Spectroscopy on Metal-Halide Lamps under Varying Gravity Conditions PROEFSCHRIFT

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Κάδμος Ἀχείμ Παπανικολάου
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1 Spectroscopy on Metal-Halide Lamps under Varying Gravity Conditions PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 22 oktober 2008 om uur door Adriaan Jan Flikweert geboren te Gouda

2 Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.ir. G.M.W. Kroesen en prof.dr.ir. M. Haverlag Copromotor: dr.ir. W.W. Stoffels Copyright c 2008 by A.J. Flikweert This research was financially supported by Senter-Novem (project EDI 03146) and the Dutch Space Research Organisation SRON (project MG-067). Typeset in L A TEX2ε using the Winedt editor. Cover design by A.J. Flikweert. Drawing of setup on the back by P.W.J.H. de Laat. Printed by PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede. A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology Library Flikweert, Adriaan Jan Spectroscopy on Metal-Halide Lamps under Varying Gravity Conditions / door Adriaan Jan Flikweert. Eindhoven : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Proefschrift. ISBN NUR 926 Trefwoorden : plasmafysica / gasontladingen / metaalhalogenidelampen / lichtbronnen / plasmadiagnostiek / spectroscopie / microzwaartekracht / hyperzwaartekracht. Subject headings : plasma physics / gas discharges / metal-halide lamps / light sources / plasma diagnostics / spectroscopy / micro-gravity / hyper-gravity.

3 Contents 1 General introduction Incandescent lamps Gas discharges Low-pressure discharges High-pressure discharges Metal-halide lamp The cost referencelamp Axial segregation Varying gravity conditions Parabolic flights The centrifuge Diagnostics Laser absorption spectroscopy (1D) Imaging Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (2D) Emission spectroscopy Thesis outline Axial segregation in HID lamps measured by laser absorption spectroscopy Introduction Theory Radial segregation Convection and axial segregation Experimental setup Results Lateral and radial profile Two-dimensional profile Axial segregation Conclusions iii

4 3 Axial segregation in MH lamps under varying gravity conditions Introduction Theory Radial segregation Convection and axial segregation Convection time constants Diffusion time constants Experimental setup The lamp Parabolic flights Laser absorption spectroscopy Integrated light emission setup Results Conclusions Imaging Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of the MH lamp (1 10g) Introduction The centrifuge Acceleration Gondola Diagnostics Emission spectroscopy Imaging Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Results Conclusions Semi-empirical model for axial segregation in MH lamps Introduction Transport in the MH lamp Axial segregation Fischer model Temperature influence on atomic Dy density Axial density inhomogeneity parameter Corrected Fischer parameter Example of fitting parameters for a measurement Conclusions Dy distribution in a MH lamp investigated by ILAS Introduction Theory Axial segregation Abel inversion iv

5 6.2.3 Parameters Experimental setup Lamps Centrifuge Measurement techniques Results D profiles Abel inversion Density inhomogeneity Corrected axial segregation parameter Conclusions Emission spectroscopy for characterizing MH lamps Introduction Experimental method Lamps Centrifuge Emission spectroscopy setup Analysis Axial line intensity inhomogeneity Density calculation using self-reversed lines Temperature calculation using self-reversed lines Results Lamps with DyI 3 filling Lamps with CosmoWhite filling Conclusions Comparison between model and experiment Introduction Demixing Model description Energy balance Bulk flow Competition between convection and diffusion Experiment Measurement technique The lamp Results Elemental pressure Atomic dysprosium density Cold spot vapour pressure Demixing v

6 8.8 Conclusions D images of the metal-halide lamp obtained by experiment and model Conclusions Introduction Laser absorption spectroscopy (1D) at 1g and 0 2g Laboratory measurements at 1g Parabolic flights Imaging Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (2D) at 1 10g Development of the centrifuge and ilas Extended axial segregation model Analysis Emission spectroscopy Lamps with DyI Commercial lamps Comparison with numerical modelling Overview axial segregation parameters General outlook Bibliography 147 Summary 153 Samenvatting 157 Dankwoord 161 List of publications 163 Curriculum Vitae 171 vi

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