Reference Guide.

Transcript

1 Reference Guide

2 Table of Contents About Alfa Aesar Periodic Table of the Elements Abbreviations and Codes Glossary of Elemental Forms Bond Strengths 7 Typical Bond Lengths 8 Atomic Weights 9 Multiples of Element Weights 10 Properties of Selected Elements 11 Physical Properties of the Platinum Group Metals 1 Mesh Size Conversion Table 1 MOS Scale of ardness 1 Wire Gauge Dimension Charts 1 Crystal Structure and Atomic Radius (nm) 1 eterocycle Ring umbering 17 umerical Prefixes 18 Temperature Conversions 19 Common Conversion Factors 0 Metric Conversion Factors 1 Physical Constants Characteristic Proton MR Chemical Shifts Concentrations of Commonly Used Laboratory Reagents Solvent Selection Guide Solvents and Baths for eating and Cooling Standard Selection Guide 7 p Indicator 8 Molecular Sieve Selection Guide 9 Pressure-Temperature omograph 0 Glassy Carbon Specifications 1 Typical Properties of igh Purity Oxide Ceramics FEPA Grit Sizes Metal Composition of Common Electroplating Salts Amino Acid Abbreviations DA Agarose Separation ucleotide Properties 7 The Genetic Code 8

3 About Alfa Aesar Alfa Aesar is a leading manufacturer and supplier of research chemicals, metals and materials in a wide span of applications. For more than 0 years, scientists have relied on Alfa Aesar to supply high purity raw materials for a variety of research and development applications. Today we offer over,000 products in stock, in sizes from gram-scale catalog items to semibulk and bulk production quantities. With custom manufacturing capabilities to supply many more specialized items, we are a one-stop source for research chemicals, metals and materials. GLOBAL IVETORY The majority of our high purity metals and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of metals enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYTESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality. We can deliver the chemical you need in sizes for research, pilot-scale and full-scale production applications. CUSTOMER SERVICE Our dedicated scientific and commercial teams offer full service from production to delivery. Most products are stocked in catalog pack sizes and the majority are available from stock in semi-bulk and bulk quantities as well. All specialty and bulk products are shipped with a batch specific certificate of analysis and material safety data sheet. Because we understand that specific packaging is often important, we offer custom packaging and labeling to meet your requirements. QUALITY COTROL We employ advanced quality control for both in-process and final product testing phases. The high standard of our modern quality control and assurance facilities is matched by the expertise of our experienced staff.

4 Periodic Table of the Elements 1 IA 18 VIIIA s 1 bp: -.87 C d: g/l ydrogen IIA Visit Our Website at 1 IIIA 1 IVA 1 VA 1 VIA 17 VIIA.000 e 1s bp: -8.9 C d: g/l elium.91 Li [e] s 1 mp: 180. C d: 0. g /cc Be [e] s mp: 187 C d: 1.88 g /cc B [e] s mp: 07 C p1 d:. g /cc C [e] s mp: 7 C p d:. g /cc [e] s bp: C p d: 1. g/l O [e] s bp: C p d: 1. g/l F [e] s bp: C p d: 1.9 g/l e [e] s bp: -.1 C p d: g/l Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon itrogen Oxygen Fluorine eon a [e] s 1 mp: 97.7 C d: 0.98 g /cc Sodium Mg.00 1 [e] s mp: 0 C d: 1.78 g /cc Magnesium Periodic Table of Elements Al [e] s p1 mp: 0. C d:.70 g/cc Aluminum Si [e] s p mp: 11 C d:. g/cc Silicon P [e] s p mp:. C d: 1.8 g/cc Phosphorus.0 1 S [e] s p mp: 11.1 C d: 1.9 g/cc Sulfur. 17 Cl [e] s p bp: -.0 C d:.1 g/l Chlorine Ar [e] s p bp: C d: 1.78 g/l Argon IIIB IVB VB VIB 7 VIIB 8 VIII 9 VIII 10 VIII 11 IB 1 IIB K[Ar] s 1 mp:. C d: 0.8 g/cc Potassium Ca [Ar] s mp: 8 C d: 1. g /cc Calcium Sc [Ar] d 1 s mp: 11 C d:.98 g /cc Scandium 7.87 Ti [Ar] d s mp: 18 C d:.07 g /cc Titanium 0.91 V [Ar] d s mp: 1910 C d:.11 g /cc Vanadium Cr [Ar] d mp: 1907 C s1 d: 7.1 g /cc Chromium.980 Mn [Ar] d s mp: 1 C d: 7.7 g /cc Manganese.8 Fe [Ar] d s mp: 18 C d: 7.87 g/cc Iron Co [Ar] d 7 s mp: 19 C d: 8.90 g/cc Cobalt i [Ar] d 8 s mp: 1 C d: g /cc ickel. 9 Cu [Ar] d10 s1 mp: 108 C d: 8.9 g/cc Copper.8 0 Zn [Ar] d10 s mp: 19. C d: 7.1 g /cc Zinc Ga [Ar] d10 s p1 mp: 9.8 C d:.90 g /cc Gallium 7. Ge [Ar] d10 s p mp: 98. C d:. g/cc Germanium As [Ar] d10 s p 817 C subl. d:.7 g /cc Arsenic 78.9 Se [Ar] d10 s p mp: 1 C d:.8 g/cc Selenium Br [Ar] d10 s p bp: 9.7 C d:.1 g /cc Bromine Kr [Ar] d10 s p bp: -17. C.7 g/l Krypton Rb [Kr] s 1 mp: 9. C d: 1. g/cc Rubidium Sr [Kr] s mp: 777 C d:. g /cc Strontium Y [Kr] d 1 s mp: 1 C d:.7 g /cc Yttrium Zr [Kr] d s mp: 18 C d:.1 g /cc Zirconium b [Kr] d s1 mp: 77 C d: 8.7 g /cc iobium 9.9 Mo [Kr] d s1 mp: C d: 10.8 g /cc Molybdenum 98 Tc [Kr] d s mp: 17 C d: 11.0 g /cc Technetium Ru [Kr] d 7 s1 mp: C d: 1.7 g /cc Ruthenium Rh [Kr] d 8 s1 mp: 19 C d: 1. g /cc Rhodium 10. Pd [Kr] d 10 mp: 1.9 C d: 1.0 g /cc Palladium Ag [Kr] d10 s1 mp: 91.8 C d: 10.9 g /cc Silver Cd [Kr] d10 s mp: 1.1 C d: 8. g /cc Cadmium In [Kr] d10 s p1 mp: 1. C d: 7.1 g /cc Indium Sn [Kr] d10 s p mp: 1.9 C d: 7.1 g /cc Tin Sb [Kr] d10 s p mp: 0. C d:.9 g/cc Antimony 17.0 Te [Kr] d10 s p mp: 9. C d:. g /cc Tellurium I [Kr] d10 s p mp: 11.7 C d:.9 g /cc Iodine 11.9 Xe [Kr] d10 s p mp: -108 C d:.89 g/l Xenon 1.90 Cs [Xe] s 1 mp: 8. C d: 1.88 g /cc Cesium 17.7 Ba [Xe] s mp: 77 C d:.1 g /cc Barium 7-71 La- Lu f [Xe] f 1ds mp: C d: 1.1 g /cc afnium Ta [Xe] f1 d s mp: 017 C d: 1. g /cc Tantalum W [Xe] f1 d s mp: C d: 19. g /cc Tungsten Re [Xe] f1 d s mp: 18 C d: 1.0 g /cc Rhenium Os [Xe] f1 d s mp: 0 C d:.1 g /cc Osmium Ir [Xe] f1 d7 s mp: C d:. g/cc Iridium Pt [Xe] f1 d9 s mp: 178. C d: 1.09 g/cc Platinum Au [Xe] f1 d10 s1 mp: 10. C d: 19.0 g /cc Gold 00.9 g 80 [Xe] f 1 d10 s bp:.7 C d: 1. g/cc Mercury Tl [Xe] f1 d10 sp1 mp: 0 C d: 11.8 g/cc Thallium Pb [Xe] f1 d10 s p mp: 7. C d: 11. g/cc Lead Bi [Xe] f1 d10 s p mp: 71. C d: 9.78 g /cc Bismuth [09] 8 Po [Xe] f1 d10 s p mp: C d: 9.0 g /cc Polonium [10] 8 At [Xe] f1 d10 s p mp: 0 C d: none Astatine [] 8 Rn [Xe] f1 d10 s p bp: -1.7 C d: 9.7 g /cc Radon [] 87 Fr [Rn] 7s 1 mp: 7 C d:.9 g /cc Francium [] 88 Ra [Rn] 7s mp: 700 C d:.00 g/cc Radium Ac- Lr [1] 10 Rf [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: none d: none Rutherfordium [] 10 Db [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: none d: none Dubnium [] Sg 10 [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: none d: none Seaborgium [] 107 Bh [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: none d: none Bohrium [77] 108 s [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: none d: none assium [8] 109 Mt [Rn] f1 d7 7s mp: none d: none Meitnerium [71] 110 Ds [Rn] f1 d9 7s1 mp: none d: none Darmstadtium [7] Rg 111 [Rn] f1 d10 7s1 mp: none d: none Roentgenium [8] 11 Cn [Rn] f1 d10 7s mp: none d: none Copernicium Uut [8] 11 [Rn] f1 d10 7s 7p1 mp: none d: none Ununtrium [89] Fl 11 [Rn] f1 d10 7s 7p mp: none d: none Flerovium Uup [88] 11 [Rn] f1 d10 7s 7p mp: none d: none Ununpentium [9] 11 Lv [Rn] f1 d10 7s 7p mp: none d: none Livermorium ISO 9001:008 ISO 1001:00 BS OSAS 18001:007 Certified Key La [Xe] d 1 s mp: 90 C d:.1 g/cc Ce [Xe] f1 d1 s mp: 79 C d:.9 g/cc Pr [Xe] f mp: 9 C s d:. g /cc 1. 0 d [Xe] f mp: 10 C s d:.8 g/cc [1] 1 Pm [Xe] f mp: 1100 C s d: 7. g/cc 10. Sm [Xe] f mp: 107 C s d: 7. g/cc 11.9 Eu [Xe] f 7 mp: 8 C s d:. g/cc 17. Gd [Xe] f 7d1 s mp: 11 C d: 7.90 g /cc 18.9 Tb [Xe] f 9 mp: 1 C s d: 8. g/cc 1.00 Dy [Xe] f10 s mp: 107 C d: 8. g /cc o [Xe] f11 s mp: 11 C d: 8.79 g/cc Er [Xe] f1 s mp: 19 C d: 9.07 g /cc Tm [Xe] f1 s mp: 1 C d: 9. g /cc Yb [Xe] f1 s mp: 8 C d:.7 g /cc Lu [Xe] f1 d s mp: 1 C 9.8 g/cc Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium eodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium olmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 1s 1 bp: -9. C d: g/l ydrogen [7] 89 Ac [Rn] d 1 7s mp: 100 C d: g/cc Th [Rn] d mp: 18 C 7s d: 11.7 g/cc Pa [Rn] f d1 7s mp: 18 C d: 1.7 g/cc U [Rn] f d1 7s mp: 11. C d: 19.0 g/cc p [7] 9 [Rn] f d1 7s mp: 7 C d: 0. g/cc [] 9 Pu [Rn] f mp: 9. C 7s d: g/cc [] 9 Am [Rn] f 7 mp: 117 C 7s d: 1.7 g /cc [7] 9 Cm [Rn] f 7d1 7s mp: 10 C d: 1.1 g/cc [7] 97 Bk [Rn] f 9 mp: 98 C 7s d: 1.78 g/cc [1] 98 Cf [Rn] f10 7s mp: 900 C d: 1.10 g /cc [] 99 Es [Rn] f11 7s mp: 80 C d: 8.8 g /cc [7] 100 Fm [Rn] f1 7s mp: 17 C d: none [8] 101 Md [Rn] f1 7s mp: 87 C d: none [9] 10 o [Rn] f1 7s mp: 87 C d: none [] 10 Lr [Rn] f1 d 7s mp: 17 C d: none Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium eptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium obelium Lawrencium Element Density Boiling or Melting Point in C Electron Configuration Symbol Atomic Weight Atomic umber

5 Abbreviations and Codes Å Angstrom AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry ACS Chemicals meeting the specifications outlined by the American Chemical Society AES Atomic emission spectrometry APS Average particle size anhy Anhydrous approx. Approximately aq. Aqueous Atm Atmospheres b.p. Boiling point in C at 70mm pressure, unless otherwise specified (c) Contained weight of active material C Celsius ca Circa cc Cubic centimeter cm Centimeter cont. Contained cp Centipoise cs Centistoke d. Density dec. Decomposes dia. Diameter ea. Each ee Enatiomeric excess ev Electron volt F Fahrenheit f.p. Flash point FSSS Fisher sub-sieve sizer F.W. Formula weight g Gram g/l Grams per liter (gas density) GC Gas chromotography GLC Suitable for use in gas liquid chromotography PLC igh-performance liquid chromotography ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma ID Inner diameter in Inch incl Includes IR Infrared J/mol.K Joule(s) per mole Kelvin kg Kilogram ku Kilounit L or l Liter lb Pound æ æg æm m M max meq Merck mg micron min. ml mm mmol Mn mol m.p. M.W. Mw Mw/Mn () Ë nm MR OD oz optical gr. pc(s) p POR ppb ppm prec. Primary Standard P.T. PTFE Purified P.V. Micro Microgram Micrometer (micron) Meter Molarity of solution Maximum Milliequivalent The Merck Index Milligram Micrometer Minimum Milliliter Millimeter Millimole umber averaged molecular weight Mole Melting point Molecular weight Weighted averaged molecular weight Monodispersity value ematic phase of a liquid crystal ormality of solution Refractive index for the sodium D line at 0 C (or temperature indicated) anometer ew product uclear magnetic resonance Outer diameter Ounce Suitable for optical applications Piece(s) Value taken to represent the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution Price on request Parts per billion Parts per million Precipitated Analytical reagent of exceptional purity, for standardizing volumetric solutions and preparing reference standards Passes test Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) A grade of higher quality than technical, often used where there are no official standards Pore volume Reagent Reagent grade REM Rare earth metal (REO) Rare earth oxide base - content of specific rare earth element in comparison to total rare earths present S.A. Surface area soln. Solution Sp.Gr. Specific gravity Sp.Rot. Specific rotation stab. Stabilized subl. Sublimes Tc Critical temperature tech. Technical grade TLC Thin-layer chromotography TSCA Toxic Substance Control Act U azardous material transportation identification number œ Wavelength in nanometers wt Weight w/w Weight/weight w/v Weight/volume XRD X-ray diffraction È Air sensitive É Moisture sensitive Ê ygroscopic ß Light sensitive Approximately > Greater than ² Greater than or equal to < Less than ³ Less than or equal to [ ] umbers in brackets after the chemical description indicate the Chemical Abstract Service Registry umber - mesh # 90% particles pass through screen having a given mesh size + mesh # 90% particles are retained by a screen having a given mesh size Ì Denotes substance is listed in Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) inventory

6 Glossary of Elemental Forms The various forms of an element appear in the order below. Special items specific to particular elements are noted before powders. For example, in the Gold (Au) listing, Bright Brushing Gold is listed before the powders. Bar a rectangular or cylindrical piece of material Cubes uniform sized, cubic shaped pieces of material Disc a cylindrical piece of material with a diameter much larger than the thickness Felt compressed, porous, nonwoven fabric Fiber a pure monofiliment form of solid material having an extremely high length to diameter ratio Flake powder with a flat, irregular shape Foil a thin sheet of pure material, 0.0mm Gauze a wire cloth material consisting of wires of a pure material woven into a grid having consistent Granules uniform, amorphous pieces of material Ingot a cast, usually rectangular piece of material Lump a solid piece of amorphous material, larger than a granule Microleaf an extremely thin layer of pure material on a temporary support 1micron thick Mossy pieces formed by dropping molten metal into water eedles uniform, elongated pieces of material Pellets somewhat regular shaped pieces of material Pieces solid pieces of material, larger than a granule Plate a sheet of fabricated pure material >mm thick Powder solid material with a very small particle size Ribbon a thin width of foil, offered in rolls of varying length Rod a uniform strand of a pure material having a diameter.0mm Shot spherical to semi Slugs short cylindrical pieces of material of varying lengths and diameters Spheres uniform sized, spherical pieces of material Splatter pieces formed by dropping molten metal onto a cooling surface Sputtering target a disc of high purity material used as an atomic sputtering source for ion bombardment Sponge pieces with a high surface area resulting from complex surface morphology Sticks rectangular pieces of a nonmetallic material Thinfoil a very thin sheet of unsupported pure material 1.1 Tubing a uniform strand of a pure material having a hollowed core Turnings small concentric shavings machined from a larger form Ultrathin foil an extremely thin sheet of pure material, supported or unsupported 1micron thick Wire a uniform strand of a pure material having a diameter.0mm Yarn a parallel collection of a definite number of fiber strands, usually three to several hundred

7 Bond Strengths Average bond energies, at º Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic Molecules kcal/mol kj/mol kcal/mol kj/mol 10. C 99 1 F F C C 8 7 Cl Cl 8.0 C C 1 10 Br Br. 19 C C 00 8 I I. 1 C O 8 9 F C O Cl 10.1 C O 1 9 Br 87. C O 17 7 I C O O O C C 17 1 C C F 11 8 C Cl 81 9 C Br 8 8 C I 1 1 O 111 O O 1 O Cl 17 O Br O O 1 0 S 8 9 S S

8 Typical Bond Lengths Typical Bond Lengths (in Å) C Bonds C C Bonds Other Bonds C C C 1.1 C 1.7 C C C 1.7 C 1.0 C 1.07 C C 1.0 C 1.1 C C O 1. C 1.07 C O 1. C 1.0 C Cl 1.77 C Br 1.9 C I O 0.97

9 Atomic Weights Based on the Atomic Mass 1 C = ame Symbol Atomic Weight ame Symbol Atomic Weight ame Symbol Atomic Weight ame Symbol Atomic Weight Actinium Ac Gadolinium Gd 17. Oxygen O Tin Sn Aluminum Al.981 Gallium Ga 9.7 Palladium Pd 10. Titanium Ti 7.90 Americium Am () Germanium Ge 7.9 Phosphorus P Tungsten W 18.8 Antimony Sb 11.7 Gold Au Platinum Pt Uranium U 8.0 Argon Ar 9.98 afnium f Plutonium Pu () Vanadium V 0.9 Arsenic As 7.91 elium e.00 Polonium Po (09) Xenon Xe 11.0 Astatine At (10) olmium o 1.90 Potassium K 9.1 Ytterbium Yb 17.0 Barium Ba 17. ydrogen Praseodymium Pr Yttrium Y Berkelium Bk (7) Indium In 11.8 Promethium Pm (1) Zinc Zn.7 Beryllium Be 9.01 Iodine I 1.90 Protactinium Pa 1.09 Zirconium Zr 91. Bismuth Bi Iridium Ir 19. Radium Ra.0 Boron B Iron Fe.87 Radon Rn () Bromine Br Krypton Kr 8.80 Rhenium Re 18. Cadmium Cd 11.1 Lanthanum La Rhodium Rh Calcium Ca 0.08 Lawrencium Lr (0) Rubidium Rb 8.7 Californium Cf (1) Lead Pb Ruthenium Ru Carbon C Lithium Li.99 Samarium Sm 10. Cerium Ce 10.1 Lutetium Lu Scandium Sc.9 Cesium Cs 1.90 Magnesium Mg.1 Selenium Se 78.9 Chlorine Cl. Manganese Mn.980 Silicon Si 8.08 Chromium Cr 1.99 Mendelevium Md (8) Silver Ag Cobalt Co 8.9 Mercury g 00.9 Sodium a.9898 Copper Cu. Molybdenum Mo 9.9 Strontium Sr 87. Curium Cm (7) eodymium d 1. Sulfur S.0 Dysprosium Dy 1.0 eon e 0.18 Tantalum Ta Einsteinium Es () eptunium p 7.08 Technetium Tc (98) Erbium Er 17. ickel i 8.71 Tellurium Te 17.0 Europium Eu 11.9 iobium b 9.90 Terbium Tb 18.9 Fermium Fm (7) itrogen Thallium Tl 0.7 Fluorine F obelium o (9) Thorium Th.08 Francium Fr () Osmium Os 190. Thulium Tm 18.9 A value in parentheses represents the atomic mass number of the radioisotope of longest known half-life.

10 Multiples of Element Weights C 1.01 C 0..7 O 8.00 (OC ).07 C O.00 (OC ) 9.10 C O (OC ) 1.1 C O 9.00 (OC ) 1.17 C O (OC ) 18.0 C O (OC ) C O (OC ) C O OC.0 C (OC ) 90.1 C (OC ) 1.18 C (OC ) 180. C (OC ).0 C OCOC 9.0 C (OCOC ) C S.0 (OCOC ) C S.1 (OCOC ).18 C S 9.18 (OCOC ) 9. C S 18. (OCOC ). C F (OCOC ) C F 8.00 (OCOC ) 8 7. C F 7.00 (OCOC ) C Cl. (OCOC ) C Cl ( O) C Cl 10.7 O 18.0 C Cl ( O) C Cl ( O).0 C Br ( O).0 C Br ( O) 7.0 C Br 9.71 ( O) C Br 19. ( O) C I 1.90 C I.80 C 9.. O 1.00 I C 08.. O.00 OC 1.0

11 Properties of Selected Elements Density Melting Point Boiling Point Element Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Bismuth Boron Cadmium Calcium Chromium Cobalt Copper Galllium Germanium Gold Indium Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum ickel iobium Selenium Silicon Silver Tellurium Tin Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium Symbol Al Sb As Be Bi B Cd Ca Cr Co Cu Ga Ge Au In Fe Pb Li Mg Mn g Mo i b Se Si Ag Te Sn Ti W V Zn Zr Atomic Weight g/cc lbs./cu.in F C F C Thermal *Conductivity Elec.Cnd. %IACS *cal./sq. cm/cm/sec/ c

12 Physical Properties of the Platinum Group Metals 1 Property Units Ru Rh Pd Os Ir Pt Atomic umber Atomic Weight Crystal Structure a CP FCC FCC CP FCC FCC Lattice Constants a nm c nm Atomic Radius nm Density at C g cm Density at Melting Point g cm Melting Point C Boiling Point C Ionization Potentials - 1st ev nd ev rd ev th ev Vapor Pressure at 000 C (est) nm Specific heat at 0 C J/K/mole Thermal Conductivity C Watt/m/ C Linear Coefficient of Thermal C -1 8X10 -b 11.7x10 -c x10 -b 8.9x10 -c Expansion Electrical Resistivity µω cm Temperature Coefficient of Ω C Resistance (0-100 C) ardness (Annealed - Vicker >0 0 1 ardness umber) Tensile Strength ton in a CP = hexagonal close packed; FCC = face centered cubic b at 0 C c at C 1. Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals, ed. Frank R. artley (Oxford: Elsevier, 1991) 1-.

13 Mesh Size Conversion Table A + before the mesh size indicates the particles are retained on and are larger than the sieve. A - before the mesh size indicates the particles pass through and are smaller then the sieve. For example, - mesh indicates the particles pass through and are smaller than the openings of a mesh ( micron) sieve. Typically 90% or more of the particles will fall within the specified mesh. Mesh Size Approximate Micron Size Approximate Millimeters Inches

14 MOS Scale of ardness 1 Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond

15 Wire Gauge Dimension Conversion Charts AWG; B&S Gauge o Inches Inches Millimeters AWG; B&S Gauge o Inches Inches Millimeters

16 Crystal Structure and Atomic Radius (nm) Crystal Structure Atomic Radius(nm) 0.0 Li bodycentered cubic 0.17 a bodycentered cubic 0.19 K bodycentered cubic 0.8 Rb bodycentered cubic 0.1 Cs bodycentered cubic 0.7 Fr 0.7 Be close-packedstructure 0.11 Mg close-packedstructure 0.1 Ca face-centered cubic Sr face-centered cubic 0.1 Ba bodycentered cubic 0. Ra 0. Sc close-packedstructure 0.1 Y close-packedstructure Ti close-packedstructure 0.17 Zr close-packedstructure 0.1 f close-packedstructure 0.19 Rf V bodycentered cubic 0.1 b bodycentered cubic 0.17 Ta bodycentered cubic 0.17 Cr bodycentered cubic 0.18 Mo bodycentered cubic 0.1 W bodycentered cubic 0.11 Db Mn bodycentered cubic 0.11 Tc 0.1 Re close-packedstructure 0.18 Sg Fe bodycentered cubic 0.18 Crystal Structure Atomic Radius(nm) Ru close-packedstructure 0.1 Os close-packedstructure 0.1 Bh Co close-packedstructure 0.1 Rh face-centered cubic 0.1 Ir face-centered cubic 0.1 s i face-centered cubic 0.1 Pd face-centered cubic 0.17 Pt face-centered cubic 0.18 Mt Ag face-centered cubic 0.1 Au face-centered cubic 0.1 Ds Cu face-centered cubic 0.18 Cd close-packedstructure 0.1 g rhombohedral crystal 0.1 Rg B Tetragonal System Al face-centered cubic 0.1 Zn close-packedstructure 0.17 In face-centered cubic 0.17 Tl close-packedstructure Cp C hexagonal crystal/carbite Si carbite Ga Tetragonal System 0.1 Sn Tetragonal System 0.18 Pb face-centered cubic P Crystal Structure Ge carbite 0.19 Sb rhombohedral crystal 0.11 Bi rhombohedral crystal 0.18 O 0.0 S 0.10 As rhombohedral crystal 0.1 Te hexagonal crystal 0.1 Po 0.1 F Cl Se hexagonal crystal 0.11 I 0.18 At e 0.18 e 0.18 Ar Br Xe 0.18 Rn 0.1 La close-packedstructure/ face-centered cubic Atomic Radius(nm) Ce face-centered cubic 0.18 Pr close-packedstructure 0.18 d close-packedstructure 0.18

17 eterocycle Ring umbering Furan Thiophene -Pyrrole Pyrrole -Pyrroline -Pyrroline Pyrrolidine 1,-Dioxolane Oxazole Thiazole Imidazole -Imidazoline Imidazolidine Pyrazole -Pyrazoline Pyrazolidine Isoxazole Isothiazole 1,,-Oxadiazole 1,,-Triazole 1,,-Thiadiazole -Pyran -Pyran Pyridine Piperidine 1,-Dioxane Morpholine 1,-Dithiane Thiomorpholine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Pyrazine Piperazine 1,,-Triazine 1,,-Trithiane Benzofuran Indole Purine Quinoline Coumarin Carbazole O 1 S O O 1 O 1 S O 1 S 1 O 1 1 S 1 O 1 O O O 1 O 1 S S 1 S S S S 1 7 O O 1 O 9a 9a a a b b 8a 8a

18 umerical Prefixes umerical Prefixes Used in Chemical ames umeral Prefix umeral Prefix 1/ hemi- 1 heneicosa- 1 mono- docosa- 1-1/ sesqui- tricosa- di-, bi- tetracosa- -1/ hemipenta- pentacosa- tri- hexacosa- tetra- 7 heptacosa- penta- 8 octacosa- hexa- 9 nonacosa- 7 hepta- 0 triaconta- 8 octa- 0 tetraconta- 9 ennea-, nona- 0 pentaconta- 10 deca- 0 hexaconta- 11 hendeca-, undeca- 70 heptaconta- 1 dodeca- 80 octaconta- 1 trideca- 90 nonaconta- 1 tetradeca- 100 hecta- 1 pentadeca- 101 henhecta- 1 hexadeca- 10 dohecta- 17 heptadeca- 110 decahecta- 18 octadeca- 10 eicosahecta- 19 nonadeca- 00 dicta- 0 eicosa-

19 Temperature Conversions The general arrangement of this table was devised by Sauveur and Boylston. The middle column of gures contains the reading ( F or C) to be converted. Of converting from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade, read the Centigrade equivalent in the column headed C. If converting from Centigrade to Fahrenheit, read the Fahrenheit equivalent in the column headed F. C = /9 ( F - ). F C F C F C F C Temperature conversions F C F C F C F C

20 Metric Conversion Factors To convert from angstrom atm Btu(b) Btu(b)/ft h Btu(b)/ft h F Btu(b) ft/h ft F Btu(b)/ft s Btu(b) in/ft h F Btu(b) in/s ft F Btu(b)/lbm F cal(b) cal(b)/cm s C cal(b)/g cal(b)/g C circ mil C degree dyne/cm F F ft ft ft ft of water(c) ft /h (thermal diffusivity) ft lbf ft lbf/s ft/s gauss gallon(d) g/cm g/cm To m Pa J W/m W/m K W/m K W/m W/m K W/m K J/kg K J W/m K J/kg J/kg K m K rad Pa C K m m m Pa m /s J W m/s T m kg/m Mg/m Multiply by (a) 1.01 x x x x x x (a).180 x 10 (a).180 x 10 (a).180 x 10 (a).071 x t K = t C x x 10-1 (a) t C = (t F + )/1.8 t K = t F + 9.7)/ x x x x x 10 - (a) x x 10 - (a).78 x x 10 (a) (a) To convert from hp(e) hp(f) in. in. in. in. of g(g) in. of water(c) K kgf kgf/mm ksi ksi ksi in. lb(h) lb/in. lbf lbf in. lbf ft MPa m µin. mil /m oersted oz/ft psi R ton(j) ton(k) ton/in. tonne torr Ω/circ mil ft To W W m m m Pa Pa C Pa MPa Pa MPa m kg kg/m m m Mm -/ m m Pa A/m kg/m Pa K kg kg Pa kg Pa Ω m Multiply by x x x x x x 10 t C = t K (a) 9.80 x 10 (a) x x x x (a).00 x 10 8 (a).00 x 10 - (a) (a) x x 10 t K = t R / x x x x 10 (a) 1. x x 10-9 (a) Exactly. (b) Thermochemical. (c) At C (9. F). (d) U.S. liquid. (e) Mechanical (1 hp = 0 ft lbf/s). (f) Electrical. (g) At 0 C ( F). (h) Avoirdupois. (j) Short; equal to 000 lbm. (k) Long; 0 lbm.

21 Common Conversion Factors To convert from Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Btu Calories, gram Centimeters Centimeters Cubic cm Cubic cm Cubic cm Cubic cm Cubic ft Cubic ft Cubic ft Cubic ft Cubic in. (U.S.) Cubic in. (U.S.) Cubic yd (U.S.) Cubic yd of sand Feet (U.S.) Feet (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Grams Grams orsepower orsepower Inches (U.S.) To cm of g at 0 C gm/cm inches of g at F lb/in. calories (gram) Btu angstrom units feet cubic inches gallons (U.S.) ounces (U.S. fluid) pints (U.S. fluid) cubic cm cubic meters gallons (U.S.) liters cubic cm liters cubic meters pounds centimeters meters cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic inches liters ounces (avoir.) pounds (avoir.) Btu (mean)/min calories, log (mean)/min angstrom units Multiply by x 10-1 x x x 10 8 To convert from Inches Inches of g at C Inches of g at C Inches of water at 9. F Kilograms Kilograms Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Meters Meters Meters Microns Microns Microns Microns Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Ounces (avoir.) Ounces (U.S. fluid) Ounces (U.S. fluid) Ounces (U.S. fluid) Pints (U.S. liquid) Pints (U.S. liquid) Pounds (avoir.) Square cm Square in. (U.S.) Years (leap) To mils atomospheres feet of water at 9.1 F inches of g ounces (avoir.) pounds (avoir.) cubic feet gallons (U.S.) ounces (U.S. fluid) pints (U.S. fluid) quarts (U.S. fluid) angstrom units feet (U.S.) inches (U.S.) angstrom units inches millimeters mils inches (U.S.) microns mils grams cubic cm cubic in. liters cubic cm liters grams square in. square cm hours Multiply by x x x

22 Physical Constants ame and symbol Value and units Velocity of light, c x cm/s Planck constant, h.77 x 10-7 erg s/molecule Avogadro constant,.080 x 10 molecule mol Faraday constant, F C/equivalent Absolute temperature of ice point, T (0 C) 7.1 K Pressure-volume product for 1 mol of gas at 0 C and zero pressure (PV) P = 0; T = 0 C 71.1 J/mol Gas constant P = J/mol R = (PV)T = 0 C cal/mol T (0 C) Boltzmann constant x 10 1 erg/molecule k = R/ Jcm/mol Constant relating wave number and energy Z = hc cal cm/mole Standard atmosphere, atm 1,01,0 dynes/cm Thermocalorical calorie.180 J (exact)

23 Characteristic Proton MR Chemical Shifts Characteristic Proton MR Chemical Shifts Group Methyl Í ppm Group Methylene Í ppm Group Methyne Í ppm Group Others Í ppm C C 0.9 C C 1. C C C C C 1. C C C.0 C C C. OR 1- O O O C C.1 C C. C C. C C. C R. C R. C R.9 C C. C Ar. C Ar. C Ar.0 Ar 7. O C Br.7 C Br. C Br.1 C 10 O C Cl.1 C Cl. C Cl.1 OC 9-1 C O. C O. C O.7 C +.9

24 Concentrations of Commonly Used Laboratory Reagents Concentrations of Commonly Used Laboratory Reagents Reagent Specific Gravity Approx. % Acid or Base Present in Concentrated Reagent (by weight) Weight of Acid of base (gms) in Solution per liter of Reagent (Ave.) Molecular Weight ormality of Concentrated Reagent ydrochloric Acid itric Acid Perchloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Phosphoric Acid Formic Acid Glacial Acetic Acid Ammonium ydroxide ( O) 9 ( ).0 1

25 Solvent Selection Guide Solvent ACS PLC Spectrophotometric Semiconductor Acetone eptanes XX Acetonitrile exanes Benzene Isobutanol Butanol Isopropanol Butanone (MEK) Methanol, absolute low acetone n-butylacetate XX Methanol, ultrapure XX Carbon disulfide Methoxyethanol 17 Carbon disulfide (low benzene) XX 1-Methyl--pyrrolidinone Chlorobenzene Pentane XX Chloroform Propanol Cyclohexane Propanol Cyclohexanone 09 Pyridine ,-Dichlorobenzene XX Tetrachloroethylene XX 7 1,-Dichloroethane Tetrahydrofuran, UV Dichloromethane Tetrahydrofuran, non UV XX 899 Dimethylacetamide XX 91 Toluene ,-Dimethylformamide ,1,1-Trichloroethane Dimethylsulfoxide ,,-Trichlorobenzene XX 1990 p-dioxane ,1,1-Trichloroethylene Ethanol (anhydrous) ,,-Trimethylpentane Diethyl ether Water Ether, petroleum o-xylene XX Ethyl acetate Xylenes Glycerol, ultrapure xx= o ACS specifications published per ACS Committee on analytical reagents Solvent ACS PLC Spectrophotometric Semiconductor

26 Solvents and Baths for eating and Cooling System C System C p-xylene/ 1 Carbitol acetate/co -7 p-dioxane/ 1 t-butyl amine/ -8 Cyclohexane/ Ethanol/CO -7 Benzene/ Trichloroethylene/ -7 Formamide/ Butyl acetate/ -77 Aniline/ - Isoamyl acetate/ -79 Cycloheptane/ -1 Acrylonitrile/ -8 Benzonitrile/ -1 Sulfur dioxide/co -8 Ethylene glycol/co -1 Ethyl acetate/ -8 o-dichlorobenzene/ -18 Ethyl methyl ketone/ -8 Tetrachloroethane/ - Acrolein/ -88 Carbon tetrachloride/ - itroethane/ -90 Carbon tetrachloride/co - eptane/ -91 m-dichlorobenzene/ - Cyclopentane/ -9 itromethane/ -9 exane/ -9 o-xylene/ -9 Toluene/ -9 Bromobenzene/ -0 Methanol/ -98 Iodobenzene/ -1 Diethyl ether/co -100 Thiophene/ -8 n-propyl iodide/ eptanone/co -8 n-butyl iodide/ -10 Acetonitrile/ -1 Cyclohexene/ -10 Pyridine/ - Isooctane/ -107 Acetonitrile/CO - Ethyl iodide/ -109 Chlorobenzene/ - Carbon disulfide/ -110 Cyclohexanone/CO - Butyl bromide/ -11 m-xylene/ -7 Ethyl bromide/ -119 n-butyl amine/ -0 Acetaldehyde/ -1 Diethyl carbitol/co - Methyl cyclohexane/ -1 n-octane/ - n-pentane/ -11 Chloroform/CO -1 (-77) I,-exadiene/ -11 Chloroform/ - i-pentane/ -10 Methyl iodide/ -

27 Standard Selection Guide Element, matrix AAS Standard 1000 ppm Plasma Standard 10 ppm Plasma Standard 1000 ppm Plasma Standard 10,000 ppm Aluminum, Cl Aluminum, O Antimony, Cl Antimony, O/tartaric acid/tr. O Arsenic, O Barium, O Beryllium, O Bismuth, O Boron, O Boron, O Cadmium, O Calcium, O Carbon, O Cerium, O Cesium, O Chromium, Cl Chromium, O Cobalt, O Copper, O Dysprosium, O Erbium, O Europium, O Gadolinium, O Gallium, O /tr. Cl Germanium, O /tr. F Germanium, O/tr F Gold, Cl afnium, Cl olmium, O Indium, O Iridium, Cl Iron, O Lanthanum, O Lead, O Lithium, O Lutetium, O Magnesium, O Manganese, O Mercury, O Molybdenum, O /tr. F Molybdenum, O Element, matrix AAS Standard 1000 ppm Plasma Standard 10 ppm Plasma Standard 1000 ppm Plasma Standard 10,000 ppm eodymium, O ickel, O iobium, F iobium, O/tr. F- - - Osmium, Cl Palladium, Cl Palladium, O Palladium, O - - Phosphorus, O Platinum, Cl Potassium, O Praseodymium, O Rhenium, O Rhodium, Cl Rubidium, O Ruthenium, Cl Samarium, O Scandium, O Selenium, O Silicon, O /tr. F Silicon, O/tr. F Silver, O Sodium, O Strontium, O Sulfur, O Tantalum, F Tantalum, O/tr. F- - - Tellurium, Cl Tellurium, O - - Terbium, O Thallium, O Thulium, O Tin, Cl Titanium, O /tr Titanium, O/tr. F Tungsten, O /tr Tungsten, O Vanadium, O Ytterbium, O Yttrium, O Zinc, O Zirconium, Cl

28 p Indicator Increasingly acidic Increasingly alkaline Strong acid Weak acid eutral Weak alkali Strong alkali

29 Molecular Sieve Selection Guide Basic Type ominal Pore - Diameter in Ångstroms Form Alfa Aesar Item umber Bulk Density in g/ml Equilibrium Water Adsorption Capacity % wt* Equilibrium CO Adsorption Capacity % wt Crush Strength () A Powder B Molecules with an effective mm ( in) beads 1-mm ( in) L08 L diameter < Ångstroms, including water and ammonia beads -mm ( in) L beads 1-mm ( in) dia pellets -mm ( in) dia pellets A Powder A Molecules with an effective mm ( in) L diameter < Ångstroms, beads including S, CO, SO, 1-mm ( in) L ethanol, ethylene, ethane, beads and propylene -mm ( in) L beads 1-mm ( in) dia pellets -mm ( in) dia pellets -8+1 (ca mm) beads, with indicator AW-00 -mm ( in) dia Molecules with an effective pellets diameter < Ångstroms, including n-butanol, n-butane, and n-propane up to n-docosane A -mm ( in) beads 1-mm ( in) dia. pellets -mm ( in) dia. L Molecules with an effective diameter < Ångstroms, including n-butanol, n-butane, and n-propane up to n-docosane pellets 1X 10 Powder A Molecules with an effective 1.-.mm B diameter <10 Ångstroms, ( in) beads including benzene, toluene, -mm ( in) L and di-n-butylamine beads 1-mm ( in) dia pellets -mm ( in) dia Pellets eat of Adsorbtion (max) kj/ kg O Molecules Adsorbed Molecules Excluded Applications Molecules with an effective diameter > Ångstroms, e.g. ethane and methanol Molecules with an effective diameter > Ångstroms, e.g. n-propane Molecules with an effective diameter > Ångstroms, e.g. iso compounds and rings greater than C Molecules with an effective diameter > Ångstroms, e.g. iso compounds and rings greater than C Molecules with an effective diameter >10 Ångstroms, e.g. tri-n-butylamine The preferred adsorbent for the dehydration of unsaturated hydrocarbon streams such as cracked gas, propylene, butadiene and acetylene. Also used for drying polar liquids such as methanol and ethanol. The preferred adsorbent for static dehydration in a closed gas or liquid system. Used as a static desiccant in household refrigeration systems; in packaging of drugs, electronic components and perishable chemicals; as a water scavenger in paint and plastic systems. In drying saturated hydrocarbon streams. Used commercially to dry and purify process streams containing strong acid contaminants. Separates normal paraffins from branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons through a selective adsorption process Used for general gas drying, air plant feed purification (simultaneous removal of water and CO ) and liquid hydrocarbon and natural gas sweetening ( S mercaptan removal). *water:adsorbant; 1:100 wt%,. kpa at C using activated adsorbent CO :adsorbant; 1:100 wt%,. kpa at C using activated adsorbent Each type adsorbs listed molecules plus those of preceding types.

30 Pressure-Temperature omograph

31 Glassy Carbon Specifications Characteristic properties Units Type 1 Type Bulk density g/cm Ash values acc. to DI 190 ppm <100 <100 Maximum service temperature 1 (under argon) C Open porosity % 0 0 Permeability coefficient (e gas) cm /s Vickers hardness V1 0 0 Flexual strength /mm 10 0 Compressive strength /mm Young s modulus k/mm Coefficient of thermal expansion (0-00 C) 1/K. x x 10 - Thermal conductivity (0 C) W/(Kxm).. 1 in air, rapid oxidation takes place above 00 -point bending test; geometry of specimen: circular rod, diameter mm, length 0mm geometry of specimen: circular rod, diameter 7mm, length 10mm

32 Typical Properties of igh Purity Oxide Ceramics Material Units Al- Al- Al- ZrO /Y O MgO Principal Constituent 99.7% Al O 99.7% Al O 99.7% Al O 90% *ZrO 98% Typical Minimum 99.% Al O 99.% Al O 99.% Al O 90% 98% Apparent Density g/cm Main Grain Size æm Open Porosity % Average Pore Size æm ardness (Knoop, 100g) /mm (MPa) Compressive Strength /mm (MPa) Bending Strength /mm (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity GPa Resistance to Thermal Shock good very good very good - - Melting Point C Maximum Working Temperature C Specific eat J/kg K Thermal Conductivity at 100 C W/m K Thermal Conductivity at 1000 C W/m K - - Coefficient of Linear Expansion between 0 and 1000 C 10 - /K Emissivity at 1000 C % Specific Electrical Resistance at: 0 C 00 C 1000 C 100 C Ohm-cm > Dielectric Constant at 10 Mz, 0 C Dielectric Loss Factor at 10 Mz, 0 C x Electrical Breakdown Strength (dry-pressed and slip-cast parts) * The balance is % Y O kv eff/mm The details of these products and instruments and of their plants and processes are based on extensive research work and operational experience. These data are supplied verbally and in writing to the best of our knowledge and belief. This, however, does not exempt the user from verifying their own responsibility involved in their application. This also applies - particularly for shipments abroad - to safeguard third-party protective rights and applications, and methods of procedure not expressly specified by us in writing. Our liability is thus limited in all cases to compensation in the same extent and scope as provided for quality deficiencies. In addition, our Technical Service is available for further advice and cooperation in the solving of manufacturing and application problems

33 FEPA Grit Sizes Millimeters Microns* Inches 100 % min Sieve 0% max Sieve 0% min Sieve 70% min Sieve % max Sieve FEPA Grit /1 1/ + F F / +7 8 F F F F F1 100% min 0% Max % min 70% min % max thru F F F F 100% min % Max 0% min % min % max thru F F F 100% min 0% max 0% min % min % max thru F F F F0 100% min % max 0% min % min % max thru F F80 100% min 0% max 0% min % min F F F10 100% min 1% max 0% min % min % max thru F F % min 1% max 0% min 0% min F0

34 Metal Composition of Common Electroplating Salts Metal Composition of Common Electroplating Salts (estimates only) ame % Metal ame % Metal Cobalt chloride.8 Palladium chloride 0.0 Cobalt sulfate 1.0 Palladium diaminodinitrite (P salt).8 Copper(II) carbonate (basic) 7. Platinum chloride.7 Copper(II) chloride.8 Platinum diaminodinitrite (P salt) 0.8 Copper(I) cyanide 71.0 Potassium stannate 9. Copper(I) potassium cyanide. Rhodium chloride 9.1 Copper(I) sodium cyanide. Rhodium sulfate 0.8 Copper(II) sulfate. Silver chloride 7. Gold chloride 8.1 Gold cyanide 88. Gold potassium cyanide 8. Gold sodium cyanide 7. Iron(III) chloride (anhydrous). Iron(III) chloride 0. Iron(II) sulfate 0.1 Iron(II) chloride 8.1 Iron(II) sulfate 0.1 Silver cyanide 80. Silver nitrate. Silver oxide 9. Silver potassium cyanide. Silver sodium cyanide 9.0 Silver sulfate. Sodium stannate. Tin chloride. Tin fluoborate 0. Lead carbonate (basic) 80.1 Tin sulfate. Lead acetate, trihydate. Tungstic acid 7. ickel acetate. Zinc carbonate. ickel ammonium sulfate 1.9 Zinc chloride 8.0 ickel carbonate (basic) 0.0 Zinc cyanide.7 ickel chloride.7 Zinc fluoborate 7. ickel cyanide.1 Zinc oxide 80. ickel fluoborate. Zinc pyrophosphate.9 ickel sulfamate. Zinc sulfate.7 ickel sulfate. Zinc sulfate, anhydrous 0.