19 18 Vol. 19 No Journal of System Simulation Sep., 2007 WMN

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1 DOI: /j.cnki.joss Vol. 19 No Journal of System Simulation Sep., 2007 Mesh 1 1,2 1., ; 2., Mesh WMN DSR MAC DSR, DSR Mesh TP393 A X (2007) Design and Simulation of Fairness-aware Routing Algorithm in Wireless Mesh Networks SONG Wen 1, FANG Xu-ming 1,2 (1.Provincial Key Lab of Mobile Communications, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu , China; 2.National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing , China) Abstract: In order to improve routing stability of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN), a novel Predictive and Fairness-aware Routing Protocol algorithm () based on DSR was proposed. exploited network state information in MAC layer and passed it to the DSR routing agent, so that DSR agent chose the best route with less congestion and delay towards the final destination. Moreover, a new metric Degree of Congestion Control contrary to the concept of degree of congestion was proposed to denote the state of congestion control for transmission in the network node, which combined the available link bandwidth and the queue load capacity of node acquired by statistic and estimation methods. Simulation results show the better performance, such as fairness and load balancing of network flows, than that in DSR including delay and throughput is achieved with in WMN. Key words Wireless Mesh Networks; cross-layer design; QoS; routing protocol; congestion control 1 Mesh WMN WMN Mesh WMN Ad hoc WMN WLAN AP Ad hoc WLAN Ad hoc : (N200608) (2005B02) (2006) (1973-),,,, Ad hoc Mesh (1962-),,,,, 4320 WMN Mesh / Ad hoc WLAN Ad hoc WMN [1] AODV OLSR WMN IEEE s SEE-Mesh [2] WMN QoS [3] [4] Ad hoc [5,6] DSR [7] QoS WMN

2 2007 9, Mesh Sep., 2007 IEEE s MAC Mesh [8] IEEE MACWMN 1 WMN Ad hoc TCP [9] TCP TCP TCP TCP [10] Ad hoc TCP ACK TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP WMN [11] MAC 1/0 MAC [12] ACK ACK Data TCP ACK Data Data Data DSR [13,14] TCP TCP TCP [15] IEEE802.11s [8,16] [9,17] [18-20] MAC WMN MAC QoS WMN [21] [22] WMN 1 QoS MAC Congst path MAC WMN OSI 4321

3 Sep., 2007 IFQ MAC WMN DSR QoS [23] DSR DSR2 Congst path -Payload2 -Header RREQ RREP RERR QoS/Fairness QoS (1) MAC NAV Lei Chen [24] MAC DIFS SIFS AvaRe_Bw(i) TIdel AvaRe_Βv (i) = k Bw (1) basic TTotal Data k = RTS + CTS + ( Data + MACHdr + IPHdr) + ACK 1500 = ( ) + 38 = (2) Bw basic MAC T Idel T Total Data MAC RTS CTS ACK MAC MACHdr IPHdr MAC IP [11] (2) T [11] i k k-1 (3) (4) AvaRe_Bw() i k = α AvaRe_Bw() i k-1 + (1 α ) AvaRe_Bw( i) (3) Sample AvaRe_Ov_Ld () i k = α AvaRe_Ov_Ld () i k 1 + (1 α) AvaRe_Ov_Ld( i) (4) Sample AvaRe_Bw(i) AvaRe_ Ov_Ld(i)i AvaRe_Bw(i) AvaRe_Ov_Ld(i) i MAC MAC AvaRe_Bw(i) sample AvaRe_Ov_Ld(i) sample [23] α = 0.7 α [0,1] QoS min(avare_bw(i)) min(avare_ov_ld(i)) Congst path CongestPath = max( β min( AvaRe _ Bw( i)) + (1 β ) min( AvaRe _ Ov _ Ld ( i))) (5) 4322

4 2007 9, Mesh Sep., 2007 β β [0,1] (5) β β β β 0β 1 (3) DSR Congst path MAC O- 2.4 QRCCLB [25] : 1: Handle RREQ (SRPacket &p) 1. R_weight.minBW = get_bw_link(mac_->index()); /* MAC AvaRe_Bw() */ 2. R_weight.minBuffer =get_buff_node(mac_->index()); /* MAC AvaRe_Ov_Ld() */ 3. if( srh->minbw( )> R_weight.minBW) srh->minbw( ) = R_weight.minBW ; // 4. if( srh->minbuffer( )> R_weight.minBuffer) srh->minbuffer( ) = R_weight.minBuffer; // 6. Req_Table.insert(p.src, p.src, srh->r_weight(), srh-> rtreq_seq()); /*srh->r_weight() minbw minbuffer */ 2: Ignore RREQ(SRPacket &p) 1. if (Req_Table.get (p.src) > srh->rtreq_seq()) ignore RREQ; // 2. else if( Req_Table.get (p.src) == srh->rtreq_seq()) // 3. { R_weight_ = Req_Table.getRouteWeight(p.src); 4. if(route_cache->congst path (srh->r_weight()) <= route_cache-> Congst path (R_weight_)) ignore RREQ; // Congst path 5. if( mac_->ll_->ifq()->prq_length() > 50) ignore RREQ; } // 6. accept RREQ; // Congst path MAC 3 O- DSR NS-2 [26] 1 1 CBR 512 byte 250m 200s CMUPriQueue 10 2Mbps [23]α = 0.7 β CBR(Constant Bit Rate) O- WMN DSR 2~3 DSR O- 7DSR MAC DSR DSRO- 4323

5 Sep., /s DSR O O β 4 QoS DSR O- DSR O- 5 O- WMN DSR O- O- Kbps DSR O DSR O-PFPR α = 0.7 β O- 6 β 0.5 7β QoS /s /s O β 7 β DSR QoS WMN DSR [27] : [1] Ian F Akyildiz, Xudong Wang, Weilin Wang. Wireless mesh networks: a survey [J]. Computer Networks (S ), 2005, 47(4): [2] Intel, Motorola and Tropos Corp. etc. Simple Efficient Extensible Mesh (SEE-Mesh) Proposal [EB/OL]. IEEE Document Number: 11-05/0562r1, June [3] Hwang Y, Varshney P. An adaptive QoS routing protocol with dispersity for ad-hoc networks [C]// Proc. of the 36th Hawaii Int l Conf. on System Sciences (HICSS 03). Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2003: [4] Jangeun Jun, Mihail L Sichitiu. Fairness and QoS in Multihop Wireless Networks [C]// Proc. of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2003). Orlando, FL, United States: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Piscataway, United States, 2003: [5] Min Sheng, Jiandong Li, Yan Shi. Routing protocol with QoS guarantees for ad-hoc networks [J]. Electronics Letters (S ), 2003, 39(1):

6 2007 9, Mesh Sep., 2007 [6] C R Lin, J S Liu. Qos routing in ad hoc wireless networks [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (S ), 1999, 17(8): [7] D B Johnson, D A Maltz, Y C Hu. The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (DSR) [EB/OL]. IETF draftietf-manet-dsr- 10.txt, [8] Working Group of the LAN/MAN Committee, IEEE P802.11s /D Draft Amendment to Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-LAN/MAN Specific Requirements-Part II: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: Amendment: ESS Mesh Networking [EB/OL]. Mar ftp://ftp.802wirelessworld.com. [9] Z Fu, P Zerfos, H Luo, S Lu, L Zhang, M Gerla. The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP throughput and loss[c]//proc. of IEEE INFOCOM. San Francisco: IEEE Press, March 2003, [10] G Holland, N Vaidya. Impact of routing and link layers on TCP performance in mobile ad hoc networks[c]//ieee Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'99) (3), New Orleans: LA, USA, 1999: [11] He J, Pung H K. One/Zero fairness problem of MAC protocols in multi-hop ad hoc networks and its solution [C]// Proc. of the Int'l Conf. on Wireless Networks (ICWN 03). Las Vegas: CSREA Press, 2003: [12] A A Kherani, R Shorey. Performance improvement of TCP with delayed ACKs in IEEE wireless LANs [C]// IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2004), New York: IEEE Press, 2004: [13] K Chandran, S Raghunathan, S Venkatesan, R Prakash. A feedback based scheme for improving TCP performance in Ad Hoc wireless networks [J]. IEEE Personal Communications (S ), 2001, 8(1): [14] G Holland, N H Vaidya. Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc network[c]//proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM Mobicom'99). Seattle: ACM Press, 1999: [15] J Monks, P Sinha V Bharghavan. Limitations of TCP-ELFN for Ad Hoc Networks [C]// IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Communications, Tokyo: Marina del Rey, CA, [16] Nortel, ComNets, Philips Corp. et al. Wi-Mesh Alliance Proposal [EB/OL]. IEEE Document Number: 11-05/0575r3, July [17] Xu K, Gerla M, Qi L, Shu Y. Enhancing TCP fairness in ad hoc wireless networks using neighborhood RED [C]// Proc. of the 9th Int'l Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM 03). San Diego: ACM Press, 2003: [18] B Sadeghi, A Yamada, A Fujiwara, et al. A simple and efficient hop-by-hop congestion control protocol for wireless mesh networks [C]//Proc. of WICON New York: ACM Press, 2006: 220(4). [19] Lily Li, Paul A S Ward. Structural Unfairness in based Wireless Mesh Networks [C]// Fifth Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research (CNSR '07), Fredericton, Canada, 2007: [20] Hugo Miranda, Luís Rodrigues. Using a Fairness Monitoring Service to Improve Load-Balancing in DSR [C]//Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Services and Infrastructures for the Ubiquitous and Mobile Internet (SIUMI'05), Columbus, Ohio, USA. June 2005: [21] Goldsmith A, Wicker S. Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks [J]. IEEE Wireless Communications (S ), 2002, 9(4): [22] R Iannone, K Khalili, Salamatian, S Fdida. Cross-Layer routing in wireless mesh networks [C]// 1st International Symposium in Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS 04), Mauritius: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society, Piscataway, United States, 2004: [23],,,. Ad hoc [J]., 2005, 16(5): [24] Lei Chen, Wendi Heinzelman. QoS-aware Routing Based on Bandwidth Estimation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (S ), 2005, 23(3): [25] Wen Song, Xuming Fang. Routing with Congestion Control and Load Balancing in Wireless Mesh Networks [C]// The 6 th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications Proceedings (ITST2006), Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006: [26] Network Simulator Notes and Documentations [EB/OL]. UCB/LBNL, [27] R K Ahuja, T L Magnanti, J B Orlin. Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications [M]. United States: Prentice Hall, 1993: ( 4311 ) [2]. [D]. :, [3]. [D]. :, [4] Edward D Tate, Stephen P Boyd. Finding Ultimate Limits of Performance for Hybrid Electric Vehicles [C]// Proceeding of SAE 2000 Congress, [5] Johanners Kepler. Computation of Minimum Achievable Fuel Consumption for Series Hybrids [C]// Proceeding of SAE 1999, Congress, University Linz, [6],,,. [J]., 2004, 16(6): (FENG Neng- lian, LI Ke-qiang, DONG Ke. Performance Simulation of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle [J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2004,16(6): ). [7]. [M]. 2. :, [8],,,. [J]. : (), 2003, 33(1): (ZENG Xiao-hua, WANG Qing-nian, WANG Wei-hua. Application of the Hybrid-power on Military Vehicle [J]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2003, 33(1): ) 4325

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