MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION IN BASE METAL SULFIDE MATTES BY AN IMPROVED SESSILE DROP METHOD

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1 MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION IN BASE METAL SULFIDE MATTES BY AN IMPROVED SESSILE DROP METHOD by Joseph Hamuyuni Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Extractive Metallurgical Engineering) in the Faculty of Engineering at Stellenbosch University Supervisor Prof. G. Akdogan Co-Supervisors Prof. S.M. Bradshaw Prof. P. Taskinen (Aalto University) December 2012

2 DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Joseph Hamuyuni Signature: Date: 15/11/2012 Copyright 2012 Stellenbsoch University All rights reserved

3 Ni S 3 2 Cu 2S FeS Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu 2 S

4 Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu 2 S

5 Ni S 3 2 Cu 2S FeS

6 Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu 2 S Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu 2S

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10 Ni S 3 2

11 Cu 2 S Ni S 3 2 FeS

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13 ai c g h Pi Θ P r rdrop S T β γ γ m g γ m s γ s g Δ Δp

14 θ μslag v ρ drop ρslag τ s Φ ϕ

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16 θ ϕ

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18 Φ = γ s g γ γ s g m g γ m s γ m γ m g s

19 Δ γ γ + γ s g m g m s

20 o o o o Ni S 3 2 Cu 2S FeS

21 Ni S 3 2 Cu 2S FeS

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23 CuFeS 2 CuSFe 4 Cu 2 S Cu Fe S Cu Fe S

24 FeO Fe SiO2 CuFeS matte O2 Cu Fe S + FeO SO ( ) 2

25 Cu 3 2S + 2O2 Cu 2O + SO 2 FeO( slag ) + Cu2 S( matte ) FeS ( matte ) + Cu2O( slag ) 3FeO + 1 2O2 Fe3O4 ( s) FeO + SiO2 FeO. SiO2 ( slag ) Cu x O SiO2 SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO 2 PbO SiO 2

26 SiO 2 Φ = γ s g γ m g γ m s Δ γ γ + γ s g m g m s

27 γ m g

28 ( ρdrop ρslag ) 2 2 v = g r drop 9 μ slag ρ ρslag drop μ slag rdrop

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30 2γ cosθ h = rρg

31 L1 L1 L1 L2 L 1 L1 L2 L 1

32 dγ γ dt γ dc γ dϕ τ s = = + + dx T dx c dx ϕ dx ϕ

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34 Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu 2S

35 Ni S 3 2CoS Cu 2S FeS FeS

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37 Ni3S2 Cu2S FeS Cu 2 S Ni S 3 2 FeS FeS Ni3S2 FeS

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39 Δ P = γ R1 R 2

40 A = ΔpdV = γds ΔpV γ S

41 ( φx γ + x γ ) ( x + ) γ = φ x2 γ 1γ 2 φ Cu 2 S FeS Ni S 3 2 FeS Cu2S

42 Cu2S Ni3S2 FeS Cu 2 S FeS

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49 J L dγ = d [] x [ x ] 0 θa θb

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53 p 1 1 Δ = γ + = gz c R R ρ ρ Δp φ 1 2 sin φ ρgb z + = 2 + ( R b) ( x b) γ b

54 β ρgb 2 γ 1 sinφ z + = 2 + β ( R b) ( x b) b x b z b β φ β φ 2 ρgb γ = β

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59 ρ Ni S 3 2 = T 4 ρ = T Cu S 2 4 ρ = T FeS

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61 S 3 2 Ni

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64 X η % Difference = 100 η X Ni S 3 2

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71 Cu 2 S Ni S 3 2 FeS

72 P O 2 a P P = i i Θ a i Pi Θ P

73 22 log P 14 2 O ( atm) exp( P ) P O = log 2 O 2

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83 β φ x b z b x b z b x b z b x b z b x b z b

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86 Log(Activity) 5 File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.8 mol. % Ni3S2.OGI 0 FeS Ni3S2 Ni3S2(l) FeS(l) NiS(g) FeS(g) -15 S2(g) O2(g) SO2(g) Temperature (oc) Log(Activity) 5 File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.2 mol. % Ni3S2.OGI 0 FeS Ni3S2(l) Ni3S2 FeS(l) NiS(g) FeS(g) -15 S2(g) O2(g) SO2(g) Temperature (oc)

87 Log(Activity) File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.2 mol. % FeS(0.OGI 3-2 Cu2S FeS FeS(l) Cu2S(l) -7 Cu2S(g) FeS(g) -12 CuS(g) -17 O2(g) -22 S2(g) -27 SO2(g) Temperature (oc) C Log(Activity) File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.8 mol. % FeS.(0.OGI 4-1 FeS Cu2S FeS(l) Cu2S(l) -6 FeS(g) Cu2S(g) O2(g) S2(g) SO2(g) Temperature (oc)

88 Log(Activity) File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.2 Cu2S.OGI 4-1 Cu2S Ni3S2 Ni3S2(l) Cu2S(l) -6 Cu2S(g) -11 CuS(g) -16 SO2(g) O2(g) Temperature (oc) S2(g) C Log(Activity) File: C:\HSC7\Gibbs\0.8 mol. % Cu2S.OGI 0 Cu2S Ni3S2 Cu2S(l) Ni3S2(l) CuS(g) Cu2S(g) SO2(g) -15 O2(g) S2(g) C Temperature (oc)

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