geophys. Res., 32, 1*0+ 1*1,. (+3/3) / + 0+ p. (+31+) +/ +++ ++3. (+30.) / + (+32-),2,/.*. Houghton, B.F. and Smith, R.T. (+33-) Recycling of magmatic clasts during explosive eruptions: estimating the true juvenile content of phreatomagmatic volcanic deposits. Bull. Volcanol., //,.+..,*. (+32/) K,O 2* -/, -0,. Katsui, Y., Yamamoto, M., Nemoto, S. and Niida, K. (+313) Genesis of calc-alkalic andesite from Oshimaoshima and Ichinomegata volcanoes, north Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, +3, +/1 +02. (+33.) +/ 2+ 22. (,**,) NEDO -3,- -1. (,**/) - (+31.) / + -2 p. (,**-).2,/3,1.. (+33,) (+33-) K-Ar, -3.1. (,**,) +** ka.1 1++ 1,/. Miyagi, I. (+33/) Abundance and solubility of H,O in island arc magmas. PhD Thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology. Miyagi, I. (,**.) On the eruption age of the Hijiori caldera, based on more accurate and reliable radiocarbon data. Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Japan,.3,,*+,*/. Miyagi, I., Yurimoto, H., Kita, N.T., Morishita, Y., Takahashi, E. and Matsubaya, O. (,**1) The initiation of felsic phreatomagmatic explosions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. (submitted). (,**0) no..-0. (+33.) /3 +,-. Nakajima, J., T. Matsuzawa, et al. (,**+) Seismic imaging of arc magma and fluids under the central part of northeastern Japan. Tectonophysics, -.+, + +1. (+33/) -.2 -.0 -//. (+330)

: 333 K-Ar 3+ + +*. (+31.) +, //. Self, S. (+32-) Large-scale phreatomagmatic silicic volcanism: a case study from New Zealand. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., +1,.--.03. Self, S. and Sparks, R.S. J. (+312) Characteristics of widespread pyroclastic deposits formed by interaction of silicic magma and water. Bull. Volcanol.,.+, +30,+,. (+32-) /0 No., (+3/-) /3 23 3+. Suzuki, Y. J., Koyaguchi, T., Ogawa, M. and Hachisu, I. (,**/) A numerical study of turbulent mixing in eruption clouds using a three-dimensional fluid dynamics model. J. Geophys. Res., ++*, B*2,*+, + +2. Takahashi, E. (+32*) Thermal history of Iherzolite xenoliths-+. Petrology of Iherzolite xenoliths from the Ichinomegata crater, Oga Peninsula, Northeast Japan. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,.., +0.- +0/2. Sucipta, E. (,**-),**- A+1. Tamura, Y., Tatsumi, Y., Zhao, D., Kido, Y. and Shukuno, H. (,**,) Hot fingers in the mantle wedge : new insights into magma genesis in subduction zones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., +31, +*/ ++0. (+3/2) / + (+30+),1-2. (,**+).0,/1,02. (,**1)., +,3 +.1. Ui (+31+) Genesis of magma and structure of magma chamber of several pyroclastic flows in Japan. J. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Sec. II, +2, /- +,1. (+31-) +. C +2 +1+ +1,. (+333) K-Ar..,+1,,,. (+323) 32 1-3 /-. (,**,),***.1,0-,12. (+323) : 0, +3/,*1. (+300) +2,-,1. (+31/) +. C -.. -.2.

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